Lipids and its classification awkum
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Assignment 1Assignment 1
THEME: LIPIDS IT’S TYPES THEME: LIPIDS IT’S TYPES & FUNCTION& FUNCTION
DVM, 2DVM, 2NDND SEMESTER SEMESTERPresented by. Dr Waleed Qadar,Presented by. Dr Waleed Qadar,
Asif Ghafoor,Asif Ghafoor,Yasir Ali &Yasir Ali &Maria ImtiazMaria Imtiaz
LIPIDSLIPIDS
. Biomolecules that have the . Biomolecules that have the common property of being soluble in common property of being soluble in organic (nonpolar) solvents, but not organic (nonpolar) solvents, but not in water.in water.
Lipids are mainly composed of C, H Lipids are mainly composed of C, H and O.Also Contain Nitrogen and and O.Also Contain Nitrogen and phosphorusphosphorus
They may be small or very complex.They may be small or very complex.
LipidsLipids
Form of Store Energy. Stored in a Form of Store Energy. Stored in a Fat Cell (Adipose cell).Fat Cell (Adipose cell).
Part of membranes (lipoprotein)Part of membranes (lipoprotein) Serve as chemical messengers Serve as chemical messengers
(hormones)(hormones)
Energy StorageEnergy Storage
Humans store Energy in the form of Humans store Energy in the form of fatsfats
Some Energy storage is in the form of Some Energy storage is in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen – fast the carbohydrate glycogen – fast energyenergy
Fats produce 50% more energy per Fats produce 50% more energy per gram than carbohydratesgram than carbohydrates
9 kcal/gram compared to 4 kcal/gram9 kcal/gram compared to 4 kcal/gram
Membrane ComponentsMembrane Components
Because lipids are insoluble in Because lipids are insoluble in water, they work well as membranes water, they work well as membranes to separate compartments in the to separate compartments in the bodybody
The structure of lipids makes them The structure of lipids makes them water repellent or hydrophobicwater repellent or hydrophobic
MessengersMessengers
Primary messengers like steroidsPrimary messengers like steroids Secondary messengers like Secondary messengers like
prostaglandins or thromboxanesprostaglandins or thromboxanes
Classification of Classification of LipidsLipids
Classified into;Classified into;
1)1) Fats and waxesFats and waxes
2)2) Complex LipidsComplex Lipids1)1) GlycerophospholipidsGlycerophospholipids
2)2) GlycolipidsGlycolipids
3)3) LipoproteinLipoprotein
4)4) waxeswaxes
2)2) ProstaglandinsProstaglandins
FatsFats
Fats are Fats are estersesters Alcohol part is always Alcohol part is always
glycerolglycerol Acid part varies but Acid part varies but
is a “Fatty Acid”is a “Fatty Acid”
glycerolH2C
HC
H2C
OH
OH
OH
palmitic acid
CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 OH
O
a typical “fatty acid”
Structure of FatsStructure of Fats Fatty Acids Fatty Acids (FA)(FA)
1)1) Practically all straight chain with no Practically all straight chain with no branchesbranches
2)2) 10 to 20 C in length10 to 20 C in length3)3) Contain an even number of CContain an even number of C
The body builds FA from The body builds FA from two carbon unitstwo carbon units
of acetic acid (acetate ion)of acetic acid (acetate ion)4)4) Those with double bonds are usually Those with double bonds are usually
in the cis isomer formationin the cis isomer formation
palmitic acid
CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 OH
O
Structure of FatsStructure of Fats
Fatty Acids + Glycerol = FAT Fatty Acids + Glycerol = FAT (an (an ester)ester)
C (CH2)16 CH3
O
HC
H2C
H2C C (CH2)12 CH3O
O
O
O C (CH2)16 CH3
O
C (CH2)16 CH3
O
HC
H2C
H2C C (CH2)12 CH3O
O
O
O C (CH2)16 CH3
O
glycerol
first FA
second FA
third FA
Structure of FatsStructure of Fats FATSFATS
Also called TriacylglycerideAlso called Triacylglyceride Fats are insoluble in waterFats are insoluble in water Exist as both saturated and Exist as both saturated and
unsaturated FAunsaturated FA
Structure of FatsStructure of Fats FATSFATS
Saturated Fatty AcidsSaturated Fatty Acids Fit together well - close, parallel Fit together well - close, parallel
alignmentalignment Regular patternRegular pattern
Unsaturated Fatty AcidsUnsaturated Fatty Acids cis/trans double bonds do not allow cis/trans double bonds do not allow
regular packingregular packing LOWER mp and bp lower than the Sat’d. LOWER mp and bp lower than the Sat’d.
