LIST OF PARl'ICIPANTS Dr. Getulio Agostini Escuela de Biologia Apartado 47850, Caracas Codigo 104lA, Venezuela

Dr. M. Teresa Almeida A1:>artado 3015 Instituto Botanico Arcos Do Jardim 3049 Coimbra Portugal

Dr. James Archie Department of Zoology University of Hawaii at Manoa Edmondson Hall 2538 The Mall Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA

Dr. Emel A. Atac Department of r~anagement ~1iddle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey

Dr. William R. Atchley Department of Entomology Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison 237 Russell Laboratories 1630 Linden Drive Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA

Dr. Hans J. Bandelt FB6, Universitat Oldenburg 2900 Oldenburg West Germany

Dr. Mary Barkworth Dept. of Biology UMC 45 Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322 USA

Dr. B. R. Bauro Biosystematics Research Institute Central Experimental Farm Ottawa, Ontario KIA OC6 Canada

Dr. Jaap J. Beintema Biochemisch Laboratorium Nijenborgh 16 9747 AG GRONINGEN Netherlands

Dr. Gabriella Bianchi-Schmidt FAO Room F-226 Viadelle Termedi Caraca11a 00100 Rome Italy

Dr. Frank A. Bisby Biology Dept., Bldg. 44 University Southampton S09 5NH England, UK

Dr. Marsden Blois Medical Center Room A-16 University of California-San Franci San Francisco, California 94143 Ul

Dr. Mireille Bruschi Laboratoire de Chimie Bacterienne CNRS 31 Ch. J. Aiguier 13274 Marseille, France

Dr. Joao Cabral Lab. Naciona1 de Engenharia e Technologia Indust. 2685 Sacavem Portugal

Dr. Luis Cruz Carneiro Estacao Agronomica Nacional Quinta do Marques 2780 Oeiras, Portugal

Dr. J. Douglas Carroll Bell Laboratories Room 2C-553 Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 USA

Dr. Donald Col less Div. of Entomology CSIRO P. O. Box 1700 Canberra City, ACT 2601 Australia

Dr. Marco Corti Istituto di Anatomia Comparata Universita di Roma "Battista Grassi" Via Alfonso Borelli, 50-00161 Rome, Italy

Dr. Joel Cracraft Dept. of Anatomy

631

University of Illinois Hedical Ctr. Chicago, Illinois 60680 USA

Dr. Jorge V. Crisci Division Plantas Vasculares Museo de La Plata 1900 La Plata Argentina

Dr. Rubens A. da Cunha Depto de Matematica e Estatistica IGCE - UNESP Rio Claro - SP 13500 Brazil

Dr: Kevin Daly Department of Biology California State University Northridge, California 9133Q USA

Dr. William H. E. Day Dept. of Computer Science Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland St. John's, Newfoundland AIC 5S7 Canada

Dr. PaulO. Degens Abt. Statistik der Universitaet Post. 500500, 46 Dortmund 50 04600 Dortmund 50, West Germany

Dr. E. G. Easton Annelida Section, Dept. of Zoology British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road London SW7 5ED England, UK

Dr. Walter Erde1en Zool. Institut der Universit~t Seidlstr. 25, 8 Munc~en 2 West Ger!llany

Dr. John A. Endler Biology Department University of Utah Salt Lake city, Utah 84112 USA

Dr. George F. Estabrook Div. of Biological Sciences Natural Sciences Building University of Hichigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA

Dr. Daniel P. Faith CSIRO Division of Land Use Research Survey Methodology Group P. O. Box 1666 Canberra City, ACT Australia 2601

Dr. Joseph Felsenstein Department of Genetics University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JN Scotland, UK

Dr. Jocelyne Ferraris C.E.R.S.E. Universite du Quebec a aontreal Montreal, P. Q. H3C 3P8 Canada

