literary criticism table II.doc

8/18/2019 literary criticism table II.doc

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Lit Crit Table II

Literary

Tradition Historicism

New

Historicism Freudian Archetypal Biographical Femini

#ar$ist %ociological

Approach Literature is its purpose methodology implications

Literary

Tradition

To Top

grows out of

previously

written forms

and works,

especially in

specific genre.Ex. Some

Shakespeare

sonnets parody

earlier

Petrarchan

sonnets. See

also Genre

Criticism.

Literature

uilds and

improves on a

great tradition.

!eader

appreciatesliterature in

context of other

great works.

"dentify and

explain how a work

uses traditional

forms and materials

and how it departs

from them. #iewthe work in terms

of preceding and

succeeding

literature in similar

style, genre and

theme.

fits in with

historical, new

historical,

reader$reponse,

genre criticism,

and others.%pposes strictly

formalist

analysis. &est

used in

con'unction

with other

approaches.

Historicism

To Top

is not

autonomous

ut is an

expression of

the powerful

ideas and world

view of the

author(s culture

and era.

Literature

provides

cultural and

historical

insight.

"dentify systems of

thought and large

historical forces

that determine and

inform literary

expression in an

era. Ex. great chain

of eing in the

!enaissance found

in many works.

is asic in

literary study$$

to see the work

in terms of

historical

ackground.

)ith the advent

of literary

theory, has

given way to

the more

complex,

political *ew

+istoricism.

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New

Historicism

To Top

exists in a

complex

relation with

culture and is a

communal

product, a

systematic

socio$cultural

act -GLC!

/0. )orks

show

themselves to

e ound y

social codes

andconventions,

while they

prove, in other

ways, to

suvert or

undercut the

dominant

eliefs of their

society

-&arton and+udson, CGL1,

2330.

literature not

'ust aesthetic or

simply

reflective of

history and

ideas. Gives a

sense of how

literature

functions

within culture

to support and

challenge its

culture.

Look at marginal

texts as well as

canonical4

pamphlets,

maga5ines,

newspapers, odd

stories and

anecdotes. Look at

sex, gender, class,

colonialism. Look

at interconnections

among author(s life

and ehavior,

written texts, and

the elief systemsof the culture.

critici5ed

historicism for

using history

only as a

ackground for

author(s life and

work. &rought

in larger

networks of

meaning to

show how art

functions

within a

culture. 6ility

of art to suvertdominant

culture gives it

political

significance.

Freudian

To Top

is a symolic

statement of

unconscious

fantasies that

the artist 7and

reader8 could

not otherwise

admit -GLC!29:0.

to reveal

unconscious

fantasies of the

author, reader,

critic, and even

fictional

characters.

#alue is in howthe reader can

defend against

or come to

terms with a

very disturing

fantasy y

Study the text as an

expression of the

author(s

unconscious

fantasies. Ex.

6naly5ing the

%edipal Complex

as worked out in Hamlet can reveal

how Shakespeare

worked that out.

!eader and

audience response

reveals how the

suggests that

misreadings of

a text are as or

more

significant than

an oviously

correct one.

)orks on theassumption that

authors,

characters, and

readers may e

unaware of the

reasons for their

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displacing it

into less

threatening

symolic terms.

6uthors work

through

unconscious

fantasies

through

creating more

manageale

versions.

reader comes to

terms with it. Can

psychoanaly5e

characters and

especially readers

-see !eader

!esponse criticism0

ehavior

-GLC! 29;0.

Suggests

profoundly

personal

reasons for

writing and

reading

literature that

has

implications for

the

psychological

health of

writers andreaders.

Archetypal

&'ung(

To Top

is an expression

of universal

experience

across time and

cultures found

in consistent

patterns, myths,

and symols

calledarchetypes.

Literature

reveals the

collective

unconscious,

an inorn

repository of

universal

images.

6nalysis of

literature can

reveal

archetypes

across cultures

and help to

discern their

meaning.

reudian

approaches.

