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Transcript of Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Intertanko · PDF fileLiquefied Petroleum Gas zLPG ... zLPG is a...
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The Other Gas Trades:LPG and CNG
Todd GroveSenior Vice President & Chief of Staff
American Bureau of ShippingHouston
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Liquefied Petroleum GasLPG – odorless and colorless hydrocarbons comprising propane and butane. Produced in 3 ways:
as impurities removed from natural gasremoving the volatile compounds from crude oildistillation or cracking
LPG is a liquid and has a volumetric efficiency of ~270:1
Used as a petrochemical feedstock for producing petrochemical gases such as Ethylene, Propylene and Ammonia, which may also be shipped in LPGC’s.
Petrochemical gases account for just 10% of LPG carrier demand – balance is generally for domestic consumption
LPG prices are directly proportional to oil prices (similar drivers).
Environmental concerns driving LPG demand as an energy source
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Seaborne LPG trade
Source: Poten & Partners
Worldwide LPG Seaborne Trade in 2005 of 51.5 million tonsWorldwide LPG Seaborne Trade in 2005 of 51.5 million tons
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LPG trends
23% of total LPG production is shipped by sea
LPG seaborne trade is forecasted to grow to 68 m t by 2010 and to 98 m t by 2015*
Where will the LPG go ?
LPG is mainly used as an energy source
demand will be principally dependant upon the retail market
petrochemical plants with flexible feed-stocks are a possible alternative
can these markets absorb the increase ?
and if not, what then ?
* Source: Ocean Shipping Consultants
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Source: Fairplay Jan 2007
100%22,737,93312447,349,07619117.3105315,388,857Totals30%6,860,889834,538,2005511.1282,322,689> 80k31%7,145,70493849,0001115.8826,296,70470-79.92%480,0008360,00061.52120,00060-69.9
6%1,463,488260016.7261,463,48850-59.90%43,67110024143,67140-49.98%1,757,29849642,000189.3311,115,29830-39.95%1,209,53754387,6001813.636821,93720-29.94%974,88771166,0001117.560808,88710-19.9
12%2,802,459859406,2767218.27872,396,183<9.9k
% of total
Total capacity
Total no.CapacityNo.
Av. ageNo.CapacityCategory, k Cu. m.
TotalsOn orderExisting
LPG fleet
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LPG Carrier – New Construction Outlook
2654
110
106
9195
74
54
42
50 56 4745
47
-11-44
-79 -97 -115-91 -73 -59 -43 -59 -57-71
-20-31
-120
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Deliveries
New Orders
ForecastTotal Orderbook
YE Ordrbk 36 70 168 230 250 266 243 182 133 110 107 111 97 87% Growth -12.2% 94.4% 140.0% 36.9% 8.7% 6.4% -8.6% -24.9% -26.9% -17.2% -2.7% 3.7% -12.6% -10.3%
Number of Ships (All Sizes) – Reference (Base) Case
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Shipowners
Of the nearly 80 shipowners involved in LPG, the top ten control just under 50% of the total fleet capacity:
437,776CMB453,744KUWAIT PETROLEUM461,672KUMIAI SENPAKU466,636KAWASAKI KISEN KAISHA519,522SOLVANG624,239SANKO STEAMSHIP624,897YUYO STEAMSHIP740,371MITSUI OSK LINES LTD753,883NAFTOMAR SHIPPING
1,894,552BW SHIPPING GROUP LTD
Total capacity in cu. m.Shipowner
Source: Fairplay Jan 2007
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382,2448Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.-Okpo
421,21610N.V. Boelwerf S.A. -Temse
455,0226Nippon Kokan K.K. (NKK Corp.) -Tsu
482,4498Oy Wartsila Ab -Turku
553,4018Ch. Nav. de La Ciotat -La Ciotat
1,096,04126Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. -Ulsan
2,515,94036Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
3,072,42043Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.-Nagasaki
CapacityTotalShipyard
ShipbuildersThere are 56 shipbuilders involved in this business of which the top eight are building just under 70% of the total order book:
Source: Fairplay Jan 2007
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LPG Ship Types
Type C - Fully Pressurized TanksTank Type:
Cylinders or spheres built in accordance with a recognized pressure vessel code(ASME DIV I or II, BS 5500, TUV, etc)
Carriage Pressure/Temperature: 18 bar/ambient (typ) Size Range :< 10,000 m3 (typical but can be up to 35,000 cu.m.l)
Type A - Independent TanksTank Type:
Self supported, independent prismatic tanksTanks designed to Class RulesComplete secondary barrier requiredCargo boil-off cannot be utilized on boardRe-liquefaction redundancy required
Carriage Pressure/Temperature: <0.7 bar/0 to-104ºCSize Range: > 10,000 m3 (typical)
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CNGCompressed Natural Gas
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Compressed Natural GasCNG is obtained by:
compressing natural gas directly from a pipeline – after some cleaning from LNG vaporized at high pressure – (CLNG)
CNG is a gas not liquid
CNG has a volumetric efficiency of 200 – 300:1 (LNG is about 615:1)
Temperature: Atmospheric to -40oC
Pressure: 100 – 250 bar (1500 – 3600 psi)
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Why CNG ?