Dr. Kent Fiala Dept. of Ecology and Evolution State University of New York

at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794 USA

632

Dr. Walter Fitch Dept. of Physiological Chemistry Univ. of Wisconsin Medical Center 1215 Linden Drive 589 Medical Sciences Bldg. Hadison, Wisconsin 53706 USA

Dr. Vicki A. Funk Botany Department Nat. Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. 20560 USA

ths-s Li lia Gama Campi 110, INIREB Km 2.5 Carretera antigua a Coatepe( Xalapa, Veracruz 91000 Apartado postal 63 91000 Hexico

Dr. Susan Gardner Texas A & M University Dept. of Biology College Station, Texas 77843 USA

Dr. Amy Jean Gilmartin Botany Department Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164 USA

Dr. Daniel F. Goujet Insti tut de Paleontologie du r1useul 8 Rue de Buffon Paris 75005, France

Dr. John C. Gower Statistics Deoartment Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden Herts AL5 2JQ England, UK

Dr. Lajos J. Hajdu Box 559 S-751 22 Uppsala Sweden

Dr. Roger I. C. Hansell Department of Zoology University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario M5S lAl Canada

Mr. Gene Hart Department of Ecology & Evolution State University of New York

at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794 USA

Dr. Steve Hartman Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, HSC State University of New York

at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794 USA

Dr. Jean-Marie Hubac Laboratoire de Taxonomie Vegetale Experimentale et Nurnerique Universite de Paris XI Centre d'Orsay, Batiment 362 91405 Orsay France

Dr. Lawrence J. Hubert Dept. of Education University of California

633

Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA

Dr. Kani Isik Biddle East Technical University Dept. of Biological Science Ankara, Turkey

Dr. Michel Jarnbu CNET/PAA/ATR/MTI 38-40 rue du General LeClerc 92131 Issy-Les-Moulineaux France

Dr. Richard J. Jensen Department of Biology Saint Mary's College Notre Dame, Indiana 46556

Dr. Aykut Kence Dept. of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey

Dr. Pierre Legendre Dept. de Sciences biologiques Universite de Montreal CP 6128 Succursale A Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada

Dr. Walter J. LeQuesne Anne Cottage 70 Lye Green Road Chesham, Bucks, HP5 3NB England, UK

Dr. I. C. Lerman Institut de Recherche en Informatiql et Systems Aleatoires, Labo. Stat. Cam?us Universitaire de Beaulieu Avenue du General Leclerc 35042 Rennes Cedex France

Dr. Manuel B. Lima Departomento de Fitopatologia Estacao Agronomica Nacional Oeiras, Portugal

Dr. Paul G. Mahlberg Dept. of Biology Indiana University Jordan Hall 138 Bloomington, Indiana 47402 USA

Dr. Leslie F. Marcus Department of Biology Queens College Flushing, New York 11367 USA

Dr. David W. Matula Computer Sciences Department Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas 75275 USA

Dr. F. R. McMorris Dept. of Mathematics Bowling Green State Univ. Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 USA

Dr. John McNeill Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa KIN 6N5 Canada

634

Dr. Christopher Meacham Dept. of Computer Science Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland St. John's, Newfoundland AIC 5S7 Canada

Dr. Glenn W. Milligan 339 Hagerty Hall Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA

Dr. Maria H. Moreira Dept. de Biologia Universidade de Aveiro 3800 Aveiro, Portugal

Dr. Maria Morlion Rijksuniversiteit-Gent Laboratoria voor morfologie en

Systematiek Museum voor Dierkunde, B-9000 Gent K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Belgium

Dr. Wayne Moss The Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 USA

Dr. Robert J. Owen Deputy Curator, Nat. Collection of Type Cultures, Central Pub. Health Colindale Avenue London NW9 5HT England, UK

Dr. Christophe Perruchet CNET/PAA/ATR/!1TI 38 Rue du General Leclerc 92131 Issy-les-Moulineaux France

