1

Linux OS (Or)

Open Source Operating System Getting Start with Linux OS What is Linux? Linux OS [m True 32-bit Operating System jzpfw,f/ Linux udk 1991

ckESpfavmufwGif 32-bit architecture jzifh a&;om;cJhMuygonf/ Linux onf Unix OS ESifh

qifwl aomfvnf; em;vnf xm;&rnfrSm Linux onf Unix r[kwfay/ Unix ESifh

qifwlaomfvnf; (POSIX) Portable Operating System Interface on Unix jzpfonf/

Unix udk 1960 ckESpfwGif pwifa&;om;cJhMuNyD; ¤if;umvwGif C programming Language

ay:vmojzifh C Language jzifh Unix OS udk AT&T bell lab company ua&;om;cJhMuonf/

,cifu Unix onf open source OS wpfck jzpfaomfvJ aemufydkif;wGif AT&T rS rlydkifcGifh

jyefvnf&&SdNyD; Close OS jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ Unix onf Close OS wpfck jzpfoGm;&kHrQru

Dedicated hardware ay:wGifom run vdkY&onf/ Oyrm ajymqdk&rnf qdkvsif HP twGuf

a&;om;xm;aom Unix udk IBM ay:wGif run vdkY r&Edkifay/

Linux OS onf Internet twGuf optimize toifh jzpfNyD;om; OS wpfck

jzpfonfhtwGuf TCP/IP taMumif;udk tenf;tusOf; em;vnfxm;rS omvsif Linux udk

avhvm&mwGif vG,fulvsifjrefrnf jzpfonf/ Linux onf multiuser, multitasking and

multiprocessing jzpfonfhtjyif SMP (symmetrical multiprocessing) support

jzpfonfhtwGuf Memory management ygvkyfEkdifonf/ 1992 ckESpfwGif Linux version 1.0

udk xkyfvkyfEdkifcJhonf/ Open source ESifh Close Source wdkY\ jcm;em;csufrSm kernel udk

zGifhxm;ay;jcif;ESifh ydwfxm;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ Linux kernel onf open kernel

jzpfonfhtwGuf aMumifh pdwfBudKufjyKjyif okH;pGJEkdifonf/

The Linux Structure Operating System

2

Kernel qdkonfrSm OS \ core jzpfonf/ Shell onf command line

interpreter [k ajymEdkifouJhodkY program wpfck[kívnf; jrifEdkifonf/ Shell

qdkaom OS \ user interface udk OS \ kernel udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ a&;om;jcif;jzifh

trsdK;rsdK;aom Linux OS rsm;ay:xGufcJh&onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk Distros (Commercial Linux

Distribution) [kac:NyD; ¤if;wdkYteuf xif&Sm;vlodrsm;aom Linux OS rsm;rSm

atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

Red Hat SuSE Caldera Open Linux Corel Linux Debian Mandrake Slack ware Turbo Linux and many more

Why Linux? Linux udk tb,faMumifh okH;pGJoifhoenf;qdkaomf Linux onf Open Source

jzpfonf/ Stable usaom OS wpfck jzpf&kHrQru Standalone odkYr[kwf Network

ESpfckpvkH;twGuf aumif;rGefaom OS wpfck jzpfonf/ C, C++, Pascal, Cobol, Fortran,

Delphi, Kylix ponfh programming language rsm;pGmtwGuf free jzpfaom library rsm;

utilities rsm;udk support vkyfay;EkdifonfhtwGuf Programming uRrf;usifolrsm;twGuf

txl;yif aumif;rGefonf/ system programming twGuf kernel udk pdwfMudKuf jyKjyif

okH;pGJEkdifonf/ tjcm; platform rsm;ay:wGifvnf; 100% portability jzpfaom OS

wpfckjzpfonf/ Linux OS udk Budge PCs ESifh Budget Servers rsm;wGif okH;&eftxl;

oifhavsmfonf/ Computer Science ESifh ywfoufí avhvmvdkolrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;

Internet admin, system admin jyKvkyfvdk olrsm;twGuf Linux udk txl;

oifhavQmfayonf/

Windows OS wGif GUI (Graphical User Interface) rygvsif t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaomfvnf;?

Linux wGif GUI udk rygvsif&Ekdifonfh layer wGifom xm;&Sdonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf

Linux onf CLI (command line interface ) ESifh function trsdK;rdsK;udk vG,fulpGm

okH;pGJEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

3

Preparing for Linux Operating System wpfckudk install vkyfrnfqdkygu ta&;BuD;qkH;rSm File System

jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh real life wGif tokH;rsm;aeaom media rsm;? OS rsm;\ file system rsm;

taMumif;udk tenf;i,f od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfayonf/ CD Rom onf ISO 9660 file

system jzpfonf/ Windows OS rsm;onf FAT,FAT 32, NTFS ponfh file system rsm;udk

tokH;jyKonf/ JFS, UFS ponfwdkYonfvJ oufqdkif&m OS tvdkuf tokH;jyKaom logical file

system rsm; jzpfonf/ Hard Disk wpfckonf logical file system wpfckudk initiate

vkyfay;rS omvsif OS wpfckwifEkdifrnf jzpfonf/

Linux OS onf EXT2, EXT3 file system rsm;udk tokH;jyKonf/ EXT3 wGif

Generalizing file system yg0ifvmonf/ Hard Disk wpfck\ physical file system wGif

Primary Partation 4 ckxufydk NyD;cJGvdkYr&ay/ xdkYaMumifh 4 ckxufydk cGJcsifygu Extended

partition wpfck cGJNyD; logical partition rsm; cGJ&rnf jzpfonf/ Linux OS twGuf Boot

vkyfay;Ekdifaom Primary Partation wpfckawmh cGJxm;&efvdktyfonf/

tu,fí rdrd\ pufwGif wpfckxufydkaom OS rsm; wifxm;vdkygu OS loader ac:

Boot loader udk rnfhonfh OS \ loader jzifh wufrnf udk a&G;cs,fwwf&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh

Linux OS rS yg0ifvmaom OS loader udk tokH;jyKrnf qdkygu ¤if; loader tm; MBR wGif

xm;ay;&rnf/ MBR wGif OS loader odkYr[kwf Boot Loader udk wpfckxufydkí

xm;vdkYr&ay/

Introduction to Linux Features Linux File System Linux File system qdk&mwGif Linux u tokH;jyKaom File system rSm Ext2, Ext3

jzpfaMumif; od&SdNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,ckajymvdkaom File system qdkonfrSm file system

