Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng MaynilaUniversity of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and TechnologyChemical Engineering Department

Homework #1

List of Laboratory Equipment

DANDAMUN, Benbellah Ali Y.JUANGCO, Cris-Anne III A.SACRAMENTO, Isaiah Paul G.TORRES, Angela Jane R.

Laboratory Purpose Application

EquipmentDistillationSieve Plate Distillation Column

Designed to make the vapor bubble up through simple holes in the tray through the flowing liquid.

More efficient and more costly than the packed column distillation unit.

Packed Distillation Column

Designed to provide a large area of intimate contact between the liquid and gas.

Used for vapor-liquid contacting in distillation.

ExtractionYork-Scheibel Column Provides alternating

components to aid dispersion with impellers and coalescence with a wire mesh (about 97% void space).

Used to perform a variety of liquid extraction operations that requires many stages.

Rotating-Disc Contractor

Consists of a series of stator rings which form compartments that have a rotating disc, located in the center of each compartment.

Aromatic-aliphatic separations using sulfolane, recovery of caprolactam, and furfural and sulfur dioxide extraction.

Spray Tower Gives differential contact, where mixing and settling proceed continuously and simultaneously.

Used when a rapid, irreversible chemical reaction occurs.

Mixer-Settler Used to provide intimate contact between the two liquid phases in the extraction unit.

Used in series for countercurrent and multiple-stage extraction.

Packed Tower Packings cause the droplets to coalesce and redisperse at frequent intervals throughout the tower thus making the extraction more efficient.

Used where only a few stages are needed.

CrystallizationVacuum Crystallizer May be used in batch or Makes it possible to

continuous operations. Uses a condenser with a booster to maintain a vacuum inside the crystallizer body.

generate a supersaturated solution when very low operating temperatures are needed.

Swenson-walker Crystallizer

Uses cooling alone to bring about supersaturation.

Used when low floor space is needed.

ReactorsFluidized-Bed Reactor A catalytic reactor in

which the catalyst is fluidized within the reactor.

Used in handling large amounts of feed and catalyst.

Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor

The most basic of the continuous reactors used in chemical processes.

Multiple CSTRs can be used when two immiscible liquids or viscous liquids are present and require a high agitation rate.

MixerRibbon blender It contains two counter

acting ribbons: one moving the solids slowly in one direction and the other moving it quickly

For thin paste and for powder that do not flow readily

Internal screw mixer The double-motion helix obits about the central axis of a conical vessel visiting all parts of the mix

For free flowing grains and other light solids

Kneader It involves squashing the mass flat, folding it over on itself and squashing it once more

Used primarily in the plastics and rubber industries. They are commonly used for resins, adhesives, putty, baking dough, and cellulose additives. Specific applications involving kneaders include: mixing of wood flour and linseed oil in linoleum manufacture; incorporation of fillers, softeners, and

accelerators into rubber stock

Extruders The feed to an extruder usually contains the base polymer in granular or powder form, together with additives such as stabilizers, plasticizers, and coloring pigments 

Extruders are found primarily in the plastics industry, where they are used in the preparation of additives such as pigments, and resins

Tumbler Provide "gentle" blending as material tumbles about a horizontal axis in an enclosed rotating unit

Used in processes which involve the mixing of free flowing powders and pastes

Mullers The material to be mixed is moved from the outside to the inside of the pan and is crushed and rolled over by the mullers. The rollers sometimes skid, resulting in shearing and coarse-scale mixing, which is aided by the plows and scrapers

Static mixers (also called motionless mixers)

The design of static mixers allows for continuous operation and a small working volume, and are typically used for short residence time applications

Includes food and beverages, petroleum, plastic and fiber industry and chemical processes

Mechanically mixed tanks

consist of a tank, impellers to agitate the material, and baffles to prevent dropping of the liquid level near the impeller

used in processes which involve: suspension of solid particles, blending of miscible liquids, dispersion of a gas through the liquid in the form of bubbles, dispersion of a second liquid, immiscible with the first, to form an emulsion or suspension of fine drops, promotion of heat

transfer between the liquid and a coil or heating jacket

Jet Mixers used to mix low viscosity fluids within a vessel. Jet mixers provide a simple mixing and agitation technique without using in-tank moving parts

adaptable for use in either tanks or tubes, and can be used to mix certain multiphase systems. These systems include liquid-gas systems, miscible liquids or liquids containing slow-settling sediments

Solids handling equipmentScrew or helical flight conveyor

Use to handle wide range of materials

For grain asphalt, crushed coal, ashes, gravel and sand

Flight conveyor Use on inclines up to 45 degrees but preferably the inclined should be limited with 30 degrees

For loose material such as grain, food waste, garbage and coal

Belt conveyor Carry or transport solids from place to place

Adapted to wide varieties and quantities of materials and can transport solids for long distances

Drag Chain Conveyor type of mechanical conveyor that can transport solids horizontally, vertically, or on an incline

used to convey pieces of particle board in a wood processing facility. They are also used to convey wet and dry solids in the chemical and food industry

Vibratory Conveyor used when the material has a high friction factor on steel

used in a variety of industries. In the chemical industry, they are used to transport fertilizer, detergent powders, and plastic pellets or powders. In the food industry, they are used to convey corn kernels, instant coffee,

and cereal flakes. The video below shows a vibratory conveyor used to handle scrap aluminum

Bucket Elevator usually used when there is not enough space for a horizontal conveyor

Pneumatic Conveyor uses a gas to convey solid material

used to transport metal chips for processing

Drying EquipmentTray Dryer Designed for batch

operation and small scale production.