Dr. Alberto Piazza Instituto di Genetica Medica dell' Universita di Torino via Santena 19 10126 Torino Italy

Dr. David Pavel Dept. of Systematics and

Evolutionary Biologie Kaiserstr. 63 2300RA Leiden the Netherlands

Dr. P. Mick Richardson New York Botanical Garden Bronx, New York 10458 USA

Dr. Paul Richy CNET/PAA/ATR/HIT 38, 40 Rue du General Leclerc 92131 Issy-les-Moulineaux France

Dr. F. James Rohlf Department of Ecology & Evolution State University of New York

at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794 USA

Dr. R. Heiner Schirmer 1m Neuenheimer Feld 6900 Heidelberg Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. Gary Schnell Department of Zoology University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73069 USA

635

Dr. Georg E. Schulz Max-Planck Institut fuer

medizinische Forschung Abteilung:Biophysik Jahnstrasse 29, 6900 Heidelberg Germany

Dr. H. K. Seth Department of Biological Sciences Stow College Shamrock Street Glasgow G4 9LD Scotland, UK

Mr. Kwang-Tsao Shao Department of Ecology & Evolution State University of New York

at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794 USA

Dr. Christine Simon Department of Zoology Uni versi ty of Havlaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA

Mr. Paul G. Smith Plant Sciences Deoartment University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7

Dr. Peter H. A. Sneath MRC Microbial Systematics Unit University of Leicester University Road Leicester LEI 7RH England, UK

Dr. Robert R. Sakal Department of Ecology & Evolution State University of New York

at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794 USA

Mr. David L. Swofford Dept. of Genetics & Development University of Illinois 505 S. Goodwin Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA

Dr. Juan Tamames Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas "Abel Salazar" Largo da Escola Hedica 4000 Porto Portugal

Hs. Lynn Taylor Department of Botany University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL Scotland, UK

Dr. Roger Thorpe Dept. of Zoology University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB9 2TN Scotland, UK

Dr. ~'Valter Titz Institut fuer Botanik der

Universitaet Wien Rennweg 14 A-1030 Wien Austria

Dr. Pauline Topham Scottish Crop Research Institute Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA Scotland, UK

Dr. Desoina Vokou Laboratory of Ecology, POB 119 Univ. of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece

636

Dr. Robert Voss Museum of Zoology, Div. of Mammals University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Hichigan 48109 USA

Hiss Elizabeth A. Coombs Harvard Universitv Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambr idge, ~1ass. 0213 8 USA

Dr., Joan Georgudaki Zoological Laboratory University of Patras Patras, Greece

Hiss Nancy Horeno, INIREB Km 2.5 Antigua carre.tera a Coatepec Apdo. Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000 ~lexico

accession list, 259 Acer, 364 Adams consensus tree, 82, 132 adaptation, 469 adaptive characters, 296 additive,

binary coding, 45 genetic variance, 346

adenyl ate kinase, 489 advancement, chemical, 495 Aesculus, 364 affinity diagram, 495 Afghanistan, 474 aggregation,~ 209 agglomerative algorithms, 53,

97, 474 algorithm,

for estimating parsimonious trees, 335

for optimal classification, 137

259 tree-optimizing, Wagner, 259

Allardtia (Bromeliaceae),

allometry, 346 Aloe, 364

112, 524

amino acid replacements, 479 anagenesis, 464 analytical schemes, 505 Anoplophytum, 524 anthesis, 364 antibodies against protein, 489 area-C(alpha) distance, 484 ascospores, 547 association, spatial, 209 asymptotic limits, 167 autocorrelation,

spatial, 209, 384 automatic data acquisition,

583, 620 average linkage method, 167,

254, 527, 543, 552 bacteria, 490, 536 Barley cultivars, 340 BASIC, 600, 620 behavior, 562 behaviors,

association among, 562 bifurcating tree, 132 binary variables, 254, 557 biochemical systematics, 495,

