Literacy in Action Module 5

Reading Fluency

and

Reflections on Module 4Close and Critical

Reading

CCR Reflection Share with your table partners the result of your work with close and critical reading.

What did you notice about the students while employing close and critical reading?

engagement

thinking

sharing

Revisiting Fluency in Adolescent Literacy Literacy in Action Module 5

Goals for Module 5 You will•Understand the importance of focusing on reading fluency

•Experience fluency instructional strategies and fluency assessment

•Develop a plan for supporting fluency development in MS and HS content area courses

National Institute for Literacy, What Content Area Teachers Should Know about Literacy, p. 11

Fluency •the ability to read text accurately and smoothly with little conscious attention to the mechanics of reading.

Fluent readers read text with appropriate •automaticity

• rate/speed• accuracy

•prosody • proper intonation and expression • variation in rhythmic and tonal aspects of speech

(pitch, loudness, speed, rhythm, and pause), which provide the spoken equivalent of written text

National Institute for Literacy, What Content Area Teachers Should Know about Literacy, p. 11

Reading Fluency ~ A Bridge Between Decoding and Text Comprehension

Readers must decode and comprehend to gather information from text.

If the speed and accuracy of decoding words are hindered, comprehension is compromised. National Institute for Literacy, What Content Area Teachers Should Know about Literacy, p. 11

As fluent oral readers, we

-chunk words into meaningful groups

-vary the pitch and the intonation patterns of our voice

-place stress on some words but not on others

-punctuate our speech with pauses and rising inflections

to indicate thought breaks or questions Effective oral readers can also transfer these skills to silent reading.

Literacy Strategies for Grades 4 – 12, Karen Tankersley ASCD 2005

Participant Engagement Read a challenging (dense, unfamiliar)

text Write a short summary Discuss challenges and fluency issues

Participant Engagement Identify position on Fluency Continuum

Transition Chart

Important Transitions Ch. 7 “Recognizing Change over Time in Fluent Reading” in Teaching for Comprehending and Fluency, Fountas and Pinnell (2006)

Important Transitions Ch. 7 “Recognizing Change over Time in Fluent Reading” in Teaching for Comprehending and Fluency, Fountas and Pinnell (2006)

Fluency Discussion Discuss the idea that “fluency is not a stage.” When

have you been a less-than-fluent reader yourself? What strategies did you use to get through the difficult material?

In what ways do you provide modeling and feedback to your students?

Consider at least two strategies that you could use with students to provide modeling or feedback.

To improve reading, students have to read more. How might you increase the amount of time that students actually spend reading in your classroom or school?

Where do most of your students fall on the fluency rubric? What strategies are you using to ensure fluency development?

Fluency Challenges for Adolescent Readers

Struggling readers

-lack fluency, read slowly, and often stop to sound out words.

-may reread sections of texts to gain comprehension.

-may spend so much time and cognitive energy decoding individual words that their focus is drawn away from comprehension. “Important Transitions” Handout

Factors Influencing Fluency - the level of text difficulty

- the degree of familiarity the reader has with the words, content, and genre of the text

- the amount of practice with the text

- the reader’s metacognitive abilities

- the reader’s motivation and engagement

Why should middle school teachers focus on fluency?

-Bridge between word recognition and comprehension

-Fluent readers at MS- Read 100-160 wpm- Have automatic word recognition skills- Group words into meaningful phrases or chunks- Read with expression- Make few word identification errors and usually self-

correct when they do make errors- Understand what they read

- Train students to read effortlessly – free to focus on comprehension

Notes from Reading Teachers Sourcebook (Chapter 8 Fluency)

http://www.meadowscenter.org/vgc/downloads/middle_school_instruction/RTS_Ch8.pdf

Building Reading Stamina Increased reading volume → CCR

“Being able to read complex text independently and proficiently is essential for high achievement in college and the workplace and important in numerous life tasks… if students cannot read challenging texts with understanding – if they have not developed the skill, concentration, and stamina to read such texts – they will read less in general.…’To grow, our students must read lots, and more specifically they must read lots of ‘complex’ texts—texts that offer them new language, new knowledge, and new modes of thought’(Adams)” CCSS Appendix A, p. 4

Six Dimensions of Fluency •Pausing the way reader’s voice is guided by punctuation

•Phrasing the way readers put words together in groups to represent the meaningful units of language

•Stress emphasis readers place on particular words (louder tone) to reflect the meaning as speakers would do in oral language

•Intonation way reader varies the voice in tone, pitch, and volume to reflect the meaning of the text (“expression”)

•Rate pace at which the reader moves through the text

•Integration the way reader consistently orchestrates pausing, phrasing, stress, intonation, and rate

(Fountas and Pinnell Teaching for Comprehending and Fluency, p. 69)

Reflection•What conclusions can you make regarding the focus of fluency instruction in your building, department/grade level, and classroom?

