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What has happened

??

Reconstruction: Reconstruction: The Rebuilding of a The Rebuilding of a

NationNation

1865-18771865-1877

Recap: How The Civil War Recap: How The Civil War EndsEnds

► 1864 Union General Sherman “March to 1864 Union General Sherman “March to the Sea” – TN to Savannah, GAthe Sea” – TN to Savannah, GA

► 1864 Lincoln Re-elected1864 Lincoln Re-elected

► General Lee surrenders to Grant April General Lee surrenders to Grant April 18651865

► War ends June 1865War ends June 1865

► NOW WHAT?NOW WHAT?

Issues of ReconstructionIssues of Reconstruction

►How will southern states rejoin the How will southern states rejoin the Union?Union?

►How will the southern economy be How will the southern economy be rebuilt?rebuilt?

►What rights will African-Americans What rights will African-Americans have?have?

Lincoln’s 10% Plan Lincoln’s 10% Plan

► His goal is for a quick recovery for His goal is for a quick recovery for the unionthe union

► He comes up with a plan to admit He comes up with a plan to admit southern states back into the Union if southern states back into the Union if 10% of voters swear loyalty 10% of voters swear loyalty

““Radical” RepublicansRadical” Republicans► Mostly northernersMostly northerners► Want to help African-Want to help African-

Americans get rightsAmericans get rights

WHO WERE THE RADICALWHO WERE THE RADICALREPUBLICANS?REPUBLICANS?

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau► An organization set up An organization set up

by Congress to assist by Congress to assist freed slaves with daily freed slaves with daily life (provides food, life (provides food, clothing, jobs, clothing, jobs, education)education)

Josiah Washington, Former Slave in Josiah Washington, Former Slave in South Carolina:South Carolina:

“The Freedman’s Bureau has been “The Freedman’s Bureau has been the best thing for my family since the best thing for my family since Lincoln made his Proclamation in Lincoln made his Proclamation in 1863. My sister has been treated 1863. My sister has been treated

for her illness and her life saved at for her illness and her life saved at the Freedman’s Hospital near the Freedman’s Hospital near

Charleston. Plus, my children are Charleston. Plus, my children are starting school this year under the starting school this year under the

Freedman’s program.”Freedman’s program.”

April 1865 –Lincoln is April 1865 –Lincoln is assassinated by assassinated by

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

His VP Andrew Johnson His VP Andrew Johnson becomes presidentbecomes president

Little sympathy for African-American struggles – he fights with the Radical

Republicans!

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s PlanAndrew Johnson: Andrew Johnson: ““The time has come for us to heal the scars and The time has come for us to heal the scars and

wounds of this Great War. We must repair this wounds of this Great War. We must repair this Union immediately. My Plan for Reconstruction Union immediately. My Plan for Reconstruction is this. is this. Each state must withdraw its secession, Each state must withdraw its secession, swear allegiance to the Union . . . and ratify the swear allegiance to the Union . . . and ratify the 13th Amendment.13th Amendment. With these conditions met, With these conditions met, let the states of the South rejoin our great let the states of the South rejoin our great Union. I will pardon Confederate leaders that Union. I will pardon Confederate leaders that demonstrate true remorse for their actions, and demonstrate true remorse for their actions, and I do not say that suffrage (voting) is now the I do not say that suffrage (voting) is now the right of the freed Negro.right of the freed Negro. No, sir, white men No, sir, white men alone must manage the South.”alone must manage the South.”

► Southern states must pass the 13Southern states must pass the 13thth Amendment Amendment (abolish slavery) to re-join the Union(abolish slavery) to re-join the Union

Black CodesBlack Codes:: used to used to control African-control African-Americans in the SouthAmericans in the South

►No ownership of landNo ownership of land►Limited job Limited job

opportunitiesopportunities

“1865 has been a terrible year of loss of pride and the Confederacy. However, we will not lose our dignity in our own lands. . . The races must remain separated, and the Negro being inferior must not be allowed to hold power in our communities. We have successfully drafted a measure of Black Codes. This will prevent the Negro from carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against Whites, marrying Whites, traveling without a permit, and most of all not owning land.”

Reconstruction AmendmentsReconstruction Amendments

►1313thth Amendment (1865) Amendment (1865): outlaws : outlaws slaveryslavery

►1414thth Amendment Amendment (1866): guarantees (1866): guarantees equality to equality to allall citizens (including African citizens (including African Americans)Americans)

►1515thth Amendment Amendment (1870): gives African (1870): gives African American (males only) right to vote American (males only) right to vote

Congress’ Plan: Military Congress’ Plan: Military Reconstruction Act (1867)Reconstruction Act (1867)

► Divides the south into 5 military Divides the south into 5 military districts governed by Union generals districts governed by Union generals until they agreed to the 14until they agreed to the 14thth amendment amendment

Congress vs. JohnsonCongress vs. Johnson

► Johnson tries to fire Secretary Johnson tries to fire Secretary of War (last Radical of War (last Radical Republican in his cabinet)Republican in his cabinet)

►House votes to House votes to impeachimpeach Johnson Johnson

► Johnson promises to enforce Johnson promises to enforce the Reconstruction Acts and the Reconstruction Acts and avoids removal from officeavoids removal from office

Impeach: charge with doing something wrong while in office

►Carpetbaggers:Carpetbaggers: People who moved People who moved from North to from North to South to take South to take advantage of South advantage of South and make $$and make $$

Political Cartoons: The Burden of ReconstructionANALYZE

Life for Freed SlavesLife for Freed Slaves

► Many freed slaves were Many freed slaves were sharecroppers.sharecroppers.

► A landowner gives a poor A landowner gives a poor farmer a portion of land to farmer a portion of land to farm with + tools + seed.farm with + tools + seed.

► In exchange the In exchange the sharecropper has to give the sharecropper has to give the landowner most of his crop – landowner most of his crop – can’t ever make enough can’t ever make enough money to buy his own landmoney to buy his own land

► EffectsEffects: It kept freed slaves : It kept freed slaves financially dependent on financially dependent on landowners.landowners.

How was this similar and different to slavery?

Sharecropping Cycle of PovertyCHART

Other problems for Freed Other problems for Freed SlavesSlaves

1.The Ku Klux Klan1.The Ku Klux Klan - white Southerners who - white Southerners who

terrorized African Americansterrorized African Americans

2. Jim Crow Laws2. Jim Crow Laws - segregated Southern society – - segregated Southern society –

separate facilities and rules for separate facilities and rules for African AmericansAfrican Americans

3. Plessy v. Ferguson3. Plessy v. Ferguson - Supreme Court case that rules - Supreme Court case that rules

segregation is legal - “separate but segregation is legal - “separate but equal”equal”

Segregation:

Separation of the races

Example of a Jim Crow Law

How did Reconstruction End? How did Reconstruction End?

►White southerners (known as White southerners (known as redeemersredeemers) take back power in the ) take back power in the SouthSouth

►The south is nicknamed the “Solid The south is nicknamed the “Solid South” because they always vote for the South” because they always vote for the Democratic party Democratic party

(Remember the Republican Party was anti-(Remember the Republican Party was anti-slavery and tried to help freed slaves) slavery and tried to help freed slaves)

The Compromise of 1877The Compromise of 1877

►Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President becomes President but in return he but in return he agrees to remove agrees to remove federal troops from federal troops from the South. the South.

Effects of ReconstructionQUICK STUDY