LIS510 lecture 9 Thomas Krichel 2005-03-23. Organization of information Libraries organize...
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![Page 1: LIS510 lecture 9 Thomas Krichel 2005-03-23. Organization of information Libraries organize information. Otherwise nothing that is an library could ever.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e455503460f94b39c3e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LIS510 lecture 9
Thomas Krichel
2005-03-23
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Organization of information
• Libraries organize information. Otherwise nothing that is an library could ever be found.
• Traditional method of doing this have been labor intensive. They can not cope with the exploding amount of information.
• But the theoretical approaches and the tools developed by librarians remain very important for any attempt at organizing information by computer.
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approaching knowledge
• There are things we want to know about. These are called subject.
• And there are ways of looking at things. Rubin calls them “disciplines”
• Example: subject sex, way of looking at it through biology, gender studies, pornography.
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classification
• It is the act of organizing the universe of knowledge into some systematic order.
• Classification provides a descriptive and explanatory framework for ideas and a structure of the relationship among the ideas.
• Example: Science > Chemistry > Organic Chemistry
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Classification schemes
• Generally schemes to classify subjects are discipline oriented, rather than subject oriented.
• Example– Sports > Racing > Horse Racing– Science > Biology > Zoology > Horses > Horse
Racing
• The same thing can be viewed form different disciplines.
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use of classification schemes
• As a way to arrange items in a library. Things with same classification are next to each other. This encourages the patron to discover similar items.
• But sometimes, serials are kept apart. Individual articles in serials are not classified.
• Once a system is chosen, a library sticks with it.
• There are two common ones:– Dewey Decimal Classification
– Library of Congress
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Dewey Decimal Classification
• Introduced by Melvil Dewey in 1876.• Ten top classes
– 000 Generalites – 200 Religion– 100 Philosophy, parapsychology occultism,
psychology– 300 Social Sciences – 400 Language– 500 Natural Sciences & Mathematics– 600 Technology (Applied Sciences)– 700 Arts – 800 Literature & Rhetoric– 900 Geography, history and auxiliary disciplines
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Subclasses
• Rubin has a good examples– 640 is home economics– 641 food and drink
• another– 795 games of chance– 795.4 card games– 795.41 card games where skill is involved– 975.412 poker
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comments on DDC
• Mainly used in public libraries.• Like any scheme, it needs updating. Such
updates a cumbersome.• Like any scheme there is a significant
cultural bias in it. • Owned by OCLC and sold very dearly.
OCLC sued the library hotel for using the scheme. This limits the uptake of the scheme and therefore it usefulness.
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Library of Congress Classification
• Has twenty top letter as classes.
• Many looks at the world from an academic perspective.
• Therefore used in universities.
• Owned and maintained by the library of congress, problems with restricted access are similar to DDC.
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controlled vocabulary
• Many words can be used to describe the same thing– US, U.S., United States of America, США
• One approach to deal with this problem is to use only one term, consistently.
• Example: the yellow pages provide a consistent vocabulary for all professions.
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NISO definition of authority control
Vocabulary control is the process of organizing a list of terms– to indicate which two or more synonymous
terms is authorized for use– to distinguish between homographs– to indicate hierarchical and associate
relationships between term
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LoC authority control
• LoC maintain authority files. They are not free but you can consult them on the web.
• Let us try this out now, see http://authorities.loc.gov/
• Look at the personal authority file and search for someone reasonable famous that you like.
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Thesauri• A thesaurus is list of words. For each word,
there is a list of related words and the type of relationship that the word has with each related work. Examples
• LIBRARIES – Narrower Terms
• Academic Libraries [+]• Branch Libraries
– Related Terms• Information Centers
• Thesauri are search tools.
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subject headings
• These are controlled vocabularies of subjects that can be added to a record.
• They may also contain similar relationships between terms.
• But unlike thesauri, they are used when creating the bibliographic records. Thus they are indexing tools.
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type of subject headings
• LoC subject headings are very complete, but are not easy to use.
• Smaller libraries use Sears subject headings– less compete– easier to use– very expensive to buy on paper.
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Catalogs• Catalogs are collection of records about a
library’s holdings.
• In olden days, they were organized by author only.
• In more modern days you can approach by various “access points” such as title, author, subject.
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aims of catalog
• Cutter’s 1904 work still pertinent here
• Catalogs– enable person to find a book of which either
author, title, subject is known– to show what the library has for a given author,
on a given subject, in a given type– to assist with the choice of the book by edition
or by its character (literary or topical)
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catalog
• Cutter’s vision is more from the user’s point of view, but from the library’s point of view it is also important to know:– location– physical characteristics (e.g. oversize)– circulation properties
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bibliographic record
• This is a record that describes an item in the library.
• Anglo-American Cataloguing rules are a set of standardized rules for creating such record.
• These rules go back to the 19th century, but are being revised.
• Currently AARC2 is in use, last revised 2002.
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fields• Parts of a record are called fields. A record
can contain many fields. A field has a name, and a value. Example– Title: Homepage of Thomas Krichel– Author: Thomas Krichel– URL: http://wotan.liu.edu/home/krichel
• is a record with three fields. The first field is named “Title”, and its value is “Homepage of Thomas Krichel”
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MARC
• MARC is a record with field name that are numbers and some sub field. The same example as previously (basically)– 100 Thomas Krichel– 245 Homepage of Thomas Krichel / Thomas
Krichel– 865 http://wotan.liu.edu/home/krichel
• There are gazillions of rules to learn before you can write a correct MARC record.
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other tools: index
• forget about NISO’s definition as quoted by Rubin.
• An index is a list of terms and for each term a list of locations where it can be found. Example, for these slides– catalog: 17,18,19,20– subject: 3,5,15,16,17,18
• They have a crucial role in information retrieval.
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types of indexing
• precoordinate indexing: an indexer (usually a person) selects all the indexing terms and decided how they are combined.
• postcoordinate: searchers can use indexing terms they like. for example they can ask if there are slides that have “subject” and “catalog”.
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other tools: abstract• an abstract is pretty much a description of
something else without a rigid structure. Homepage of Thomas Krichel
written by Thomas Krichel,
last updated March 2005
at http://openlib.org/home/krichel
• would be an example of an abstract.
• There are many abstracting and indexing databases that hold a lot of abstracts and have indexed them.
![Page 26: LIS510 lecture 9 Thomas Krichel 2005-03-23. Organization of information Libraries organize information. Otherwise nothing that is an library could ever.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e455503460f94b39c3e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
other tool: bibliography
• This is basically a collection of abstracts on a certain topic.
• It can be a large like DBLP, see http://dblp.uni-tier.de or a small one like the one you may want to create for your essay.
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http://openlib.org/home/krichel
Thank you for your attention!
Please switch off the computers.