•What activities do you include in your instruction that assist students in becoming fluent readers? Do I provide time for fluency instruction?

•In your building, department/grade level, and classroom, how do you monitor students’ fluency?

From “News you Can Use - Reading Fluency: What, Why, and How?” by Mike Dunn

Perspectives on Fluency Instruction

Developmental View – focuses on acquisition of basic constituents of reading fluency - accuracy, pace, reading with expression - students develop fluency along with comprehension

Linguistic View – focuses on how language works, including phrasing and intonation

- How phrases and sentences influence meaning- Increased reading prosody

Automaticity View – role of automaticity of basic component skills, and how students can instinctively associate what words look like with what they meanReading Fluency Revisited (Fluency Instruction: Research-Based Best Practices, Pt. I Fluency Theory, Fluency Research, Ch. 5, B. Walker, K. Mokhtari, S. Sargent) p. 76-86

Perspectives on Fluency Instruction Note: Bolded strategies included in Module 5

Developmental View - Shared Reading – Model Fluent Reading-Fluency Development Lesson (FDL) focuses on improving comprehension

- Focuses on performance and word study- Reread short passage several times

-Guided Reading -- Wide and Deep Reading – Responsive Reading

Linguistic View -Deep Reading-Marking and Modeling Phrase Boundaries-Sentence Combining-Performance Reading (Readers’ Theatre, Choral, Recitation)

Automaticity View - Repeated Readings -Paired Reading -Assisted Reading (Teacher, Tape, Peer) Reading Fluency Revisited (Fluency Instruction: Research-Based Best Practices, Pt. I Fluency Theory, Fluency Research, Ch. 5, B. Walker, K. Mokhtari, S. Sargent) p. 76-86

Assessing Reading Fluency – Monitoring Fluency Development

Three components of fluency•Accuracy - accurate decoding of words in text•Automaticity - decoding words with minimal use of attentional resources•Prosody - the appropriate use of phrasing and expression to convey meaning.

Assessment of Reading Fluency

Developmental View- Multidimensional Fluency Scale (NAEP)

Linguistic View-Cloze Procedure -NAEP Fluency Scale

Automaticity View- Rate and Accuracy Assessment (CBM/ORF)

Reading Fluency Revisited (Ch. 5, Fluency Theory, Fluency Research) p. 76-86

Model Fluent Oral Reading Shared Reading (Handout)

Pale Blue Dot (Excerpt) by Carl Sagan

Read by Carl Sagan

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl5dlbCh8lY

-Just listen to first reading- Note inflections, pauses, phrasing, emphasis

-For second reading, follow along with transcript (slightly different than GHR text)

Guided Highlighted Reading http://www.readingtothecore.com/ghr.html

Guided highlighted reading for -Summary-Author’s craft – text features-Vocabulary-Critical AnalysisAddressed in Modules 2, 3, and 4

GHR prompts and activities included for some texts used for fluency development in Module 5Texts will be used again in Module 6 – Beyond CCR and Assessment

Modeling and Repeated ReadingStudents need to hear explicit models of fluent reading.

Kelly Gallagher’s Reading Minute•Teacher (later in year, student) shares an interesting short text (poetry, newspaper, magazine, excerpt from current novel)

•Models fluent reading

•Students listen, then write a one-sentence summary or thesis statement for the “Reading Minute” selection

http://www.stenhouse.com/assets/PDFs/0356ho.pdf

 as described in Reading Reasons: Motivational Mini-Lessons for Middle and High School by Kelly Gallagher

Modeling and Repeated ReadingStudents need to hear explicit models of fluent reading.

Adapted Reading Minute Activity for Module 5

•Collect readings appropriate to your content area

•Read orally to students one to five minutes every day

•Provide copies for students to follow along

•In pairs, students re-read the selection aloud (paired repeated reading)

•Students time paired reading; (note mistakes)

•Note number of words read in one minute on first and second reads (see example)

•Record WCPM on Fluency chart

•(Each student writes a one-sentence summary)

Partner Reading (as described in Reading Teachers Sourcebook)

•Students read and reread text with partners.•Assign partners.•Assign text on the instructional level of the lower-level reader.•Teach partner reading routine.

• Partner 1 reads first paragraph. Partner follows along.

• Partner 2 reads the same paragraph.

• Students briefly discuss what they just read by retelling what happened or by identifying the main idea of the paragraph.

• Repeat steps 1-3 until passage is complete.

•Model•Provide guided practice•Provide independent practiceNotes from Reading Teachers Sourcebook (Chapter 8 Fluency)

Adapted Reading Minute Activity for Module 5

Questions for student reflection of repeated or partner reading (in reading journal)

•Why do you think you made this mistake?

•Did it affect your understanding?

•Do you know what the word means?