500 biogeography, 1, 424, 464

vicariance, 424 biosynthetic pathways, 495 box, data, 505 Bromeliaceae, 112, 524 brooms, 117 caliper, digital, 620 Caminalcules, 76 Camin-Sokal,

method, 340

parsimony criterion, 315 Campa nul a, 364 canonical,

analysis, 405, 557 variates, 536, 552

carpenter bees, large, 543 catfish, 259 Chaetomium, 547 chain fold,

similarity, 484 simulated, 484

chaining, concurrent 156 character transformation series,

hypothesized, 340 deduced from true

cladogram, 340 character,

adaptive, 296 compatibility, 524 correlation, 557 multi-state, 296, 383 organoleptic, 582 -pair matrix, 296 partial binary, 304 plesiomorphic, 18 qualitative taxonomic,

set, 117 state randomness,

coefficient of, 296 two-state, 29.6 uniquely derived, 296 values, missing, 557 weighting, 18, 557 weights, 340

character state, 102 highly advanced, 495 tree, 87, 279

279, 304

characters, shared derived, 524 charges of amino acids, 479 chemical,

advancement, 495 complexity, 495

chemotaxonomy, 500, 582 chemotaxonomic database, 625 Chenopodium, 364 Chironomus (Diptera), 532 chordal graph, 304 chromatography, 474

gas-liquid, 500 chromosome,

evolution pathway, 532 inversion model, 532 numbers, 552

chymotrypsin, 484 cicadas, periodical, 378 cladistic,

analysis, 87 character, 304 classification, 76 relationships, 22

cladistics, 1, 18, 38, 47, 53, 72, 76, 82, 87, 92,

137, 315, 378, 495 numerical, 259, 315 versus phenetics, 1, 53, 72,

76, 82, 92, 527 cladograms, 22, 76, 259

accuracy of, 424 concordance, 424 consensus, 76, 424 estimated, 38 precision of, 424 stability of, 38, 76 true, 38

classes, comparison of, 179 classifiability, 179, 199 classification, 18

based on ordonnance, 179 based on preordonnance, 179 based on similarity, 18, 179 cladistic, 1, 76 comparison of, 137, 167, 174 cytotaxonomic, 552 distances between, 127, 137 errors in, 102 general-purpose, 22 hierarchical, 137 maximal predictive, 137 methodology of, 199 nonhierarchical, 137 of coefficients, 505 optimal, 137 natural, 1, 18, 22 phenetic, 1, 76 purpose of, 22, 538 significance, 199 significant levels, 179 significant nodes, 179 stability of, 538 statistical, 22 verifiability of, 22

clinal variation, 469 clines, 405, 424 clique, 53, 156, 296, 524 closest-partitions distance,

127 cluster, 469

analysis, 405, 543, 557, 562 interpretation, 532 statistics, 209 validation, 167 validity, 156

clustering, by taxonomic information, 97 ecological data, 505 comparison of, 167 methods, 156, 315, 474, 536,

547 average linkage, 167, 254,

524, 552 classificatory power of,

174 complete linkage, 156, 167 flexible clustering, 167 hierarchical, 249

638

k-blocks, 156 k-components, 156 k-linkage, 156 phenetic, 87 single-linkage, 117,

156, 167 specificity of, 174 stability of, 174 UPGMA, 82, 254, 469, 524,

527, 536, 552 WPGMA, 167

space-time, 209 statistical hypothesis

testing in, 179, 209 clusters,

conformity of, 174 dumbbell, 156

coding, 53 additive binary, 87, 378 gap, 378, 383 homogeneous subset, 378 of morphometric characters,