[k qdkaomvJ OS tokH;jyKaom file system udk qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfay/ Windows OS rsm;wGif

File rsm;xnfhoGif;xm;onfh file tpkta0;udk directory odkYr[kwf folder [k ac:onf/

Linux wGif ¤if; folder rsm;? directory rsm;udk file system [k ac:onf/

4

Hardware Device in Linux Linux OS onf case sensitive jzpfaom OS wpfck jzpfonfhtwGuf

trSm;cHvdkYr&ay/ Linux wGif " / " udk root [kac:onf/ device rsm;? Driver rsm;? file

system rsm; tm;vkH;onf ¤if; root atmufwGifom &SdMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh

IDE 1st hard drive udk /dev/hda

IDE 1st hard drive \ partition 1 udk /dev/hda1

IDE 1st hard drive \ partition 2 udk /dev/hda2

IDE 2nd hard drive udk /dev/hdb

IDE 2nd hard drive \ partition 1 udk /dev/hdb1

IDE 2nd hard drive \ partition 2 udk /dev/hdb2 [lí em;vnf assign vkyfxm;

onf/ owdjyK&eftcsufrSm rdrd HDD wGif Extended partition &Sdaevsif ¤if; extended

partition udk Linux OS rS /dev/hda4 tjzpf point vkyfay;xm;onf/

Floppy disk drive rsm;udk Linux wGif atmufygtwdkif; od&Sdem;vnf assign

vkyfonf/

1st floppy disk drive udk /dev/fd0

2nd floppy disk drive udk /dev/fd1

CD Rom drive twGuf /dev/cdrom udk Linux OS rS point vkyfay;onf/

Input device rsm;udk od&SdNyD;onfhaemuf output device rsm;udk rnfodkY assign

vkyfxm;onfudk em;vnfxm;&rnf/

COM1 port udk /dev/ttyS0

COM2 port udk /dev/ttyS1

LPT1 udk /dev/lpt0

LPT2 udk /dev/lpt1 tjzpf assign vkyfay;onf/

" / " onf root file system jzpfNyD; windows \ command prompt c: ESifh

twlwlyif jzpfonf/ dev onf device \ twdkaumufjzpfonf/

root ESifh ywfoufNyD; Linux \ administrator user taMumif;udk ajymrnfqdkygu

windows wGifokH;aom system management vkyfEkdifonfh administrator user udk Linux

wGif root user odkYr[kwf root [k ac:jyefygonf/ Linux wGif root user ESifh non-root user

[lí a,bl,tm;jzifh ESpfydkif; cGJjcm;xm;Ekdifonf/ odkYaomf multi system jzpfonfhtwGuf

individual account awGrsm;pGm&SdEkdifonf/ omreftvkyfrsm;ESifh operate vkyfrnf qdkygu

5

tjcm; individual user account rsm;ESifh operate vkyfEkdifNyD; twwfEdkifqkH; root account

jzifh operate rvkyfrdap&ef *&kjyK&rnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf Linux onf Open source

jzpfNyD; kernel onfvJ open jzpfaeaomaMumifh root user account jzifh operate

vkyfaecsdefwGif system files rsm;tm; edit vkyfrnf qdkygu rnfonfh wanning rS ay;rnf

r[kwfay/ xdkodkYoabm&SdaomaMumifh root account jzifh operate vkyfjcif;udk wwfEkdiforQ

owdjyK&rnf/

Basics Understanding Linux File System Windows wGif oufqdkif&m directory rsm; yg&SdouJhodkY Linux OS wGifvnf;

oufqkdifonfh File system rsm; yg&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux \ fsh (File System

Hierarchy) udk avhvmrnfqdkvsif atmufygtwdkif; tajccHMuaom file system wdkYudk

jrifawGUedkifrnf jzpfonf/

/ root file system

/boot (boot process twGufta&;BuD;aom files rsm; yg&Sdonfh file

system)

/etc (system configuration files rsm;yg&Sdonfh file system)

/dev (device tm;vkH;\ files rsm;yg&Sdonfh file system)

/bin (run Edkifonfh binary file rsm; tm;vkH;yg0ifaom file system?

*.exe,*.com)

/sbin (system \ special binary files rsm;yg0ifaom file system)

/tmp (temporary file jzpfNyD; Windows \ temp folder ESifh

twlwljzpfonf/)

/opt (Windows \ program files folder ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/)

/home (user account rsm;\ files rsm; odrf;qnf;&m ae&m jzpfonf?

documents and setting ESifh qifwl onf/ /home/Williom,

/home/Jhon)

/usr (omref user account ESifh oufqdkifonfh binary file rsm; yg&Sdonf/

manual files rsm;? documentations rsm;)

/var (variable nature &Sdaom ykHrSefr&Sdonfh files rsm; yg&Sdonfh file system

jzpfonf/ Oyrm print spool file, Email account file)

/proc (Process &JU twdkaumufjzpfonf/)

6

Installing Linux

Windows OS tokH;jyKaeMu user rsm;taeESifh Linux OS udk install vkyf&mwGif

installation method rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifzdkY vdktyfygonf/ ¤if; installation methods

rsm;rSm-

• CD Rom rS boot vkyfNyD; install vkyfjcif;?

• WEB ay:rS install vkyfjcif;?

• NFS(network file system) jzifh install vkyfjcif;?

NFS qdkonfrSm windows OS &Sd work group rsm;ESifh wlnDaom service jzpfonf/

Installation methods rsm;tjyif installation type rsm;udkvnf;

em;vnfxm;&ayrnf/ Type a&G;cs,f&mwGif client ESifh server [lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ client

taeESifh install vkyfrnfqdkygu vdktyfaom files rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fNyD; install

vkyfEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf server qdkygu files system rsm; pkHvifzdkY ta&;BuD;onf/

tcsdKYaom Linux version rsm;wGif laptop computer rsm;twGuf oD;oefY installation type

yg&Sdwwfonf/ xdkodkYr[kwfyJ custom qdkaom type rsdK;vJ &Sdwwfonf/

Installing Linux OS OS rsm; install vkyf&mwGif personalize user rsm;twGuf ta&;rBuD;aomfvnf;

server twGuf OS install vkyf&mwGif planning onf tvGefta&;ygaom tcef;u@ rS

yg0ifonf/ xdkYaMumifh I/O(Input/Output devices), Programs ESifh Partation wdkYonf