•Does the word you said look like the one in the text?

•Did you correct the rough area?

•What could you do next time?

From “Retrospective Miscue Analysis,” Gretchen Owocki Common Core Lesson Book, p. 363-64

Practice Paired Reading

Select from one of the texts in your handout. Practice reading your text silently for one minute.

Find a reading buddy and take turns reading your selection. (one minute each)

Provide feedback to one another (using student reflection questions)

Assessment of Reading FluencyDevelopmental View- Multidimensional Fluency Scale (NAEP)

Linguistic View-Cloze Procedure (deletions)-Maze Procedure (choices)

http://www.interventioncentral.org/tools/maze-passage-generatorMaze Passage Generator, cut and paste content text)

-NAEP Fluency Scale

Automaticity View- Rate and Accuracy Assessment (CBM/ORF)

Reading Fluency Revisited (Ch. 5, Fluency Theory, Fluency Research) p. 76-86

Reading RatesEnd of Grade Oral Reading Silent Reading Rates (WPM) Rates (WPM)1 50-80 55-802 80 -100 80-1103 100-120 110-1354 120-145 135-1655 145-170 165-1906 170-190 190-2107-8 190-225 210-230 Figure 6-8, Oral Reading Rates, Ch. 6 “Understanding the Fluent Reader” Teaching for Comprehending and Fluency, Fountas and Pinnell (2006)

Progress Monitoring•Curriculum-Based Measurement Oral Reading Fluency Assessment (CBM/ORF)

• Student reads passage for one minute while teacher or partner marks mistakes (or records reading for later teacher analysis)

• Determine WCPM

• Student Charts WCPM on Fluency Chart

• Accuracy = WCPM/WPM Notes from Reading Teachers Sourcebook (Chapter 8 Fluency)

100

90

       

80

       

70

       

60

       

50

       

WCPM

60 70 80 90 100

Errors

4 4 5 4 5

Title xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxDate 9/7 9/21 10/5 10/19 11/2

Measuring Accuracy and Rate in CBM/ORF•Select passage(s) ~ 250 words at student’s grade placement. Check using text readability formula.

•Student reads passage for one minute, aloud in normal way; tape-record the reading.

•Mark uncorrected errors (mispronunciations, substitutions, reversals, omissions, or words pronounced by the examiner after a wait of 2-3 seconds without an attempt or response from the student). Mark point in the text after one minute of reading.

•Repeat steps 1 and 2 with two different passages (optional); use the median or middle score for analysis.

•Determine accuracy by dividing WCPM by the total number of words read). Compare the student’s performance against the target norms in Table 1.

•Determine rate by calculating the total number of WCPM and comparing the student’s performance against the target norms in Table 2.

Florida Oral Reading Fluency and MAZE Assessments (Grade-Level Resources) http://www.fcrr.org/forf_mazes/forf10-11.shtmlGrades 6, 7, 8, HS

MAZE Risk Levels http://www.fcrr.org/assessment/pdf/forf-maze/Risk_Levels_Maze_6-8_1011.pdf

http://www.fcrr.org/assessment/pdf/forf-maze/Risk_Levels_Maze_9-12_1011.pdf

ORF Risk Levelshttp://www.fcrr.org/assessment/pdf/forf-maze/Risk_Levels_FORF_6-8_1011.pdf

http://www.fcrr.org/assessment/pdf/forf-maze/Risk_Levels_FORF_9-12_1011.pdf

“Is Fluent Expressive Reading Important for HS Readers?”David Paige, Timothy Rasinski, Theresa Magpuri-Pavell

Skim the articleNote recommendationsHomework – Carefully read this article

“Is Fluent Expressive Reading Important for HS Readers?”David Paige, Timothy Rasinski, Theresa Magpuri-Pavell, 2012

• Dispelling misconceptions about fluency • Multidimensional Fluency Scale• Prosody and Silent Reading Comprehension scores• Choosing materials for prosodic reading• Wide and Deep Reading• Assisted Reading• Take Action – Choral Reading

“Oral reading prosody is related to silent reading comprehension for secondary students”

“Is Fluent Expressive Reading Important for HS Readers?”

