Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 1

List of Countries & Their Capital

Alongwith Language & Currency

Prepared by: Engr. Sajid Ali MS Electrical Engineering

BS Electrical Engineering

Partially trying to prepare General Knowledge Segment of Various Tests being conducted in Pakistan

Best of Luck to All Participants

Africa

Africa

Area 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,599 sq mi)

Population 2,032,532,974[1] (2011, 2nd)

Pop. density 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi)

Countries 57 (list of countries)

Languages Languages of Africa

Time zones UTC-1 to UTC+4 Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 2

Further information: Geography of Africa

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land area.[2] With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagoes. It has 54 fully recognized sovereign states ("countries"), 10 territories and two de facto states with limited recognition.[3]

Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[4] Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones.[5] The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Algeria Algiers Dinar Arabic

Angola Luanda Kwanza Portuguese

Benin

Porto-Novo (official) Cotonou (seat of government)

CFA franc French

Botswana Gaborone Pula

English Setswana

Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA franc French

Burundi Bujumbura Rupie

Kirundi French

Cameroon Yaoundé CFA franc

French English

Cape Verde Praia

Cape Verdean escudo

Portuguese

Central African Republic

Bangui CFA franc

French Sango

Chad N'Djamena CFA franc

French Arabic

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 3

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Comoros Moroni

Comorian franc

Comorian Arabic French

Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)

Brazzaville CFA franc French

Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

Yamoussoukro (official) Abidjan (seat of government)

CFA franc French

Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-

Kinshasa)

Kinshasa

Congolese franc

French

Djibouti Djibouti

Djiboutian franc

French Arabic

Egypt Cairo

Egyptian pound

Arabic

Equatorial Guinea Malabo

Equatorial Guinean peseta

Spanish French

Portuguese

Eritrea Asmara Tallero

Tigrinya Arabic

English

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic

Gabon Libreville CFA franc French

Gambia Banjul Gambian dalasi English

Ghana Accra Ghana cedi English

Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French

Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA franc Portuguese

Kenya Nairobi

Kenyan shilling

Swahili English

Lesotho Maseru Lesotho loti

English Sesotho

Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English

Libya Tripoli Dinar Arabic

Madagascar Antananarivo

Malagasy ariary

Malagasy French

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 4

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha

English Chichewa

Mali Bamako CFA franc French

Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic

Mauritius Port Louis

Mauritian rupee

Mauritian Creole French

English

Mayotte

Mamoudzou Overseas department of France

Euro French

Morocco Rabat

Moroccan dirham

Arabic Berber

Mozambique Maputo

Mozambican metical

Portuguese

Namibia Windhoek

Namibian dollar

English

Niger Niamey CFA franc French

Nigeria Abuja Naira English

Réunion

Saint-Denis Overseas department of France

Euro French

Rwanda Kigali Rwandan franc

Kinyarwanda English French

Saint Helena, Ascension and

Tristan da Cunha

Jamestown (Saint Helena) Georgetown (Ascension Island)

Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan da Cunha)

Saint Helena pound

Pound sterling English

Sao Tome and Principe

São Tomé Dobra Portuguese

Senegal Dakar CFA franc French

Seychelles Victoria

Seychellois rupee

Seychellois Creole French

English

Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English

Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling

Somali Arabic

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 5

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Somaliland Hargeisa

Somaliland shilling

Somali Arabic

South Africa

Pretoria (administrative/executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial)

South African rand

Afrikaans English

Southern Ndebele Northern Sotho Southern Sotho

Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa

Zulu

South Sudan Juba

South Sudanese

pound

English

Sudan Khartoum

Sudanese pound

Arabic English

Swaziland

Mbabane (administrative) Lobamba (royal and legislative)

Lilangeni

English Swati

Tanzania

Dodoma (official) Dar es Salaam (seat of government)

Tanzanian shilling

Swahili English

Togo Lomé CFA franc French

Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic

Uganda Kampala

Ugandan shilling

Swahili English

Luganda

None Western Sahara

None Disputed territory between Morocco and the Sahrawi

Arab Democratic Republic

Moroccan dirham

Algerian dinar Mauritanian

ouguiya

See respective claimants

Zambia Lusaka

Zambian kwacha

English

Zimbabwe Harare various English

Shona Sindebele

Asia

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 6

Asia

Area 44,579,000 km2 (17,212,000 sq mi)[7]

Population 5,879,000,000 (1st)[8]

Pop. density 87/km2 (225/sq mi)

Countries 48 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC+2 to UTC+12 Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia Further information: Geography of Asia

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

Asia ( i/ˈeɪʒə/ or /ˈeɪʃə/) is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately 4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly quadrupled.[9]

Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural river, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.[10][11] It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean.

Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity – "is more a cultural concept" incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity.[12] Asia differs very widely among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems.

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 7

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Abkhazia

Sukhumi De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part of Georgia.

Russian ruble

Georgian Abkhaz Russian

Afghanistan Kabul Afghani

Pashto Dari (Persian)

Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Episkopi Cantonment Euro

English Greek

Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian

Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku Manat Azerbaijani

Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic

Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali

Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha

British Indian Ocean Territory

Diego Garcia Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

US dollar UK pound

English

Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar

Bahasa Melayu

Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer

China Beijing Renminbi (yuan)

Standard Chinese

Christmas Island

Flying Fish Cove External territory of Australia

Australian dollar English

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

West Island External territory of Australia

English

Cyprus [Europe] Nicosia Euro

Greek Turkish

East Timor (Timor-Leste)

Dili US Dollar

Portuguese Tetum

Georgia [Europe] Tbilisi Lari Georgian

Hong Kong

Special administrative region of China

Hong Kong dollar

English Cantonese

India New Delhi Rupee

Hindi English

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 8

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian

Iran Tehran Rial Persian

Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar

Kurdish Arabic

Israel Jerusalem New shekel

Hebrew Arabic

Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese

Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic

Kazakhstan Astana Tenge

Kazakh Russian

Kurdistan Erbil Dinar Kurdish

Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar Arabic

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som

Kyrgyz Russian

Laos Vientiane Kip Lao

Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic

Macau

Special administrative region of China

Macanese pataca

Portuguese Cantonese

Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur (official) Putrajaya (seat of government)

Ringgit Malaysian

Maldives Malé Maldivian rufiyaa Maldivian

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tögrög Mongolian

Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw Kyat Burmese

Nagorno-Karabakh

Stepanakert De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Azerbaijan

Armenian dram Armenian

Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali

Northern Cyprus

Nicosia De facto sovereign state lacking

Turkish lira Turkish

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 9

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language general international recognition Recognized by United Nation as de jure part of Cyprus

North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won Korean

Oman Muscat Rial Arabic

Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee

English Urdu

Palestine

East Jerusalem (claimed capital) Ramallah (West Bank seat of government) Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government) Territory occupied by Israel State of Palestine (flag displayed) proclaimed on territory

Israeli shekel Arabic

Philippines Manila Philippine Peso

Filipino English

Qatar Doha Riyal Arabic

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Arabic

Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar

English Chinese Malay Tamil

South Korea Seoul South Korean won Korean

South Ossetia

Tskhinvali De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Georgia

Russian ruble

Ossetic Georgian Russian

Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan rupee

Sinhala Tamil

Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic

Taiwan

Taipei De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part of China.

New Taiwan dollar

Standard Chinese

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 10

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik

Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai

Turkey [Europe] Ankara Turkish lira Turkish

Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new manat Turkmen

United Arab Emirates

Abu Dhabi UAE dirham Arabic

Uzbekistan Tashkent

Uzbekistan som (O'zbekiston so'mi)

Uzbek

Vietnam Hanoi đồng Vietnamese

Yemen Sana'a Yemeni rial Arabic Tagalog

Europe

Europe

Area 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)[n]

Population 739,165,030[n] (2011), 3rd)

Pop. density 72.5/km2

Countries 50 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC to UTC+6 Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 11

See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia Further information: Geography of Europe

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

Europe ( i/ˈjʊərəp/ EWR-əp or /ˈjɜrəp/ YUR-əp[13]) is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporate cultural and political elements.

Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50 states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population.[15]

Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.[16] It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.[17] Both World Wars were largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.[18] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Åland Islands

Mariehamn Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by international treaty)

Euro Swedish

Albania Tirana Lek Albanian

Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan

Austria Vienna Euro German

Belarus Minsk

Belarusian ruble

Belarusian Russian

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 12

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Belgium Brussels Euro

Dutch French German

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo

Convertible mark

Bosnian Croatian Serbian

Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian

Croatia Zagreb Kuna Croatian

Czech Republic Prague Czech koruna Czech

Denmark Copenhagen Danish krone[a] Danish

Estonia Tallinn Euro Estonian

Faroe Islands

Tórshavn Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm

Faroese króna

Faroese Danish

Finland Helsinki Euro

Finnish Swedish

France Paris

Euro CFP franc

French

Germany Berlin Euro German

Gibraltar

Gibraltar Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Gibraltar pound

English

Greece Athens Euro Greek

Guernsey

Saint Peter Port British Crown dependency

Pound sterling

English French

Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian

Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic króna Icelandic

Ireland Dublin Euro

English

Irish

Isle of Man

Douglas British Crown dependency

Pound sterling

English Manx

Italy Rome Euro Italian

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 13

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Jersey

Saint Helier British Crown dependency

Pound sterling

English French

Kosovo

Pristina De facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN member states A United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was put in place starting in 1999.

