List of Experiments of fluid lab

7/24/2019 List of Experiments of fluid lab

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List of Experiments:

1. To determine the coefficient of impact for vanes.

2. To determine coefficient of discharge of an orifice meter.

3. To determine the coefficient of discharge of Notch (V and Rectangular types ).

4. To determine the friction factor for the pipes.

To determine the coefficient of discharge of venturimeter.

. To determine the coefficient of discharge" contraction # velocity of an orifice.

$. To verify the %ernoulli&s Theorem.

To find critical Reynolds num er for a pipe flo .

*. To determine the meta+centric height of a floating ody.

1,. To determine the minor losses due to sudden enlargement" sudden contraction and ends.

11. To sho the velocity and pressure variation ith radius in a forced verte- flo .

12. To verify the momentum e uation.

Note:1. /t least ten e-periments are to e performed in the semester.2. /t least eight e-periments should e performed from the a ove list. Remaining t o e-periments may either e performed from the a ove list or designed # set y the concerned institute as per the scope of the sylla us.

EXPERIMENT NO:1Aim: To determine the co efficient of impact for vanes

Apparatus: 0ollecting tan " No le of given diameter" Vanes of different shape (flat" inclined or curved).

Theory: omentum e uation is ased on Ne ton&s second la of motion hich states that thealge raicsum of e-ternal forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction is e ual to the rateof change ofmomentum in that direction. The e-ternal forces include the component of the eight ofthe fluid # of theforces e-erted e-ternally upon the oundary surface of the control volume. f avertical ater 5et movingith velocity is made to stri e a target" hich is free to move in the verticaldirection then a force ill ee-erted on the target y the impact of 5et" according to momentum e uation this force ( hich is also e ual tothe force re uired to ring ac the target in its originalposition) must e e ual to the rate of change ofmomentum of the 5et flo in that direction.


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Formula se!:

678 9 v(1+cos:)678 92 (1+cos:);/ as v79;/


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'. The procedure is repeated for each value of flo rate y reducing the ater supply.*. This procedure can e repeated for different type of vanes and no le.

O#ser$ations % &al"ulations:Aia of no le 7

ass density of ater 8 7/rea of collecting tan 7/rea of no le 7

'ori(ontal flat $ane

7 6+6?;6?

nitial(cm)

6inal(cm)

Time(sec)

Aischarge(cm3;sec) 9

ass< (gm)

6orce6


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Curved hemispherical vane

&hen et is not running( )osition o* u))er +is, is at =

SNODischarge measurement Balancing Theoretical

Force F'=2Q2/A

Error in %= F F'/F'!nitial

"cm#Final"cm#

Time"sec#

Discharge"cm$/sec# Q

ass& "gm#

ForceF

Conclusion: 1ence the co e**icient o* im)act *or anes is +etermine+3

EXPERIMENT NO:2Aim: To +etermine the coe**icient o* +ischarge o* Ori*ice meter3

Apparatus: Ori*ice meter( installe+ on +i**erent )i)es( arrangement o* ar4ing *lo5 rate( 6 tu7emanometer( collecting tan,3

Theory: Ori*ice meter are +e)en+ing on Bernoulli8s e9uation3 Ori*ice meter is a +e ice use+ *ormeasuring the rate o* *lui+ *lo5ing through a )i)e3

ormula !sed:


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0d79 G / 2 + a 2/aG2gHh

nitial

reading

6inal reading Aifference Time

(sec)9

h1 h2 h2+h1Eh7

13.!(h2+h1)

&on"lusion: Fence the coe**icient o* +ischarge o* Ori*ice meter is ::::::::::3

EXPERIMENT NO:-Aim: To +etermine the coe**icient o* +ischarge o* Notch ";( +i**erent t4)e o* notches

Theory: Notches are o er*lo5 structure 5here length o* crest along the *lo5 o* 5ater isaccuratel4 sha)e+ to calculate +ischarge3


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Pro"e!ure:1. The notch under test is positioned at the end of tan ith vertical sharp edge on the upstream side.2. Cpen the inlet valve and fill ater until the crest of notch.3. Note do n the height of crest level y pointer gauge.4. 0hange the inlet supply and note the height of this level in the tan .. Note the volume of ater collected in collecting tan for a particular time and find out the discharge.!. Feight and discharge readings for different flo rate are noted.O#ser$ations % &al"ulations:


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%reath of tan 7Iength of tan 7Feight of ater to crest level for rectangular notch is 7Feight of ater to crest level for V notch 7Feight of ater to crest level for Trape oidal notch 7

/ngle of V notch 7


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Pro"e!ure:1. Note do n the relevant dimensions as diameter and length of pipe et een the pressure tapping" area ofcollecting tan etc.2. @ressure tapping of a pipe is ept open hile for other pipe is closed.