FAFA
Properties of FatsProperties of Fats
Physical State - FATSPhysical State - FATS Animal fatsAnimal fats
generally solids at RTgenerally solids at RT contain mostly saturated FAcontain mostly saturated FA
Plant and Fish oilsPlant and Fish oils generally liquids at RTgenerally liquids at RT contain more unsaturated FAcontain more unsaturated FA
Properties of FatsProperties of Fats
PURE Fats PURE Fats Colorless, odorless, and tastelessColorless, odorless, and tasteless Tastes, odors, colors are caused Tastes, odors, colors are caused
by substances dissolved in the fatsby substances dissolved in the fats
From Yahoo Images
Classification of Classification of LipidsLipids
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
FA
Simple and complex lipids
Simple Complex
Classification of Classification of LipidsLipids
GlycolipidsGlycerophospholipids
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
FA
Simple and complex lipids
Simple Complex
Classification of Classification of LipidsLipids
GlycolipidsGlycerophospholipids
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
FA FASphi
ngos
ine
GLUCOSEGALACTOSE
Simple and complex lipids
Simple Complex
Phosphoglycerides Sphingolipids
Classification of Classification of LipidsLipids
GlycolipidsGlycerophospholipids
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
FA FASphi
ngos
ine
GLUCOSEGALACTOSE
Simple and complex lipids
Simple Complex
Phosphoglycerides Sphingolipids
Classification of Classification of LipidsLipids
GlycolipidsGlycerophospholipids
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
FA
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
PO43- ALCOHOL FASp
hing
osin
e
GLUCOSEGALACTOSE
Simple and complex lipids
Simple Complex
Phosphoglycerides Sphingolipids
Classification of Classification of LipidsLipids
GlycolipidsGlycerophospholipids
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
FA
Gly
cero
l
FA
FA
PO43- ALCOHOL
Sphi
ngos
ine FA
PO43- CHOLINE FASp
hing
osin
e
GLUCOSEGALACTOSE
Sphi
ngos
ine
Simple and complex lipids
Simple Complex
GlycerophospholipidsGlycerophospholipids
Glycerol is the alcoholGlycerol is the alcohol Two acids are Fatty AcidsTwo acids are Fatty Acids Third is esterified to POThird is esterified to PO44
3-3- and and cholinecholine
The Fatty Acid on carbon 2 is The Fatty Acid on carbon 2 is unsaturatedunsaturated
choline
CH2 CH2OHNH3C
CH3
CH3
+
glycerolH2C
HC
H2C
OH
OH
OH
Coating of nerve axons (myelin)Coating of nerve axons (myelin) Alcohol portion is sphingosine Alcohol portion is sphingosine (not (not
glycerol)glycerol) A long chain fatty acid is connected to A long chain fatty acid is connected to
the NHthe NH22
The End OH group is esterified by The End OH group is esterified by phosphorylcholinephosphorylcholine
SphingolipidsSphingolipids
CH(CH2)12CH3 CH CH CH CH2
OH NH2 OH
sphingosine
Glycolipids contain carbohydratesGlycolipids contain carbohydrates They also use sphingosineThey also use sphingosine One type is the cerebrosidesOne type is the cerebrosides
occur in the brain occur in the brain (7% of dry weight!)(7% of dry weight!)