Euro

Albanian Serbian

Latvia Ryga Euro Latvian

Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German

Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian litas Lithuanian

Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro

Luxembourgish French German

Macedonia Skopje

Macedonian denar

Macedonian

Malta Valletta Euro

Maltese English

Moldova Chişinău Moldovan leu Moldovan

Monaco Monaco Euro French

Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin

Netherlands Amsterdam

Euro US dollar NA guilder Aruban florin

Dutch

Norway Oslo

Norwegian krone

Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk

Poland Warsaw Złoty Polish

Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese

Romania Bucharest Romanian leu Romanian

Russia Moscow Russian ruble

Russian 27 others co-official

San Marino San Marino Euro Italian

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 14

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Serbia Belgrade Serbian dinar Serbian

Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak

Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene

Spain Madrid Euro

Spanish Catalan Galician Basque

Svalbard

Longyearbyen Special territory of Norway (recognized by international treaty)

Norwegian krone

Norwegian

Sweden Stockholm Swedish krona Swedish

Switzerland Bern Swiss franc

German French Italian Romansh

Transnistria

Tiraspol De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Moldova

Transnistrian ruble

Russian Moldovan Ukrainian

Ukraine Kiev

Ukrainian hryvnia

Ukrainian

United Kingdom London Pound sterling English

Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian

North America

North America

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 15

Area 24,709,000 km2 (9,540,000 sq mi)

Population 528,720,588 (2008, 4th)

Pop. density 22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[b]

Countries 23 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC-10 to UTC

Main articles: North America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of North America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[19] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million people across 23 independent states. North America is the third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 16

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Anguilla

The Valley

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

East Caribbean Dollar English

Antigua and Barbuda St. John's East Caribbean Dollar English

Aruba

Oranjestad

Constituent country of the Kingdom of

the Netherlands

Aruban florin

Papiamento

Dutch

Bahamas Nassau Bahamian Dollar English

Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian Dollar English

Belize Belmopan Belize Dollar English

Bermuda

Hamilton

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

Bermudian Dollar English

Bonaire

Kralendijk

Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar Dutch

British Virgin Islands

Road Town

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

United States Dollar English

Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar

French

English

Cayman Islands

George Town

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

Cayman Islands Dollar English

Clipperton Island

uninhabited

Overseas territory of France Euro French

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 17

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Costa Rica San José Costa Rican colon Spanish

Cuba Havana Cuban peso Spanish

Curaçao

Willemstad

Constituent country of the Kingdom of

the Netherlands

Netherlands Antillean

guilder

Papiamento

Dutch

Dominica Roseau East Caribbean Dollar English

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican peso Spanish

El Salvador San Salvador United States Dollar Spanish

Greenland

Nuuk

Self-governing territory of the Danish

Realm

Danish Krone Greenlandic

Grenada St. George's East Caribbean Dollar English

Guadeloupe

Basse-Terre

Overseas department of France Euro French

Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemalan quetzal Spanish

Haiti Port-au-Prince Haitian gourde French

Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduran lempira Spanish

Jamaica Kingston Jamaican Dollar English

Martinique

Fort-de-France

Overseas department of France Euro French

Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso Spanish

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 18

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Montserrat

Plymouth (official)

Brades (seat of government)

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

East Caribbean Dollar English

Navassa Island

-

Insular area of the United States of

America

United States Dollar English

Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan cordoba Spanish

Panama Panama City

United States Dollar

Panamanian balboa Spanish

Puerto Rico

San Juan

Insular area of the United States of

America

United States Dollar

English

Spanish

Saba

The Bottom

Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar

Saint Barthélemy

Gustavia

Overseas collectivity of France Euro French

Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre East Caribbean Dollar English

Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean Dollar English

Saint Martin

Marigot

Overseas collectivity of France Euro French

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint-Pierre

Overseas collectivity of France Euro French

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Kingstown East Caribbean Dollar English

Sint Eustatius

Oranjestad

Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 19

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Sint Maarten

Philipsburg

Constituent country of the Kingdom of

the Netherlands

Netherlands Antillean

guilder

Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain

Trinidad and Tobago

Dollar

English

Turks and Caicos Islands

Cockburn Town

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

United States Dollar English

United States Washington, D.C. United States Dollar none

United States Virgin

Islands

Charlotte Amalie

Insular area of the United States of

America

United States Dollar English

South America

South America

Area 17,840,000 km2

(6,890,000 sq mi)

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 20

Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)

Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)

Countries 12 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5

Main articles: South America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of South America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.[20][21]

It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelve sovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas region of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Netherlands may also be considered part of South America, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American states that border the Caribbean Sea – Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known as Caribbean South America.