Used for drying lumpy or pasty solid

Vacuum-Shelf Dryers For maximum product temperature that is lower than or equal to 30 °C.

Used to dry expensive or temperature-sensitive or easily oxidizable materials. Also useful for handling materials with toxic or valuable solvents.

Continuous Tunnel Dryer

Designed to effectively control air temperature, humidity etc. giving optimum output and product quality.

Used for drying granular solids in a continuous process.

Drum Dryers For drying materials in which crystallization and liquid-solid separation are not feasible.

Used for handling slurries or pastes of solids in fine suspension and for solution.

Spray Dryers For drying minimum inlet-gas temperature requirement of perhaps 200 °C to produce solids outlet temperature that exceeds 75 °C.

Used for drying powdered products.

Fluid-Bed Batch Dryer For drying in which inert gases can be used and tests can be carry out easily. High drying temperature up to 600 °C.

Used for average product particle size of 0.1 mm or less.

Fluid-Bed Batch Dryer For drying in which inert gases can be used and tests can be carry out easily. High drying temperature up to 600 °C

Used for average product particle size of 0.1 mm or larger.

Continuous-flow Grain Dryer

For slow drying of particles that is not possible or desirable to suspend in drying gas.

Used for drying of grains. Also used for drying preformed materials.

Granulators For products in which nucleation and growth is needed.

Used for slurry feed in which agglomeration is necessary.

Heat-Exchange EquipmentAir-cooled Heat Exchangers

Designed to use water as coolant.

Used to transfer heat from process fluid to ambient air.

Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

Designed for conservation of both thermal and mechanical aspects.

Used for large plant capacities.

Spiral-plate Heat Exchangers

For processing materials at velocities as low as 2 feet per second.

Used for cooling or heating slurries or sludge and viscous fluids.

Plate-Type Exchangers Designed to provide hot and cold fluid streams at about the same pressure.

Well-suited for liquid-to-liquid heat exchange application.

CondensersAir-cooled Condenser Designed for

amendable air flow variations.

Used for small plant operation.

Shell-and-tube Condensers

Designed for minimal resistance heat flow.

Used for product having tendencies to deposits organic and inorganic materials.

Dehumidifying Condensers

Used for condensing mixtures of vapors and noncondensable gases.

Contact Condensers For a much cheaper and smaller plant size surface condenser.

Cooling Tower

Natural Draught Tower Cools the air without the presence of fans.

For small plant operation.

Mechanical Draught Tower

Cools the air with the presence of fans requiring auxiliary power of 1.0 MW to 1.5 MW for a 300 MW steam turbine-generator unit.

Used for providing low water temperature.

EvaporatorsLong-tube Evaporator Designed for contact

time of 5-10 sec with an overall heat-transfer coefficient of five times as great as from a heated surface immersed in a boiling liquid.

Used for concentrating liquids that tend to foam.

Short-tube Evaporator Designed for greater recycle rate for economization.

Used for processing clear liquid solutions or non-corrosive conditions.

Falling-film Evaporator Designed for a temperature difference of 15 °C or less between heat-transfer medium and the liquid.

Used for concentrating highly heat-sensitive materials.

Rising Film Evaporator Designed for effective water evaporation from liquid feed.

Used for liquids with high viscosity or having fouling tendency.

Natural-circulation Evaporators

Basically designed as reboiler at the base of distillation column.

Used for a cheaper operation.

Forced-circulation Evaporators

Designed to pump heat exchange liquids for 1.504.0 m/s to avoid precipitation and high turbulence.

Used for concentrating viscous material and those having high solid content.

Scraped Surface Evaporator

Designed for high temperature operation, and longer evaporator life.

Used to handle corrosive liquids or products

Agitated-film Evaporator

Designed to reduce fouling and liquid residence time in the

Used for highly viscous materials that are not mechanical-sensitive.

evaporator.BoilersFiretube Boilers For heat input capacities

limited to 50 mbtu per hour or less, with capacities of 25 tonnes per hour and pressures of 17.5 kg per cm2

For small plant capacities.

Watertube Boilers Designed to circulate hot combustion gases around the outside of a large number of water filled tubes.

For large plant capacities.

References:

Boilers, Evaporators, and Condensers. New York: Wiley, 1991.

Cheremisinoff, N. P., Ph.D. (2000). Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment. United States of America: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-7126-2

Geankoplis, Christie J. Transport Processes and Unit Operations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall, 1993.

Harnby, N., M.F. Edwards, and A. W. Nienaw. Mixing in the Process Industries. 2nd ed. Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992

McCabe, Warren L., Juliane Smith, and Peter Harriott. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1993

Perry, Robert H., and Don W. Green. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997

Shamlou, P. A., Handling of Bulk Solids: Theory and Practice. Boston: Butterworth & Co.      Ltd., 1988

Van’t Land, C. M. (2012). Drying in the Process Industry. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, 2011012195.