Take Action – Choral Reading Choose a short text (100-150 words) Provide a copy Teacher reads with expression Students join in choral reading Listen for rough spots (Audio record first and last reading)

Choral Reading of “Compassion and the World”

(Handout)

Assessment of Reading Fluency

- Multidimensional Fluency Scale (NAEP)

-NAEP Fluency Scale

“Use of each rubric assumes that teachers rating students’ reading have a good sense of grade-appropriate expression, volume, phrasing, smoothness, and pace in reading.” - Tim Rasinski

Assessing Reading Fluency, Educational Service Material, ES 0414

Multidimensional Fluency Scale (Handout)

•Students read grade-level passage (~250 words)•Record reading; teacher later scores reading•Assign a score (1 to 4 points) on each of 4 dimensions of fluency• Expression and Volume• Phrasing• Smoothness • Pace

•A score of ≥ 10 ~ making good progress in fluency•A score of ≤ 8 ~ may need additional instruction in fluency “Oral reading prosody is related to silent reading comprehension for secondary students” – Paige, Rasinski, Magpuri-Pavell, 2012

NAEP Fluency Scale (Handout)

•Holistic scoring •Goal – score of 4•Assesses more than one dimension • Phrasing• Syntax preservation• Expression

NAEP Fluency Scale

NAEP Fluency ScaleLevel 4 Reads primarily in larger, meaningful phrase groups. Although some regressions, repetitions, and deviations from text may be present, these do not appear to detract from the overall structure of the story. Preservation of the author's syntax is consistent. Some or most of the story is read with expressive interpretation.Level 3 Reads primarily in three- or four-word phrase groups. Some smaller groupings may be present. However, the majority of phrasing seems appropriate and preserves the syntax of the author. Little or no expressive interpretation is present.Level 2 Reads primarily in two-word phrases with some three-or four-word groupings. Some word-by-word reading may be present. Word groupings may seem awkward and unrelated to larger context of sentence or passage.Level 1 Reads primarily word-by-word. Occasional two-word or three-word phrases may occur, but these are infrequent and/or they do not preserve meaningful syntax.

Features of Fluency

Prosodic Features •Pitch (high or low tone)•Loudness (soft of loud voice)•Speed (fast of slow)•Pause (short or long)

Paralinguistic Features•Whisper, breathiness, huskies, nasality, over articulation

Examples of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features•Clipped, elongated, louder, softer pause, even pitch, high pitch, low pitch, whisper, nasality, breathiness, lip rounding

The Reading Teacher’s Book of Lists, Fry and Kress (2006), List122

Additional Oral Reading Activities

Sentence Tunes (List 125)

•Change the way we say something to change the meaning• Multi-tuned sentences • Supersegmental phonemes• Shift emphasis

•Example sentences • I did not say you stole my red hat. (Handout)• Tom didn’t push George first.• I didn’t tell Mom you spent the dollar.

Other Oral Reading Activities (List 126)

The Reading Teacher’s Book of Lists , Fry and Kress (2006), List125

Change Punctuation and Emphasis for Different Meaning

Save soap and waste paper.Woman without her man is helpless.

Why did YOU drive to the store?Why did you DRIVE to the store?Why did you drive to the STORE?

Fluency as Addressed in

MI Comprehensive Literacy Profile/Planhttp://comprehensiveliteracy.weebly.com/reading-fluency.html

Assessments-NAEP Oral Reading Fluency Scale-Multi-Dimensional Fluency Rubric -Oral/Silent Reading Fluency CBM

Strategies-Guided Highlighted Reading -Choral Reading-Readers’ Theatre (Theater)-Repeated Readings-“Is Fluent, Expressive Reading Important for High School Readers?” Paige, Rasinski, Magpuri-Lavell

Interventions – role of automaticity of basic component skills, and how students can instinctively associate what words look like with what they mean-Repeated Readings for Juncture and Phrasing

Caveats about oral reading fluency in MS students

-The most important outcome for students is that they understand and learn from the texts they read. If students have below-average fluency but demonstrate average or above comprehension, it may not be appropriate to spend considerable time on improving their rate of reading.

-Students who read above 90-100 WCPM with 90 percent accuracy in grade-level text may benefit from time spent on enhancing their background knowledge, vocabulary, and/or comprehension rather than on fluency instruction.

Notes from Reading Teachers Sourcebook (Chapter 8 Fluency)

Readers’ Theatre•Readers speak clearly, use appropriate volume, read the text accurately and with expression. •Members of the group cooperate; use rehearsal time wisely.

Procedure•Select materials to read.•Develop the script.•Assign roles. •Practice, practice, practice•Perform•DiscussReaders’ Theater Resources http://www.literacyconnections.com/ReadersTheater.php

Notes from Reading Teachers Sourcebook (Chapter 8 Fluency)

• Engage students in Readers’ Theatre or plays where the teacher is the coach and provides feedback on how the lines are delivered.

Resources• Chris Gustafson’s Acting Cool! Using Reader’s

Theater to Teach Language Arts and Social Studies in Your Classroom Grades 5 -7

http://www.playsmag.com

Readers’ Theatre

Additional Fluency ResourcesLiteracy Leader Fluency Resources http://www.literacyleader.com/?q=fluency

Add slides to describe passport requirements AssignmentsRead to students ______ (modeling)Vary the student practice (reading minute with summary, repeated paired reading, choral reading, _____)Chart with _____ entries representing Accuracy /Rate == and journal entries with metacognitive log entries