378, 383 segment, 378

coefficient of character-state randomness, 296

coefficients, classification of, 505

cohesion, 117 Colless consensus index, 132 combinatorial data analysis, 209 common equals primitive, 279 comparison,

of classes, 179 of classifications, 137, 174 of ordinations, 543 of partitions, 209

compatibility, 279, 304, 524 analysis, 87, 279, 296, 495 method, 315, 340

complete linkage method, 156 complexity, chemical, 495 components of a graph, 156 computers, 583-629 concordance, 209

of cladograms, 424 concurrent,

chaining, 156 flow, 156

CONFOR, 625 conformation of proteins, 479 conformity of clusters, 174 congruence, 53, 76, 82,

87, 92, 117 consensus, 340

cladogram, 76, 424 function, 122 index, 76, 132

Colless, 82, 132 distribution of, 132 levels sum, 132 Mickevich, 82, 132 Rohlf, 82, 132

term information, 132 total information, 132

tree, 76, 87, 122, 132, 543 Adams, 82, 132 strict, 76, 87, 132 durchschnitt, 122

consistency, 315 index, 527

contact zones, 464 continuous variables, 383,

552, 557 convex group, 279 convexity, hypothesis of, 279 cooperatives, 582 cophenetic,

correlation coefficient, 469, 543

matrix, 174 COREM, 532 correlated responses, 346 correlation,

character, 557 genetic, 346

correlation coefficient, cophenetic, 469, 543 matrix, 543 product moment, 117

correlogram, spatial, 384 cotton, 364 criterion measure, external, cross-classification, 209 cytochromes, 490 cytotaxonomy, 552 D-squared distance, 469 data box, 505 database, 600, 625 data,

acquisition, automatic,

loggers, portable, 620 retrieval, 600, 625

Delesseria, 364 DELTA format, 625 dendrogram, 474, 527, 547

geometry, 174 topology, 174

167

583, 620

densities, mixture of, 199 derived characters, shared, 524 descriptors in ecology, 505 design, sampling, 505 diagram, affinity, 495 Diaphoranthema, 524 digital caliper, 620 digitizers, 583 dimensional analysis, 505 dimensionality, 538 discriminant analysis, 405, 536,

dissimilarity, matrix, 137, 229 of classifications, 127

distance, area-C(alpha) , 484

557

639

between classifications, 127 between trees, 127 distributions of, 484 generalized, 552 genetic, 451 functions, 532 matrix, 229, 249, 259, 557 r.m.s.-C(alpha), 484 Wagner method, 53 weighting of, 557

distribution of classification criteria,

179 of consensus indices, 132 of distances between trees,

127 diversi ty, 505 divisive algorithms, 53, 97,

335 DNA sequencing, 315, 489 dogmatism vs. eclecticism, Dollo parsimony criterion,

domains, 484 Drosophila, 384 dumbbell clusters, 156 duplication, tandem gene, eclecticism vs. dogmatism, ecology, 505

numerical, 505 ecospecies, 536 ecotone, 424 eigenvalue, negative, 174 electron-transfer proteins, electrophoretic data, 254 envelope, 364 environmental correlation, errors,

exclusion, 102 in classification, 102 inclusion, 102

erythrocytes, 489 estimation,

72 315,

340

484 72

490

346

in hierarchical clustering, 249

of cladograms, of phylogenies,

Euphorbia, 500 evolutionary,

models, 87

38 315

rates, 1, 87, 315, 451, 479 systematics, 1, 18, 92 tree, 259, 315

EXIR, 625 EXIRPOST, 625 external criterion statistics,

167 Fabaceae, 117 Fagus, 364 falsifiability, 22 feature extraction,

automatic, 583 ferredoxins, 490

flavonoids, 474, 495 flow, concurrent, 156 flow chart of numerical

flower, 364 FORTRAN, 600

taxonomy,

Fourier analysis, 364 Fowlkes and Mallows index, freedom and dimensionality, functional complex, 117 fungi, 547 gap coding, 378, 383 gene,

duplication, 484 frequencies, 444, 451 flow, 469

genetic, correlation, 346 distance, 451 variance, additive, 346

Genistinae (Leguminosae/Fabaceae),

geographic, differentiation, 424 distribution, 474 variation, 209, 384-473

geographical, analysis, 424 records, 625

geometric representation of a tree, 137,

Gilmour, J. S., 22 giraffe, 479 gliding bacteria, 536 global statistics of levels