tvGefta&;BuD;onf/

7

Partation wGif Linux \ minimum requirement rSm root twGuf partition wpfck

oD;oefY&Sd&rnf/ physical memory udk management vkyf&ef swap partition wpfck

&Sd&rnf/ ¤if; swap partition onf rdrdpuf\ RAM memory yrmP\ ESpfq jzpf&rnf/

boot partition twGuf primary partition wpfck &Sd&rnf jzpfNyD; ¤if; partition onf hard

disk \ cylinder 1024 twGif;wGif &Sd&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux \ boot partition

udk OD;pGm 100MB xm;NyD; cGJ&rnf/

server rsm;twGufrl partition rsm;udk tokH;jyKrnfh server tvdkuf /home, /var,

/usr tp&Sdonfhtwdkif; cGJjcm;xm;&rnf jzpfonf/ tjcm;*&kjyK&ef tcsufrSm swap udk

partition cGJjcm;&mwGif IDE drive wpfcktwGuf swap wpfck&Sd&rnf jzpfonfhtwGuf

tu,fí rdrdpufwGif Hard drive ESpfck &Sdygu swap ESpfckcGJ&rnf/ Hard drive okH;ck &Sdygu

swap okH;ck cGJxm;&rnf jzpfonf/

Linux OS udk install jyKvkyfonfh install methods rsm;teuf CD Rom rS install

jyKvkyfonfh method rSm tokH;rsm;aomaMumifh atmufwGif CD Rom rS install jyKvkyfykH

tqifhqifhudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

Booting with Linux Installer package Bootable Linux OS Installer CD udk CD drive twGif;odkYxnf;NyD; pufudk restart

ay;um CD rS Boot vkyfrnf qdkygu Linux \ Installation mode a&G;cs,faom screen

ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/ Installation mode wGif Graphic mode ESifh text mode tjyif

maintainence mode [lí a&G;cs,f&ef okH;ckyg&Sdonf/ Linux tm; pwifavhvmolrsm;

taeESifh Graphical mode udkom a&G;cs,foifhonf/ xdkYaMumifh graphic mode udk enter

EdkyfNyD; a&G;cs,fvdkufygu next step odkYa&muf&SdoGm;onfudk atmufygtwdkif;

jrifawGUEkdifygonf/

8

¤if;tqifhwGif Install vkyf&ef CD media udk awGU&SdaMumif;ESifh ¤if; CD tm; aumif;?

raumif; ppfaq;Munfh&eftwGuf ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí ppfaq;rI rjyKvkyfcsifygu skip

udk a&G;cs,f&ygrnf/ xdkodkYa&G;cs,fvdkufaomtcgwGif RED Hat Linux Installation \

Welcome screen udk Graphic mode jzihfawGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/

Next udk ESdyfvdkufaomtcgwGif Linux OS tm; install jyKvkyfaepOfwGif tokH;jyKrnfh

language setting a&Gcs,faom dialog box ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/

Next button udk EdkyfvdkufaomtcgwGif rdrdvuf&SdtokH;jyKaeaom keyboard

trsdk;tpm;a&G;cs,fonfh dialog box ufk atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/

9

aemufwpfqifhwGif vuf&SdtokH;jyKaeaom rdrdpufrS mouse trsdK;tpm; a&G;cs,fonfh

dialog box rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfNyD; next button udk Edkyfum Installation Type

a&G;cs,fonfh tqifhodkY oGm;&ygrnf/

Installation type a&G;cs,f&mwGif Personal, Workstation, server ESifh custom

[lí&SdNyD; rdrdtokH;jyKrnfh field t& installation type udka&G;cs,f&rnf jzpfonf/

10

aemuftqifhwGif partition tydkif;a&mufNyD jzpfNyD; ¤if;wGif auto partition cGJjcif;ESifh

manual cGJjcif; ESpfrsdK;udk a&G;cs,fcdkif;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí auto udka&G;cs,fygu

vG,fulaomfvnf; rdrdpufwGif wpfckxufydkaom OS &Sdaeygu ¤if;OS udk

xdcdkufysufpD;aprnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh manual udkom a&G;cs,fNyD; next udk click &ygrnf/

xdktcgwGif rdrdwdkYpuf&Sd partition onf Linux File system twGuf readable

jzpfaom partition r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh Linux File system rS readable jzpfatmif

Hard Disk tm; initialize vkyfrnf jzpfaMumif;ESifh ¤if; drive &Sd data rsm;

ysufpD;aysmufqkH;rnf jzpfaMumif; owday;aom dialog bos ay:vmrnf jzpfNyD; YES udkom

click &ygrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf manual partition udk a&G;cs,fxm;aomaMumifh next

step wGif rdrdwdkYpdwfBudKuf partition udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

11

xdktcg rdrdwGif&Sdaom Hard disk yrmPESifh ¤if;\ tcsuftvufrsm;tm;

azmfjyxm;aom screen wpfck ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/

¤if;wGif New tm; click í partition topfwpfckudk zefwD;&ygrnf/ yxrOD;qkH;

zefwD;aom partition rSm Linux operating System twGuf ta&;ygaom boot partition

tydkif;jzpfNyD; xdk boot partition tydkif;onf primary jzpf&eftvGefta&;BuD;onf/ xdkYtjyif

boot partition tydkif;onf Hard disk \ cylinder size wGif 1024 xufrausmfvGefap&yg/

1024 xufausmfvGefvsif boot rwufaom error rsm; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfaomaMumifh

¤if;partition udk hard disk \ cylinder 1024 rausmfaom xdyfqkH;tydkif; \ 100 MB

12

wGifxm;&Sd&ygrnf/ Boot partition udk zefwD;&mwGif mount point drop down list wGif

/boot udka&G;cs,fNyD; file system type rSm Ext3 xm;&Sd&ygrnf/ Size(MB) udk 100 xm;í

Force to be primary partition udk check vkyfum OK udk click &ygrnf/

ykHwGifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

xyfrHí New udkEdkyfum swap twGuf partition udk owfrSwfay;&ygrnf/

*&kjyK&eftcsufrSm swap partition \ size onf rdrdpuf\ RAM yrmPxuf ESpfq

ydkrsm;&rnf jzpfonf/

aemufqkH; usefaom root partition udk cGJjcrf;&mwGif mount point \ drop down

list wGif "/" udk a&G;cs,fxm;&SdNyD; Fill to maximum all0owabl size udk check

13

vkyfay;rnfqdkygu usef&Sdaeaom Hard Disk tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk "/" rS ,lvdkuf&efjzpfNyD;

root partition wpfck wnfaqmufay;rnf jzpfonf/

xdkodkY r&Sdrjzpf minimum vdktyfaom partition okH;ckudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm

owfrSwfay;NyD;aemuf tu,fí /usr, /home, /var tp&Sdaom partition rsm;udkvnf; rdrdwdkY

tokH;jyKrnfh taetxm;ay:rlwnfum cGJvdku cGJEkdifonf/ t"duvdktyfaom partition

okH;ckudk cGJjcrf;NyD;aemuf atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/