The liquefaction process for Natural Gas is labor intensive and expensive
The gas must be very pure and free of unwanted products such as:
watermercury carbon dioxide
Why do we liquefy only to return the liquid to a gas at the receiving terminal?
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Why CNG ?
Targeting large potential savings if the liquefaction process is omitted:
purification plantreliquefaction plantre-gasification plant
So where’s the problem ?traditional pressure vessels were too heavythe gas industry is very conservative LNG has been the preferred way for many years
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Why CNG ?
Offshore field associated gas with no flaring
Stranded gas exploitation with lack of available infrastructure supporting alternatives
Need commitment from both supply and demand side of project to support investment in ships
Scalable technology
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Prospective CNG Source/Market areas
Trade generally limited to about 2500 nautical miles
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Why CNG ?
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1.00
1.50
2.00
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance in nm
Cos
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eliv
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(USD
per
mm
BTU
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LNG CNG Offshore Pipelines
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Sea NG Ship – 16-Coselle DesignLength - 114 m / 472 ft Beam (Width) - 24 m / 78 ftDepth – 6.5 m /21 ftGas Capacity – 1.4 Mm3 / 48 MMscfSpeed - 13 Knots / 15 MPHFuel - 92% CNG, 8% MDO
Coselle dimensions (typical)
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EnerSea CNG Carrier
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TransCanada
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Transocean Gas - CNG transportation
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Knutsen PNG
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CETech – Compressed Energy Technology
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CNG Designs
AmbientAmbient-400 CAmbient-200 C to
-400 C
100 CTemperature
250 Bar250 Bar240 Bar200 Bar90-130 Bar
200 BarPressure
220M18 to 36M12M24M24 to 36M18KMPV length
1040 or 1220mm
1040mm1040mm1040mm1040mm150mmPV diameter
SteelPipe
SteelPipe
CompositeGlass or carbon fiber
Composite ReinforcedSteelPipe
SteelPipe
SteelPipe
Material
HVVHVH CoilsPV Orientation
Cylindrical PV
Cylindrical PV
Cylindrical PV
Cylindrical PV
Cylindrical PV
Coiled pipe
Type
CE Tech
KnutsenTrans Ocean
TransCanada
EnerSeaSea NGSystem
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Hybrid: SeaOne - Compressed Gas Liquid
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ABS Approach to New Concepts
Understand the Concept
Identify All Hazards
Look to Apply Existing Requirements
Look to for Equivalents
Identify Concerns Not Covered
Special Analyses, Tests, Studies
Define Parameters for Safety Assessment
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ABS Requirements
Apply IMO Gas Code as ApplicableType 2 G Ship / Intact and Damage Stability Vessel Arrangements Hazardous Areas Containment SystemsFire Protection
Use API Codes for:System Safety ApproachGas Depressurization Arrangements Gas Dispersion Radiant Heat LevelsFire Protection
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Special Testing
Material Properties
Monitor Fabrication
Demonstrate Relative Motion Effects
Installation of Completed Containment System
Effectiveness of Proposed In-service Inspection Methods
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The Other Gas Trades:LPG and CNG
Todd GroveSenior Vice President & Chief of Staff
American Bureau of ShippingHouston