South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coined in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknown to Europeans.

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish

Bolivia

Sucre (official)

La Paz (seat of government) Boliviano

Spanish

Quechua

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 21

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Aymara

Brazil Brasília Real Portuguese

Chile Santiago Peso Spanish

Colombia Bogotá Peso Spanish

Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish

Falkland Islands

Stanley

Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Falkland Islands pound English

French Guiana

Cayenne

Overseas department of France Euro French

Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English

Paraguay Asunción Guaraní

Spanish

Guaraní

Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish

Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch

Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish

Venezuela Caracas Bolívar fuerte Spanish

Oceania

Oceania

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 22

Geopolitical Oceania

Area 8,560,000 km2

(3,310,000 sq mi)

Population 38,304,000 (2013, 5th)

Pop. density 4.47 per km2 (11.57 per sq mi)

Countries 14 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5

Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania

See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands

Further information: Geography of Oceania

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

Australia (UK /ˌoʊʃɪˈɑːnɪə/ or /ˌoʊsɪˈɑːnɪə/;[22] US /ˌoʊʃiːˈæniːə/)[23] is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean.[24] Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)[25] to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Maritime Southeast Asia.The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands,[26][27][28][29] or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand[30] or from mainland New Guinea).[31]

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 23

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

American Samoa

Pago Pago

Insular area of the United States of

America

United States dollar

English

Samoan

Ashmore and

Cartier Islands

External territory

of Australia

— —

Australia Canberra Australian dollar None[c]

Baker Island — Insular area of the United States of

America

Cook Islands

Avarua

Self-governing parliamentary

democracy in free association with

New Zealand

New Zealand dollar

Cook Islands dollar

English

Cook Islands

Māori

Coral Sea Islands — External territory of Australia

Fiji Suva Fijian dollar

French Polynesia

Papeete

Overseas collectivity of France CFP Franc French

Guam Hagåtña

Insular area of the United States of

America

Howland Island — Insular area of the United States of

America

Jarvis Island — Insular area of the United States of

America

Johnston Atoll — Insular area of the United States of

America

Kingman Reef — Insular area of the United States of

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 24

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

America

Kiribati South Tarawa

Marshall Islands Majuro

Micronesia Palikir

Midway Atoll — Insular area of the United States of

America

Nauru Yaren (seat of government)

New Caledonia

Nouméa

Sui generis collectivity (special

collectivity) of France

CFP Franc French

New Zealand Wellington New Zealand Dollar

Maori

New

Zealand Sign

English

Niue Alofi

Self-governing parliamentary

democracy in free association with

New Zealand

Norfolk Island Kingston Self-governing territory of Australia

Northern

Mariana Islands

Saipan

Insular area of the United States of

America

Palau Ngerulmud

Palmyra Atoll — Insular area of the United States of

America

Papua New

Guinea

Port Moresby

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 25

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

language

Pitcairn Islands Adamstown

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

Samoa Apia

Solomon Islands Honiara

Tokelau

Nukunonu (main settlement, although

each atoll has its own administrative

centre)

Dependent territory of New Zealand

Tonga Nukuʻalofa

Tuvalu Funafuti

Vanuatu Port Vila Vanuatu vatu

Bislama

French

English

Wake Island

—

Insular area of the United States of

America

United States dollar

Wallis and

Futuna

Mata-Utu

Overseas collectivity of France CFP Franc French

Antarctica

Antarctica

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 26

Area 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi)[32]

Main article: Antarctica

Further information: Geography of Antarctica

Antarctica ( i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑrktɨkə/)[d] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland.[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.

Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.

Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 27

Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S, and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been made:

Argentina: Argentine Antarctica Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial) Chile: Antártica France: Adélie Land New Zealand: Ross Dependency Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory (Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)

Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:

Flag Name Capital Currency Official

Language

Bouvet Island

Dependent territory of Norway — — —

French Southern Territories

Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)

Port-aux-Français (Kerguelen Islands)

Martin-de-Viviès (Saint Paul and

Amsterdam Islands)

Overseas territory of France

Euro French

Heard Island and McDonald Islands

External territory of Australia — — —

South Georgia and the South

Sandwich Islands

King Edward Point

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

Pound

sterling

English

© Pls ignore the errors as this document has been prepared from different sources like Wikipedia, Google etc. specially the spelling mistakes.

Engr Sajid Ali