14

partition cGJjcm;NyD;onfhaemuf? aemufwpfqifhwGif boot loader configuration

tqifhudk jrifawGU&ygrnf/ tu,fí rdrdpufwGif tjcm; OS rsm;&Sdao;onfqdkygu ¤if;

configuration screen rS add udk click NyD; OS trsdK;tpm;udka&G;cs,f&ygrnf/ odkYrSom puf

boot up vkyfaomtcgwGif OS selector menu ay:rS wqifh tjcm; OS rsm;odkY vG,fulpGm

ajymif;a&ThEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/

tu,fí Boot loader password udktokH;jyKrnf qdkygu pufpwifaom tcsdefwGif

OS selector menue wGif password awmif;rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif boot loader udk

xm;onfh ae&monfvJ ta&;BuD;aMumif;udk MBR tydkif;wGif txufu &Sif;jycJhNyD; jzpfonf/

xdkYaemuf next udk click NyD; Network Configuration tydkif;odkY a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/

15

Network Configuration tydkif;wGif manually option udk check í rdrdpufESifh

default Domain name udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf Edit udk click aomtcg

atmufygtwdkif; NIC twGuf IP configuration dialog box wpfck ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/

xdkodkYay:vmaom tcgwGif Configure using DHCP udk uncheck ay;í IP address ESifh

NetMask wdkYudk rdrdwdkY tokH;NyKrnfh Network address ESifh subnetmask udk

&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/

OK udk click NyD;aemuf Miscellaneous Setting wGif Gateway, Primary DNS Esifh

Secondary DNS wdkYdudk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ Primary DNS ae&mwGif rdrdpuf\ IP address

udkom&dkufoGif;&rnf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf Linux onf multiuser, multitasking

jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

16

xdkodkY&dkufoGif;NyD;aomtcgwGif Security ESifh oufqkdifaom Firewall setting

tqifhodkYa&muf&Sdvmygonf/ rdrdonf Linux udk pwifavhvmol wpfa,mufjzpfygu

¤if;tqifhwGif Firewall setting tm; tokH;rjyKbJ xm;onfrSm toifhawmfqkH; jzpfygonf/

xdkYaMumifh No Firewall udk select vkyfNyD; Next udk click vdkuf&ygrnf/

xdkYaemuf additional language support setting ESifh Time Zone setting rsm;wGif

rdrd ESpfouf&m a&G;cs,fí installation step udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ language

support setting onf Linux OS tm; rdrdtokH;jyKvdkonfh language jzifh tokH;jyKEdkif&ef

jzpfonf/ Time Zone onf system \ time jzpfNyD; Linux OS onf rdrdxm;&Sdaom time

zone twdkif; operate vkyfrnf jzpfí server type installation wGif ta&;ygonf/

17

aemufwpfqifhonf security twGuf ta&;ygaom step jzpfNyD; root password

owfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf/ root [kqdk&mwGif root user account ESifh root file system wdkY

ESpfrsdK;pvkH; twGuf jzpfonf/ root account udk login vkyfNyD;rSomvsif system

administration jyKvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if; step wGif password udkESpfBudrf &dkufEdkyf

&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYrSom root password accepted jzpfrnf/

18

aemufwqifhonf Authentication Configuration jzpfNyD; ¤if;tqifhwGif Enable

MDS password ESifh Enable shadow password [lonfh option ESpfckudk default tm;jzifh

a&G;cs,fxm;onfudk awGUEdkifonf/ Enable MDS password qdkonfrSm rdrdwdkY

qufvuftokH;jyKrnfh password length udk &SpfvkH;xufydkNyD; character 256 vkH;

txday;Edkif&eftwGuf ¤if; option udk enable vkyfay;&rnf jzpfonf/ Shadow password

udk enable vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh password file udk shadow file wpfck taejzifh encrypt vkyfNyD;

odrf;qnf;aomaMumifh security twGuf pdwfcsaumif;rGefonf/

19

package group selection wGif install vkyfvdkaom package rsm;tm;

a&G;cs,fay;&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif Desktop rsm;? Application rsm;? server rsm;? developer

rsm;? system admin rsm;? yg0ifonf/ Miscellaneous onf package wpfckcsif;pDudk

vdkufa&G;raeawmhyJ minimal option jzifh install vkyfygu rygrjzpf yg0if&rnfh package

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Command Synopsis Description adduser adduser dsoneil | This command will automatically add a

new user to the system |The Bash script can be found in /usr/sbin if it needs to be changes

alias alias help=man | The alias command allows you to substitute a new name for a command

alias long=ls -al | An alias can also contain command line options | Unless the alias definition is included in your .login file it is only temporary

apropos apropos keyword | Display command names based on keyword search

at at 1:23 lp /home/index.html | The at command runs a list of commands at a specified time (e.g. print @ 1:23)

at 1:50 echo ‘‘lp Job Done’’ | This uses the echo command to send a message at 1:50 saying a print job is done

at ---l | Lists all scheduled jobs; an alias for the atq command

at -d 5555 | This will cancel job number 5555; an alias for the atrm command

batch Example: | Temporarily blank cat cat /etc/filename | Prints specified file to the screen

cat file.a > file.b | Moves file.a to file.b cat -n file.a | This will show the contents of the

file with line numbers (-b number only no blank lines)

cat /proc/scsi/scsi | This will list all the SCSI processes running on your system

cd cd /home/dsoneil | Changes directories to the specified one cd ~username | This will move you to the users specified

home directory chattr chattr +i /etc/passwd | makes the named file immutable.