538

167 538

117

167

tree, 179 globularity of a protein, 484 glossary of microcomputer

jargon, 620 glutathione reductase, 484, 489 glycoprotein, 479 goodness of fit, of models, Gossypium, 364 gorses, 117 gradients,

character, geographic, selection,

graph,

424 424

424

chordal, 304 components of, intersection, random, 199

156 304

graph theory, 304 grass snakes, 464 growth variation, hairs,

lateral, 547

405

229

terminal, 547 hardware, computer, Hennig, W., 18, 495 heritability, 346

583, 600, 620

hierarchical clustering methods,

640

249 378 homogeneous subset coding,

homology, 22, 53, 137 homoplasy, 53, 340, 495, 527

prevalence of, 259 Hordeum, 340 host and parasite,

coevolution, human gene frequencies,

hybrid zones, 464 identification, 536

489 444,

451

image analysis, 583 immunological distance, 479 incompatibilities, 296 incongruence, 117 index,

rough, 179 similarity, 547 standardized, 179

inflorescence, 364 information,

content, 22, 47, 107 predictive taxonomic, 97 redundant, 557

initial structure, modification of, 174

instability, 117 interfacing, electronic, 620 internal cohesion, 117 intersection graph, 304 intra individual variation, 364 intraspecific lineages, 464 introgression, 557 inversion, chromosome, 532 Iran, 474 island divergence, 405 isolation by distance model,

isology, 22 Jaccard index, 167 jargon, microcomputer,

glossary of, 620 jaw characters, 346

444

k-blocks clustering, 156 k-components clustering, 156 k-linkage clustering, 156 kinase, adenylate, 489 Lasthenia, 495 lactifer, 500 landmarks, 583 languages, programming, 600

547 latex, 500 lateral hairs, leaf, 364 Leguminosae, 117 Lepidoptera, 538 levels sum consensus likelihood, maximum,

local statistics

index, 132 137, 249,

315

of levels tree, 179 macromolecular structure, 489

Magicicada (Homoptera), 378 mainframes, 600 malaria parasites, 489 Manhattan distances, 53, 82 mammals, 479 maps, of geographic variation,

384, 444 Marchantiaceae, 495 matches asymptote, 22 maternal effects, 346 matrix,

additive distance, 249, 259 character-pair, 296 cophenetic, 174 correlation, 543 dissimilarity, 137, 229 distance, 229, 249, 259 positive semi-definite, 174 proximity, 209, 229, 249 trace of, 174

maximal predictive classification, 137

maximum likelihood, 137, 249, 315 mesic habit, 524 metabolic pathways,

evolution of, 484 Mickevich consensus index, 132 microcomputers, 600, 620 microorganisms, 536 microphylogenesis,· 464 migration, 424, 444 minicomputers, 600 missing character values, 112,

557 mixture

of densities, 199 of tree and dimensional

structure, 229 model, 137, 364 molecular evolution, 479 moments,

of distribution, of classification criteria,

179 monographic database, 625 monographic information centers,

625 monophyletic groups, 1, 18,

42, 315 Monte Carlo methods, 132 morphological descriptions, 625 morphometrics, 254, 346, 378,

384, 552, 557 mosaic variation, 405 mosquitos, 527 moth, ermine, 538 multidimensional scaling,

nonmetric, 405 mUlti-state characters, 296, 383 multiplotting, 405 multivariate analysis, 469,