3. The flo rate as ad5usted to its ma-imum value. %y maintaining suita le amount of steady flo in the pipe.4. The discharge flo ing in the circuit is recorded together ith the ater level in the left and right lim s ofmanometer tu e.. The flo rate is reduced in stages y means of flo control valve and the discharge #reading of manometer are recorded.!. This procedure is repeated y closing the pressure tapping of this pipe" together ith other pipes and for openinof another pipe.


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O#ser$ations % &al"ulations:Aiameter of pipe d 7Iength of pipe et een pressure tapping l 7/rea of collecting tan 7

BNo

anometer Reading Aischarge easurement

2 26 7 = gd ; 'l9 hf

Ieftlim h1 (cm)

Right limF2 (cm)

Aifference of head intermsof ater hf 713.!(h1+h2)

nitial(cm)

6inal(cm)

Time(sec)

Aischarge9 (cm3;sec)

1.2.3.4.

&on"lusion: Fence the *riction *actor *or the )i)es is F =:::::::::3

EXPERIMENT NO:/

Aim: To +etermine the coe**icient o* +ischarge o* ;enturimeter3

Apparatus: ;enturimeter( installe+ on +i**erent +iameter )i)es( arrangement o* ar4ing *lo5 rate(6 tu7e manometer( collecting tu7e tan,3

Theory: ;enturimeter are +e)en+ing on Bernoulli8s e9uation3 ;enturimeter is a +e ice use+ *ormeasuring the rate o* *lui+ *lo5ing through a )i)e3 The consist o* three )art in short3 on erging area )art


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23 Throat$3 Di erging )art

Pro"e!ure:1. Bet the manometer pressure to the atmospheric pressure y opening the upper valve.2. No start the supply at ater controlled y the stop valve.3. Cne of the valves of any one of the pipe open and close all other of three.4. Ta e the discharge reading for the particular flo .. Ta e the reading for the pressure head on from the u+tu e manometer for corresponding reading of discharge.


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!. No ta e three readings for this pipe and calculate the 0d for that instrument using formula.$. No close the valve and open valve of other diameter pipe and ta e the three reading for this.'. Bimilarly ta e the reading for all other diameter pipe and calculate 0d for each.

O#ser$ations % &al"ulations:

Aiameter of;enturimeter 7/rea of cross section 7/rea of collecting tan 7

Aischarge anometer Reading0d79 G / 2 + a 2/aG2gHh

nitialreading

6inal reading Aifference Time(sec) 9

h1 h2 h2+h1Eh7

13.!(h2+h1)

&on"lusion: Fence the coe**icient o* +ischarge o* ;enturimeter is ::::::::::3

EXPERIMENT NO:0

Aim: To +etermine the coe**icient o* +ischarge( contraction > elocit4 o* an Ori*ice3

Apparatus: Su))l4 tan, 5ith o er*lo5 arrangement( Ori*ice )late o* +i**erent +iameter( hoo,gauge(collecting tan,( )ie ometric tu7e3

Theory: A mouth)iece is a short length o* )i)e 5hich is t5o or three times its +iameter inlength3 !* there

)i)e is *ille+ eCternall4 to the ori*ices( the mouth)iece is calle+ eCternal c4lin+rical mouth)iece an+ +ischarge through ori*ice increase is a small o)ening o* an4 crosssection on the si+e o* 7ottom o* the tan,(through 5hich the *lui+ is *lo5ing ori*icecoe**icient o* elocit4 is +e*ine+ as the ratio o* t5o actual+ischarge to ori*ice ratio o* theactual elocit4 o* the et at ena contracta to the coe**icient o* theoretical elocit4 o* the et coe**icient o* contraction o* +e*ine+ as ratio o* the actual elocit4 o* et atena contracta3


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Pro"e!ure:1. Bet the mouthpiece of orifice of hich the 0c" 0u" 0d are to e determined.2. Note the initial height of ater in the steady flo tan and the height of datum from the ottom of orifice andmouthpiece. These remains constant for a particular mouthpiece or orifice.3. %y using the stop valve" set a particular flo in tan and tan height of ater in tan .4. Ta e the reading of discharge on this particular flo .. Ksing hoo gauge" find the volume of Lo M for mouthpiece.!. Ta e three readings using hoo gauge for one particular orifice.$. Ksing the formula get value of 0d" 0u" and 0c for a particular orifice and mouthpiece.