Attributes are not shown by ls; use lsattr chfn chfn dsoneil | This will allow you to change finger

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information on that user | As an example it will allow you to change dsoneil to Darcy S. O’Neil

chmod chmod 666 filename | This command will give a file Read - Write permission for everyone

chmod 777 filename | This command gives Read - Write – Execute permission to everyone

chmod a=rwx file | This gives Read - Write - Execute permission to all users

chown chown dso /home/html | This command will change the owner of the specified directory to dso

chown dso /home/file.a | This command will change the owner of the specified file to dso

clear clear | This will clear your screen cmp cmp -s file.a file.b | Compares 2 files of any type. The -s option

will return nothing in the files arethe same cp cp file.a file.b | This will create a duplicate of file.a under a

new file name, file.b cpio ls /home | cpio -o > /root | This will copy the files of /home to the

directory /root cpio -it < /root > bk.indx | This will extract all of the files to /root and

creates an index file called bk.indx cpkgtool |Graphical front end to installpkg,

removepkg, makepkg that uses ncurses. cron crontab -e | Edit your personnel crontab file

| The main crontab files can be found in the /etc directory

date date | Will outout the present date to the screen date --date=‘‘2001-3-15‘‘ | This will set date to 2001-Mar-15 date --date=‘‘2001-3-15 11:59 AM’’ | This will set the date as well as time

dmesg dmesg |Prints out the bootup messages so you can locate errors

df df -hT | Displays the total size, used and available space on all mounted file systems

du du -k /home/html | Provides a summary of the disk space usage, in kb, within the specified path

du -k /home/html/file.a | Provides a summary of disk spaced used by a particular file

e2fsck e2fsck /dev/fd0 | To "scandisk" a floppy (run while the floppy is unmounted)

e2fsck /dev/hda1 | Also can be used to scan for disk errors on hard drive partitions

fc fc -l | Lists your recent commands (Beware that fc is dangerous w/o -l because it will run commands)

fdformat fdformat /dev/fd0 | low level format of a floppy device in drive fd0

fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 |This will fromat a “Double Sided High Density”disk

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file file file.a | This command will try to determine what type of file file.a is. (exec, text, etc.)

file -z file.a.tar | Looks inside a compressed file to determine it’s type.

file -L file.a Follows symbolic links to be followed to determine file type

find find /path -name passwd | Locates the specified string (passwd), starting in the specified directory (/path) | All filenames or directories containing the string will be printed to the screen

finger finger | This will list all users currently logged into the UNIX system

free free -t ---o | Provides a snapshot of the system memory usage

fsck fsck /had | file system check and repair git | This is a file system viewer (Use F10 to

exit) grep cat /etc/passwd | grep dso | This searches for and limits the

command output to the pattern specified | In this case all instances of dso from the /etc/passwd file are printed

grep -i ‘‘Sample’’ /home/dsoneil | The -i option makes the search indifferent to case (e.g. sample or SAMPLE)

groupadd groupadd sudos | Create a new group called sudos on the system

groups groups | Shows which groups you are in gzip gzip file.a | This will zip file.a and give it the extension

file.a.gz gzip -d file.a.gz | This will unzip the file file.a.gz tar -zxvf file.a.tar.qz | The z flag allow you to decompress the tar

file on the fly history history | grep sneak | To retrive your recent commands with

"sneak" somewhere in them. 6/00 history -d 1061 | To delete history entry 1061, which may

be a password in cleartext. hostname | Get or set hostname. Typically, the host

name is stored in the file /etc/HOSTNAME. Ifconfig ifconfig eth0 | This will display the status of the currently

defined interface (.e.g Ethernet Card 0) ifconfig eth0 up | This flag causes the iterface to be

activated (To deactivate an interface use down)

ifconfig eth1 192.168.0.2 up | Makes eth1 active with IP address 192.168.0.2

insmod | used (by root) to install modular device drivers

installpkg installpkg -r packagename.tgz | This will install a Slackware package with the name you specify (-r option)

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removepkg removepkg -copy packagename | This will remove the named package but make a copy in the /tmp directory

rpm2targz rpm2targz filename.rpm | This will convert an RPM file to a Slackware .tgz package

upgradepkg upgradepkg packagename.tgz | This will upgrade a Slackware package and remove any old or no used files

ipchains ipchains [-A -s -d -j] [Input / Output] | This command is used to ACCEPT or DENY access to your system

ipchains -A input -s 24.1.50.25 -j DENY | This will block the IP address 24.1.50.25 from accessing your system

ipchains -A output -d 24.1.50.2 -j DENY | This command will DENY your system from accesing this IP address | [-A append] [-s source] [-d destination] [-j join]

jobs jobs | This will list all jobs presently running on your system

kernelcfg | GUI to add/remove kernel modules (as root in X terminal).

kill kill 2587 | Kills the process specified by the Process ID Number (2587)

kill -9 2587 | The -9 flag forces the process to die last last -300 | Prints to the screen the username,

location, log-in and log-off times of the last last -5 username | -x logins to the system. The username will

select the last x time that person has | used the system. The last command is not traceable.

lastlog lastlog | Displays a list of the login attempts / times of all users on the system (security check)

less less /html/index.html | Less displays information a screen at a time, you can also page back and forth

lilo lilo ---v | To write or correct boot config to disk. Use this comand after modifying /etc/lilo.conf | Do this before rebooting (to avoid "LIL-" on startup) if it's been a while

lilo -b /dev/fd0 | This command will make a boot disk ln ln -s /usr/dso ./home/html | Creates a “symbolic” link from the first

directory or file to the second. A user changing | into ./home/html will actually be directed to the /usr/dso directory.

locate locate wordperfect | The locate command will locate the file specified aand output a directory path (see “updatedb”)

lpr lpr /home/html/index.html | This command will print the file index.html to the printer

lprm lprm 12 | This command will cancel pint job 12 in the printer queue

lpq lpq | This will show the contents of the print

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queue ls ls -al | Lists all information on all files (-a) in the

current directory in single line | format (-l). Includes permissions, owners, modification time, file size and name

ls ---F | Marks (directories with a trailing / ) - ( executables with an *) (symbolic links w/ @)

ls /proc/sys/net/ipv4 | This will ist all IP4 (masquerading) entries in the system processes directories

lspci lspci | Lists your PCI devices lsof lsof |grep :<port number> | This will show you what program has that

port open. lsmod | used (by root) to show kernel modules

currently loaded make make mrproper | Cleans up junk accidentally left behind by

the development team make menuconfig | This will ask you a series of questions

about your system and drive requirements make dep | This will use dependencies make clean | The clean command will clean up any

unnecessary files left lying around make bzImage | This will begin the process of compiling

your new kernel make lnx | This specified that the source will be

compiled under a Linux system make install | After the make command this will install

the compiled binaries to their directories make modules | This will compile all the necessary

modules make modules_install | This will install modules into the

/lib/modules directory man man vi | Prints the manual page on the specific

topic (vi) to the screen. To scroll down | the page use the Space Bar, to scroll up use the letter b, to exit press the q key.