557, 562 Natrix (Reptilia), 464

641

natural classification, 22, 102 group, 1, 18 selection, 451

nearest-neighbor interchange distance, 127

network construction, 296 neutrality of an element,

measure of, 179 nomenclatural list, 625 non-classifiability, 199 non-link, hypothesis of, 179 nonmetric multidimensional

scal ing, 405 nonparametric statistics, 209 nonspecificity hypothesis, 92,

117 normal deviate, 296 natural selection, 405 numerical,

cladistics, 259, 315 ecology, 505 oenology, 582

oaks, 53 occurrence,

relative probability of, 495 oenology, numerical, 582 optimal classification, 137 Orchidaceae, 18 ordination, 405, 464, 543 ordonnance, 179 Othopteroids, 296 outgroup, 107 overall similarity, 18, 53 Palearctic, 464 pancreas, 479 parallelism, 479 paraphyletic group, 1, 18,

45, 107 parasite, host and,

coevolution, 489 parasites, malaria, 489 parsimony, 22, 45, 102, 107,

315, 335, 479, 527 partitions,

comparison of, 209 optimal, 102 type of, 199

Pascal, 600 path length tree, 229 pathways,

biosynthetic, 495 metabolic, evolution of, 484

Pecora, 479 perithecium, 547 personalities

vs. principles, 72 phenetic,

classification, 1, 18, 47, 53, 72, 76, 82, 92, 117, 137, 495, 538

clustering, 87, 112, 315 relationships, 22 similarity, 18, 469

phenetics, 38, 315 versus cladistics, 47, 82,

92, 527 phenogram, 254, 469, 552 philosophy, 22 Phragmites, 474 phylogenesis, 464 phylogenetic,

inference, 87 tree, 279

phylogenies, 87, 315, 490 phylogeny, 22, 53, 527

estimation, 315, 335, 424, 451

reconstruction, 424 Phytarrhiza, 524 Pinus, 469 plant systematics, 47 plasmodia, 489 pleiotropy, 346 Pleistocene forest refugia, 424 plesiomorphic character, 45, 53 polarity of character, 335, 495 polygenic characters, 346 polymorphism, 364, 474

parsimony criterion, 315, 340

polypeptide chain fold, 484 polyphyletic group, I, 18 polyploidy, 474, 552, 557 population variation, 469 Populus, 364 portable data loggers, 620 Portugese wines, 582 prediction, 102 predictive value, 102 predictivity, 22 preordonnance, 179

ultrametric, 179 primary structure

of proteins, 479 primary zones, 464 primitive,

character, 45 common equals, 279

principal components, 112, 405, 469, 557, 562, 582

principal coordinates, 47, 174, 405, 543

principles vs. personalities, 72

probabil ity , of chromosome inversion

pattern, 532 of occurrence, relative, 495

probabilistic, models, 137, 315 similarities, 199

Procrustes analysis, 137 programming languages, 600 prokaryotes, 536 pronghorn, 479 protein, 479, 490

642

antibodies against, 489 domains, 484 electron transfer, 490 sequence comparisons, 489 sequencing, 489 structure, 484

proximity, matrices, 209 probabilistic measure of,

179 Pseudalcantarea, 524 psuedo-catopsis, 524 punctuational macroevolution,

405 qualitative taxonomic character,

quantitative Quaternary, Quercus, 53 r, 117

279, 304 genetics, 346 524

r( CS), 469 r.m.s.-C(alpha) distance, racial variation, 405 Rand index, 167 random,

structure, 179 199

484

finite graph, model, for hypothesis

non-link, of 179

tree, 132 randomization, 117

tests, 209 range expansion, 464 rate, evolutionary, I, 451, 479 rats, 346 recognition ratio, 132 reductase, glutathione, 484,