Study patterns of

myths, images,

symols, icons and

other archetypes

that appear in many

cultures. #iew each

literary work as an

individual

articulation of anunderlying

archetype. Ex.

reirth archetype in

the &ile -?onah

and the )hale and

in The Rime of the

Ancient Mariner .

universali5es

literature.

1hought to e

reductionist y

some critics in

its use of a few

patterns to

explain

literature. +asspiritual

implications in

its metaphysical

elief in the

collective

unconscious.

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Biographical

To Top

@eaning of

work is

reflective of

experiences of

author.

Anowledge of

author(s life can

key insights

into the work(s

purpose,

author(s

choices.

to provide

insight into

author(s lives

and thought and

the intent of the

work to etter

understand oth

!esearch author(s

life for connections

and parallels in the

work.

Psychoiography

looks at author(s

deep psychology

and the work as

expression or

working out of

deep$seated

neuroses.

can yield a

greater

understanding

of the work.

!eveals

perspectives on

the work that

may not arise

through other

methods. &ut,

>ormalists

critici5ed the

(intentional

fallacy of

iographicalcriticism.

&ottom line4

many readers

are interested in

oth the

author(s life and

art.

Feminist

To Top

mirrors, resists,

or reinforces

patriarchal,male$centered

culture,

stereotypes and

oppression of

women.

can reveal

sexist

constructions of women and

challenge their

inevitaility.

Can raise

consciousness

and promote

change. Can

reveal strengths

of women

repressed under partriarchy.

6naly5e traditional

canon of male

writers for sexiststereotyping -ex.

madonnaBwhore

opposition0 focus

on women writers,

especially those

ignored, on their

creative processes,

language freed

from

phallogocentrism.

reinforces the

idea that

literature is a profound

element in the

maintenance of

male power and

privilege.

Provides a new

perspective on

literature and

the canon from

the point ofview of an

oppressed,

excluded

minority -see

also 6$6

Criticism0. +as

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expanded the

canon to

include many

previously

excluded

women authors

and challenged

and politici5ed

criteria for

evaluating

literary merit.


6/7

critical

lindness.

Legitimi5es

literature as

political action

for 'ustice.

%ociological

To Top

a document of

social phenomena or a

product of

those same

phemonena

-GLC! /:0.

Literature

illuminates thestudy of social

phemonena and

vice versa.

!ead from society

into text or viceversa. Link

individual to

collective ehavior,

social groups,

institutions, and

forces. Look at

relationship

etween authors

and audiences -see

also rhetoricalcriticism0 the

effect of the

organi5ation of the

ook trade explicit

and implicit

political ideas in

literary works.

links

individuals andtexts to

collective

phenomena,

like >eminist,

@arxist, *ew

+istoricist, ut

tries to e more

o'ective in

its analysis.

Does not applya strong version

of social

structure, such

as in @arxism.

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#ar$ist

To Top

reflects the

material forces

operative at a

specific time

and promotes

or impedes

progress

towards

socialist utopia.

Literature

either reveals

or mystifies the

truth aout

class structure,

class struggle, political

economy, and

ideology.

Literature has

great moral

force,

especially

realist works

that depict

material

conditions. Can

raise

consciousness

aout nature of

capitalism and

the plight of the

workers.

6naly5e the ways

in which the human

su'ect is formed

and sociali5ed

through a

manufactured view

of reality and truth.

6naly5e how

ideology is

expressed and

demystified in a

work. 6nalyse how

a work reveals

class structure as a

political construct.

"n some cases,

adheres to a

rigid version of

society and

politics. #ery

frank in its

political aims

and a good

antidote to

formalist, anti$

political

criticism. Like

>eminist,

Sociological,

*ew +istorical,and 6frican$

6merican

criticism, it

views literature

as part of the

material

conditions of

culture, not 'ust

a reflection of

them.

Literary Criticism Table I

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