present at nerve synapsespresent at nerve synapses
GlycolipidsGlycolipids
O
OH
OH
HO
CH2OHO
HNO
OH
a glucocerebroside
SteroidsSteroids
A third major class of lipids:A third major class of lipids: They are all based on this They are all based on this
structurestructure
H3C CH3
CH3
HO
CH3
CH3
cholesterol
CholesterolCholesterol most abundant steroid in the bodymost abundant steroid in the body cell membrane componentcell membrane component raw material for other raw material for other
steroids synthesissteroids synthesis Exists in both free and esterified formsExists in both free and esterified forms
Esterifies with FAEsterifies with FA Gallstones are almost pure cholesterol (physio)Gallstones are almost pure cholesterol (physio) Necessary for human lifeNecessary for human life Manufactured in the liver – body keeps a set Manufactured in the liver – body keeps a set
amountamount
H3C CH3
CH3
HO
CH3
CH3
cholesterol
LipoproteinsLipoproteins
Transport cholesterol, and fatsTransport cholesterol, and fats Types of LipoproteinsTypes of Lipoproteins
HDL = hi density lipoprotein HDL = hi density lipoprotein (the (the good Kind)good Kind)
33% protein and 30% cholesterol33% protein and 30% cholesterol LDL = lo density lipoprotein LDL = lo density lipoprotein (the not (the not
good kind)good kind) 25% protein and 50 % cholesterol25% protein and 50 % cholesterol
Steroid HormonesSteroid HormonesCholesterol is starting material for Cholesterol is starting material for
synthesis of Progesterone:synthesis of Progesterone: Precursor of sex hormones Precursor of sex hormones
and adrenocorticoid hormonesand adrenocorticoid hormones
C
CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
progesterone
H3C CH3
CH3
HO
CH3
CH3
cholesterol
testosteroneO
CH3
CH3OH
Steroid HormonesSteroid Hormones
Sex Hormones - TestosteroneSex Hormones - Testosterone Promotes normal growth of male sex Promotes normal growth of male sex
organsorgans Synthesized in testesSynthesized in testes
from cholesterolfrom cholesterol Secretion results inSecretion results in
22ndnd sex characteristics sex characteristics
Steroid HormonesSteroid Hormones
Sex Hormones - EstradiolSex Hormones - Estradiol Regulates cyclic changes in the uterusRegulates cyclic changes in the uterus Synthesized from Synthesized from
testosteronetestosterone Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
Increased at beginningIncreased at beginning
of cycleof cycle Help in thickness of uterusHelp in thickness of uterus Also give direction LH to ovulate.Also give direction LH to ovulate.
estradiol
HO
CH3OH
Prostaglandins (SH)Prostaglandins (SH)
Fatty acid-like substancesFatty acid-like substances Produced in prostateProduced in prostate
small amounts producedsmall amounts producedin all tissuein all tissue
Synthesized fromSynthesized fromArachidonic AcidArachidonic Acid
COOH
CH3
Arachidonic Acid
COOH
O
HO OH
CH3
PGE2 (a prostaglandin)
steps
ProstaglandinsProstaglandins
PGEPGE2 (pg e synthesse)2 (pg e synthesse) induce laborinduce labor therapeutic abortiontherapeutic abortion lowers bplowers bp used to treat asthmaused to treat asthma
PGEPGE22 causes hypertensioncauses hypertension
COOH
O
HO OH
CH3
PGE2 (a prostaglandin)
ThromboxanesThromboxanes
O
O
OH
COOH
•When a blood vessel is ruptured, platelets congregate(together) and PGH2 causes Them to clot.
Aspirin blocks the effect and acts A blood thinner
PGH2
Prostaglandins / Prostaglandins / LeukotrieneLeukotriene
LeukotrienesLeukotrienes Occur mainly in leukocytes (white Occur mainly in leukocytes (white
blood cells)blood cells) Long lasting muscle contractions Long lasting muscle contractions
especially in the lungs where they especially in the lungs where they cause Asthma-like attackscause Asthma-like attacks
CH3
OH OHOH
COOH
Leukotriene B4