489 reference taxa, 296 refugia, 424, 524

Pleistocene forest, 424 relationships,

cladistic and phenetic, I, 22

relative probability of occurrence, 495

resemblance measures, quantitative, 532

response to selection, 346 reticulation, 117 reversal, 45 ribonuclease, 479 RISE, 532 Rohlf consensus indices, 132 rubredoxins, 490 ruminants, 479 sampling design, 505 secondary plant substances, 625 secondary zones, 464 seed,

source, 469 transfer zone,

selection, natural, 469

451

sequence comparisons, of proteins, 489

sequencing, of DNA, 315, 489 of proteins, 489

seriation, 209 series, time, 505 shape, 346

analysis, 364 significance,

of a classification, 199 of chain fold similarity,

484 significant levels

of a classification, 179 similarity, 469

chain fold, 484 indices, 53, 532, 547 overall, 18, 53 phenetic, 1, 18, 469 probabilistic, 199

Simonsiella (Bacteria), 536 simulation, 87, 137, 424

of protein chain folds, single-linkage clustering,

sister group, 18 size, 346 skull characters, 346 snakes, 464 software,

484 117, 156

data acquisition, 583, 620 database, 600, 625 image analysis, 583 programming languages, 600 word processing, 600

Solanum, 495 source of origin, 536 space-time clustering, 209 spatial,

analysis, 424 association, 209 autocorrelation, 209, 384 correlogram, 384

speciation, 1, 424 species, 536

abundance, 505 abundance diagrams, 505

stability, of characters, 296 of cladograms, 38 of classifications, 538

statistics, external criterion, 167

statistical classification, 22 statistical hypothesis testing,

in clustering, 179, 199, 209, 249

in ordination, 209 in phylogenetic inference,

315 sterols, 500 strict consensus tree, 132

643

structure, ecological, 505 population, 384 protein, 479, 484

subsets, tree of, 279 subspecies, 405 substrate, 547 sulfate-reducing bacteria, 490 surfaces,

geographic variation, 384 synapomorphograms, 22 synapomorphy, 18 synapomorphies, compatible, 296 SYMAP, 384 SYNONYMS, 625 systematics,

biochemical, 495 phylogenetic, 1

tandem gene duplication, 484 taxa, 72 taxonomic feedback, 72 taxonomists, 72 taxonomy, 72 television cameras, 583 term information consensus

index, 132 terminal hairs, 547 test of treeness, 451 Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae), 112,

524 time series, 505 topology of a dendrogram, 167 total information consensus

index, 132 Toxorhynchites (Diptera), 527 trace of matrix, 174 transition zones, 405, 464 transformation, 469 tree,

addi tive, 229 bufurcating, 132 character state, 279 classification, 179 consensus, 87, 122, 543 distances between, 127 estimated Wagner, 259 evolutionary, 259, 315 geometric representation of,

Gower, 97 levels, 179 mixture of,

137

and dimensional structure, 229

of subsets, 279 partial, 304 path length, 229 ultrametric, 209, 229 Wagner, 259

340 weighted, 259

tree comparison, treeness, test of, triangle inequality,

451 174

triterpenes, 500 true cladogram, 315, 340 trypsin, 484 two-state characters, 296 ultrametric, 209, 229

preordonnance, 179 undirected cladistic character,

304 uniquely derived character, 296 unrooted tree, 315 unstable character, 296 UPGMA, 82, 469, 524,

536, 543, 552 Valeriana, 557 validation, cluster, 167 validity, cluster, 156, 199 variable evolutionary rates,

variables, binary, 557 continuous, 557

451

variance, additive genetic, 346 variation,

geographic, 384-473 intraindividual, 364 mosaic, 405 population, 469

644

variogram, 444 Vermicularia, 364 vicariance biogeography, 424 Viciae, 625 Viciae Database, 625 Wagner,

algorithm, 82, 259 network, 524 parsimony criterion, 315, 340 tree, 53, 82, 87, 259,

296, 464, 527 weighting, character, 557 wines, 582 within-taxon variability, 625 word processing software, 600 xeric habit, 524 Xylocopa (Hymenoptera, Apoidea),

543 Yponomeuta (Lepidoptera), 538 zones,

contact, 424, 464 hybrid, 464 pr imary , 464 secondary, 464 transition, 405, 464