md5sum md5sum filename.tgz | To ensure a copy between machines went perfectly

mkdir mkdir pascal | This will create new directory (pascal) in the present directory

mkfs mkfs -t msdos -c -v /dos-drive | Formats a partition and builds a new filesystem on it

mkfs -t xfs -c -v /home | -t specifies filesystem type, -v produces verbose output, -c checks for bad blocks

more more /home/html/index.htm | Paginates the specified file so it can be read line by line (using Enter key) or | screen by screen using the Space Bar. Use b key to move back and q to quit.

mount mount -t msdos /dev/hda5 /dos | Mounts the msdos partition on the Hard Drive (hda5) to the directory /dos

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mount -t iso9660/dev/sr0 /cd | Mounts the CD-ROM under the directory /cd

mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt | Mounts the floppy drive with an msdos file system to /mnt

mount -a /etc/fstab | Attempts to mount all file systems located in the /etc/fstab file

mv mv ./home/file ./dso/file | Moves the specified file to another directory

netstat netstat -tap | grep LISTEN |This will give us a list of all currently running TCP servers that are LISTENing on a port

netstat -t -u ---a | This will list all UDP and TCP ports that are open

nice nice -5 sort one.a > two.b | This command adjusts the priority of a process before it starts | The higher the number the lower the priority. All process start at 10

nmap nmap localhost | This will port scan the ‘localhost’ server to determine open ports

nmap -sT -sU -p 1-65535 localhost | This will thoroughly check all ports on the system (both UDP and TCP)

nohup | This command allows a process to continue after you log out

passwd passwd | Launches the password program so the user can change their password

ps ps | Lists all current running processes, their corresponding pids, and their status

ps -ef | grep dsoneil | This will find all of the processes for user dsoneil

pstree pstree ---p | Provides a list of running processes in a tree structure

pwd pwd | Prints the current working directory quota quota | Lists the user’s quotas for both ada

(/home/ada/a#/username) and amelia | (/var/spool/mail/username), indicating the number of blocks used and the users quota.

renice renice -5 6641 | Adjusts the priority of the running process 6641 (The 5 lowers the priority to use less resources)

rm rm file.a | Removes the specified file in your current directory

rm -i file.a | Removes specified file but prompts for confirmation before deleting

rm -r /home/dso | Removes the specified directory and all files in that directory

rmdir rmdir pascal | Removes the empty directory specified, if not empty you will receive an error

rmdir -r pascal | Removes the directory and all files in that directory (if supported)

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route route -n | Displays the Linux Kernel IP routing table route add -net 192.168.0.0 eth0 | This will tell other systems what network

to route your system on route add default gw 192.168.0.5 eth0 | This will tell the your system where

the Internet gateway is located | This information can be added to you /etc/rc.d/rc.local system files (Slackware)

rpm rpm -i file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will unpack an RPM file. This is the most basic method of installation

rpm -U file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will install an upgrade to a previous RPM package.

rpm -i ---force file.rpm | The –force option will force the package to re-install

rpm -e file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will remove and RPM package. (You do not need to use the complete name)

rpm -i ---nodeps file.rpm | This command uses the “no dependencies” flag.

rpm ---qa | This will give a screen print out of all packages installed (q is query)

rpm -qa | grep gtk | This will print out all of the rpm packages will gtk in the file name

rpm -qi file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will provide information on the package you are about to install

rpm ---rebuild file.2.0.rpm | This will rebuild a package if it has been corrupted by another installation process

su su username | This will allow you to access the Superuser privileges. Type exit to revert back to normal

shutdown shutdown -t 10.00 | This will notify all logged in users that the system will shut down at 10:00 AM

shutdown -r -t 20.00 | This will reboot the system at 8:00 PM shutdown -t +10 good day | This will shutdown the system in 10

minutes with the message “good day” sent shutdown ---f | The -f flag will cause Linux to do a fast

reboot sort sort myfile | To sort files. (Options -r Reverse normal

order, -n Sort in numeric order tar tar -cf /usr/dso.tar /home | This command copies the directory /home

to the file /user/dso.tar tar cvf /backup.tar /dso | This will create a tar archive of everything

in the directory /dso tar -xvf file.a.tar | This command will extract the tar archive tar -tvf file.a.tar | more | This will allow you to check whether the

tar archive starts with a directory tar -zxvf file.a.tgz | This command will unzip and extract the

file in one step as opposed to using gzip top M for memory usage information | This program shows a lot of stuff that

goes on with your system. In the P for CPU information | program, you can type: q to quit

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touch touch file.a | Creates an empty file in the current directory with the name file

umask umask -S u=rw,g=,o= | Specify the permission for files when files are created for owner(u),group(g), and others(o)

umask 022 | you can use 022 for read only file permission for others and 077 for read and write permission

uname uname -a | This will print to the screen the Linux Kernel in use on your system

updatedb updatedb | This will update the “locate” database uptime uptime -a 192.168.0.100 | Shows system uptime and includes a list of

users who have been idle for more than one hour

userdel userdel -r dsoneil | This will delete the user dsoneil from the system, the -r option will delete the users /home

w w | Lists all users currently logged into the UNIX system. Provides information such | as username, login time, idle time, and current action

whatis whatis cat | Provides a one-line summary of the command

which which -a filename | This will search through all directories in your current path and find all files named filename

who who | Lists currently logged on users username, port, and when they logged in

whoami whoami | Tells the user who they are acting as; usually their own username.

Other Useful Commands Ctrl-Alt-F1: installation dialog Ctrl-Alt-F2: shell prompt Ctrl-Alt-F3: install log Ctrl-Alt-F4: system related messages Ctrl-Alt-F5: other messages Ctrl-Alt-F7: X graphical display

txufazmfjyyg Linux commandrsm;onf tokH;rsm;aom Linux command

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29

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30

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depth owner group size Creation time filename

drwxr-x--- 12 root root 4096 Sep 18 14:17 gtkrc

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34

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udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf password onf wdkvGef;aeygu odkYr[kwf vG,fulaeygu BAD

password jzpfaMumif; ajymrnf jzpfaomfvnf; password conformation wGif

&dkufoGif;cJhaom password udk aemufwpfBudrf &dkufoGif; &rnf jzpfonf/ xkdtcg user

acoount jhon twGuf password rSm successfully change jzpfoGm;aMumif; azmfjyrnf

jzpfonf/

zefwD;xm;aom user account jhon udk delete vkyfrnfqdkygu command rSm

userdel jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumif; userdel jhon udk &dkufEdkyfygu jhon qdkaom user

account ysufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf clear udk &dkufEdkyfygu screen &Sif;oGm;rnf

jzpfonf/ tu,fí rnfonfh user account rSrqdk logout vkyfvdkygu Ctrl+d odkYr[kwf

exit udk&dkufEdkyfygu logout jzpfoGm;rnf jzpfNyD; login screen odkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sd oGm;rnf

jzpfonf/

tu,fí file wpfckudk zefwD;vdkygu command rSm touch jzpfonf/ syntax rSm

atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

35

touch filename

test qdkaom file wpfckudk wnfaqmufvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if; file udk temp

directory atmufxJodkY xnfhvdkvsif

cp test /tmp

jzpfonf/ cp qdkonfrSm copy \ twdkaumuf jzpfNyD; temp directory atmufodkY

a&mufra&muf odvdkvsif

ls -al /tmp/test

[k &dkufEdkyfvdkufygu awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ test file udk jyefzsufvdkygu command rSm-

rm test

jzpfNyD; file tm; zsufrnfqdkonfh conformation udk ar;rnf jzpfonf y udk

&dkufEdkyfvdkufygu ysufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ ls -al command jzifh jyefMunfhygu

ysufoGm;onfudk awGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/

Linux onf login 0ifvsif0ifcsif; '/' ac: root directory xJodkYa&mufaeayvdrfhrnf/

tjcm; directory xJodkY oGm;csifygu DOS rSmuJhodkY cd (change directory) jzpfonf/ temp

directory odkYoGm;vdkvsif cd /tmp [k&dkufEdkyf&rnf/ rdrda&muf&Sdaeaom directory udk

odvdkvsif pwd (print working directory) qdkaom command udk &dkufEdkyfygu

vuf&Sda&mufaeaom directory udk azmfjyrnf jzpfonf/

aemufwzef test qdkaom file wpfck zefwD;NyD; ¤if; file tm; test 1 [k emrnf

ajymif;vdkygu mv qdkaom command jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif ¤if; file tm; permission

ajymif;rnfqdkygu chmod qdkaom command udk okH;&rnf jzpfonf/ atmufwGif

emrnfajymif;ykHESifh permission ajymif;vJykHwdkYudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

36

file rsm;tm; list vkyfMunfhaomtcgwGif tpdrf;a&mifrSm binary file jzpfNyD;

tjzLa&mifrSm ASCII file jzpfonf/

System Administration

Linux wGif system udk configuration file rsm;jzifh xdrf;csKyfonf/ xdk

configuration file rsm;onf omref ASCII file rsm;omjzpfonfhtwGuf ¤if; file rsm;udk edit

vkyf&ef editor rsm;jzifh configure vkyf&onf/ Edit vkyfaom editor rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf

1990 ckESpf linux pwifay:aygufonfhtcsdefrS pwifí ,aeYwdkiftokH;jyKvsuf&Sdaom editor

rSm vi editor jzpfonf/ aemufwpfrsdK;rSm mcedit ESifh tjcm; third party editor

rsm;vJ&Sdonf/ vi onf tjcm; editor rsm;ESifh ,SOfvsif ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfrSm script

vkyf&mwGif process awGudk sentence rsm;jzifh edit vkyfEdkifonfhtwGufjzpfNyD; vi onf linux

ray:cif ay:cJhzl;aom edlin qdkonfh line editor ESifh qifwlonf/ vi \ command

rsm;onf vG,fulonfhtwGuf linux &Sdvsif vi &Sd&rnf jzpfNyD; vi &SdaeorQ Linux &Sdaernf

jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux tokH;jyKolrsm; taeESifh vi udk tuRrf;w0if&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/

vi editor udk pwifrnf qdkygu command rSm t&dk;&Sif;qkH; jzpfNyD; vi [k

&dkufEdkyf&kHjzifh vi editor odkY 0ifa&mufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí temp qdkaom file

wpfckudk vi jzifh create vkyfrnfqdkygu vi temp [k&dkufEdkyf&ygrnf/ vi editor wGif pwif

edit vkyf&ef 'i' Edkyfvdkufrnfqdkygu inseart [k screen \ atmufqkH;wGif

ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaemufrdrd vdk&mudk edit vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

37

vi editor wGif insert rvkyfyJ vi editor udk command ay;vdkygu Esc cvkwfudk

&dkufEdkyfNyD; command ay;Edkifygonf/ owdjyK&efrSm Esc udk &dkufNyD; ':' sign udk

&dkufay;&onf/ odkYrSom command ay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ vi editor tm; edit vkyfNyD;vsif

save vkyf&ef command rSm Ecs EdkyfNyD; ':' sign Edkyf&ygrnf/ NyD;vsif 'w' jzpfonf/ write

[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ vi editor rS save vkyfNyD; xGufvdkygu wq jzpfNyD; tu,fí bmwpfckrQ

edit rvkyfyJ xGufvdkvsif !q jzpfonf/

zefwD;xm;aom temp file wGif line tcsdKU&dkufEdkyfNyD; txufazmfjyyg command

rsm;twdkif; save NyD; vi editor rS xGufMunfhyg/ xdkYaemuf vi temp qdkaom command

jzifh temp file udk jyefzGifhMunfhEdkifygonf/ xdkYtjyif edit rvkyfyJ Munfh&kHrQom Munfhvdkvsif

cat command udk okH;Edkifonf/ cat filename jzpfonf/ temp file udk Munfhrnfqdkygu

cat temp jzpfonf/ cat taMumif;udk odvdkygu cat --help udk&dkufEdkyfNyD;

tao;pdwfod&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

zefwD;xm;aom temp zdkiftm; vi editor jzifhjyefvnf edit vkyfrnf qdkygu vi temp

[k &dkufEdkyfNyD; edit vkyfEdkifonf/ ¤if; file twGif;rS lne wpfcktm; copy vkyfvdkygu copy

vkyfvdkaom line wGif coursor xm;NyD; Esc udkEdkyfNyD;vsif yy udkEdkyfNyD; copy ul;&ygrnf/

xdkYaemuf paste csvdkaom ae&mwGif coursor xm;NyD; pp udkEdkyfrnfqdkygu copy

ul;NyDjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ wpfaMumifr[kwfyJ 5 aMumif; copy yGm;vdku 5p jzpfonf/ 3 aMumif;