O#ser$ations % &al"ulations:C' 4' are rea+ing on hori ontal/ ertical scale

aoh7 a o -? y? L7 -?+-, M7 y?+y, 0V /verage


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h 7 Reading on pie ometer a, 7 Reading on pie ometer at level on centre of mouthpiecey, 7 Reading on vertical scale at e-it of orifice-, 7 Reading on hori ontal scale at e-it of orifice

Sr3No G olume Time Q = AH; + A erage

323$3

.3

&on"lusion: Fence 0v7OOOOOOOOP 0c7OOOOOOOOP 0d7OOOOOOOOP

EXPERIMENT NO:Aim: To eri*4 the Bernoulli8s theorem3Apparatus: A su))l4 tan, o* 5ater( a ta)ere+ incline+ )i)e *itte+ 5ith no3 o* )ie ometer tu7es)oint( measuring tan,( scale( sto) 5atch3

Theory: Bernoulli8s theorem states that 5hen there is a continues connection 7et5een the)articleo* *lo5ing mass li9ui+( the total energ4 o* an4 sector o* *lo5 5ill remain same)ro i+e+ there is no re+uction or a++ition at an4 )oint3

ormula !sed:1 = I ) /5 ; 2 /2g1 2 = I 2 ) 2/5 ; 22 /2gPro"e!ure:1. Cpen the inlet valve slo ly and allo the ater to flo from the supply tan .2. No ad5ust the flo to get a constant head in the supply tan to ma e flo in and out flo e ual.3. Knder this condition the pressure head ill ecome constant in the pie ometer tu es.4. Note do n the uantity of ater collected in the measuring tan for a given interval of time.. 0ompute the area of cross+section under the pie ometer tu e.


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!. 0ompute the area of cross+ section under the tu e.$. 0hange the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.'. Ta e at least three readings as descri ed in the a ove steps.


1 2 3 4 ! $ ' * 1, 11AischargeCf pie ometerTu e from inlet

/rea of 0ross+sectionKnderfoot Cf each point

VelocityCf ater Knder footCf each pointV2;2g

p;8

p;8Q V2;2g

&on"lusion: FenceBernoulli8s theorem is eri*ie+3

EXPERIMENT NO:2

Aim: To find critical Reynolds num er for a pipe flo .

Apparatus: Flo5 con+ition inlet su))l4( elli)tical 7elt t4)e arrangement *or coloure+ *lui+ 5ithregulating al e( collecting tan,3

Theory: t is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flo ing fluid to the viscous force of the fluid.


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Pro"e!ure:1. 6ill the supply tan some times efore the e-periment.2. The calculated fluid is filled as container.3. No set the discharge y using the valve of that particular flo can e o tained.4. The type of flo of rate is glass tu e is made to e no n y opening the valve of dye container.. Ta e the reading of discharge for particular flo .

!. Ksing the formula set the Reynolds no. for that particular flo " aspect the a ove procedure for all remaining flo .


Type TimeAischarge

9 Renitial 6inal Aifference Volume


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EXPERIMENT NO:3

Aim: To determine the eta+centric height of a floating ody.

Apparatus: Ta,e tan, 2/$ *ull o* 5ater( *loating essel or )ontoon *itte+ 5ith a )ointe+)ointermo ing on a gra+uate+ scale( 5ith 5eights a+ uste+ on a hori ontal 7eam3

Theory: 0onsider a floating ody hich is partially immersed in the li uid" hen such a ody is tilted" the center of uoyancy shifts from its original position %& to %& (The point of application of uoyanant force or up ard forno n as center of S hich may e elo or a ove the center of uoyancy remain same and couple acts on the

ody. Aue to this couple the ody remains sta le./t rest oth the points S and % also 6 -


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Pro"e!ure:1. Note do n the dimensions of the collecting tan " mass density of ater.2. Note do n the ater level hen pontoon is outside the tan .3. Note do n the ater level hen pontoon is inside the tan and their difference.4. 6i- the strips at e ual distance from the center.. @ut the eight on one of the hanger hich gives the un alanced mass.!. Ta e the reading of the distance from center and angle made y pointer on arc.

$. The procedure can e repeated for other positioned and values of un alanced mass.

O#ser$ations % &al"ulations:Iength of the tan 7


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6inal level of the ater ithout pontoon 7Aifference in height of ater(L) 7 L2 UL1 7

Feight of ater n tan ith

@ontoon(L2) (m)

Aifference inFeightL 7 L2+L1

(m)


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Losses at #en!s+ el#o*s an! other fittin)s: The flo pattern regarding separation and eddying in region ofseparations in ends" valves. The resulting head loss due to energy dissipation can e prescri ed y the relation h 7V2;2g.


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. The flo rate is reduced in stages y means of flo control valve and the discharge # reading of manometer arerecorded.J3This )roce+ure is re)eate+ 74 closing the )ressure ta))ing o* this )i)e( together 5ith other)i)es an+*or o)ening o* another )i)e3

O#ser$ations % &al"ulations:Aiameter of pipe A 7Iength of pipe et een pressure tapping I 7/rea of collecting tan 7Types of the fitting 7

BNoanometer Reading Aischarge easurement

Ioss of coefficient 7(2g h I );V2

Ieftlim h1 (cm)

Right limh 2 (cm)

Aifference ofheadin terms of ater hf 713.!(h1+h2)

nitial(cm)

6inal(cm)

Time(sec)

Aischarge 9

(cm3;sec)

1.2.3.4.

&on"lusion: Fence theminor losses +ue to su++en enlargement( su++en contraction an+ 7en+ are+etermine+3

List of Experiments of fluid lab

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