jzpfu 3p jzpfNyD; zsufvdku dd udkEdkyfNyD; zsuf&rnf jzpfonf/

38

Esc udkEkdyfNyD; j, k,l, h udk EdSyfygu coursor udk tay:atmuf ab;b,fnm

oGm;wmjzpfonf/ vi editor twGif rdrd&Smvdkaom pmvkH;udk &Sm&eftwGuf command rSm Esc

udk EdkyfNyD; / ESifh &SmcsifwJh pmvkH;udk (/ice) &dkuf&rnf jzpfonf/ vi editor jzifh

configuration file rsm;udk edit vkyfjcif; taMumif; od&SdNyD;onfhaemuf atmufygtwdkif;

vufawGUprf;oyfMunfhEdkifygonf/ cd /etc udk&dkufEdkyfí etc directory atmufodkY0ifNyD; ¤if;

directory xJ&Sd passwd tm; vi passwd command jzifh edit vkyfMunfhygrnf/ vi editor

odkYa&muf&SdaomtcgwGif jhon user account ab;&Sd 501 ESifh 502 wdkYonf user ID

rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if; ID rsm;ae&mwGif 0 wefzdk;rsm; tpm;oGif;NyD; wq jzifh write vkyfNyD; quit

vkyfrnfqdkygu jhon onf root \ authority &aom user account jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/

tu,fí rdrdpufxJwGif root authority &aom user account b,fESpfck&Sdaeonfudk

od&Sdvdkygu grep jzifh atmufygtwdkif; MunfhEdkifonf/

cat passwd | grep 0:0 | wc -l

xdktcg ta&twGuf rnfrQ&SdaeaMumif; atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; print

vkyfjyrnfjzpfonf/

39

tu,fí omref user account jzifh tvkyfvkyfaepOftwGif; root account taejzifh

authorized vkyf&rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif su – udk tokH;jyKNyD; root user account taejzifh

tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf root password udk&dkufoGif;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí '-'

sign rygvsif root account \ shell tppftrSefudk rokH;yJ vuf&SdtokH;jyKaeaom user \

shell udk tokH;jyKum root \ authority udk&,lrnf jzpfonf/

The signal of Linux

Linux wGif OS pwifjcif;? reboot vkyfjcif;? Graphical mode ESifh pwifjcif; odkYr[kwf

CLI mode jzifh login 0ifjcif; ponfwdkYudk xdrf;csKyfonfrSm signal rsm;jzifh xdrf;csKyfonf/

¤if; signal rsm;udk initaialization signal rsm;[kac:NyD; xdk signal rsm;udk inittab qdkaom

file jzifh xdrf;csKyfxm;onf/ inittab file onf /etc atmufwGif&Sdonf/ vi editor jzifh edit

vkyfonfhtcg atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfygonf/

signal '0' onf shutdown

signal '1' onf Singleuser mode

signal '2' onf NFS(Network File Systam) rygaom Multiuser mode

signal '3' onf Full multiuser mode or CLI mode

signal '4' onf for reserve

signal '5' onf graphical mode with NFS and Multiuser

signal '6' onf restart the system jzpfonf/

ykHwGif id:3:initdefault: onf (3) jzpfonfhtwGuf Full multiuser mode

without GUI jzpfonfhtwGuf command Line mode jzifh login wufvmrnf jzpfonf/

tu,fí default value 3 ae&mwGif 5 tjzpfajymif;vJNyD; wq jzifh overwrite

vkyfrnfqdkygu GUI mode jzifh login wufvmrnf jzpfonf/

40

File system rsm;ae&m,lxm;ykHESifh ywfoufNyD; Linux wGif fstab qdkaom

command jzifh File system table udkMunhfEdkifonf/ xdkYenf;wl PCI device rsm;udk list

vkyfMunfhvdkygu lspci command jzpfonf/ module rsm;udk list vkyfMunfhonfh

command rSm lsmod jzpfonf/ modules.conf file onf hardware rsm;\ module

rsm;taMumif;ESifh ¤if;wdkYudk drive vkyfaom file jzpfonf/ ¤if; file onf /etc atmufwGif

&Sdonf/ cat /etc/modules.conf udk&dkufEdkyfí modules rsm;udkMunfh&IEdkifonf/

xdkYtwl rdrdpuf&Sd Harddisk rsm;\ disk space udk odvdkvsif df command udk okH;&rnf/

du command onf file system rsm;tvdkuf ae&m,lxm;onfh yrmPrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;

jzpfonf/ du -hs /etc qdkvsif etc directory \ t&G,ftpm;udk azmfjyvdrfhrnf/

DOS wGif partition cGJvdkcsif fdisk command jzifhokH;EdkifouJhodkY Linux wGifvnf;

fdisk command udkokH;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf DOS \ fdisk xufxl;jcm;aom

tm;omcsufrSm DOS \ fdisk onf 16-bit FAT udkom manage vkyfEdkifNyD; Linux \

fdisk onf file system rsm;pGmudk manage vkyfay;Ekdifonf/ fdisk command

tm;tokH;jyKykHrSm-

fdisk -l /dev/hda

[k&dkufEdkyfygu rdrdMunfhvdkaom harddisk \ information udk odEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

tu,fí -l rygvsif harddisk udk management vkyfrnf[k command ay;jcif; jzpfonf/

-l rygyJ &dkufEdkyfNyD; fdisk ESifh ywfoufí help vdktyfygu m udk &dkufEdkyfMunfh&IEdkifonf/

rdrdpufwGif puf pwifzGifhvsif zGifhcsif; hardware device rsm;udk load vkyfEdkif?

rvkyfEkdifudk od&Sdvdkygu kernel rS wdkuf&dkufxkwfay;aom message rsm;udk jyefvnf

zwf&Ijcif; jzifh od&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ kernel rSxkwfay;aom message udk zwf&ef

command rSm dmesg jzpfNyD; more cH&dkufrSom wpfvdkif;csif;pD awGUjrifEkdifrnf/ xdkYaMumifh

command line rSm-

dmesg | more

rdrdpufwGif tokH;jyKaeaom RAM yrmP rnfrQ free jzpfaeonfudk odvdkygu

command rSm free om jzpfonf/

41

Searching in Linux Linux wGif rdrd&Smvdkaom files rsm;? directory rsm;udk tvG,fwul &SmEdkif&eftwGuf

search command rsm;&Sdonf/ owdjyK&efrSm searching rvkyfrD updatedb qdkaom

command jzifh database rsm;udk OD;pGm update jzpfae&ef vkyfxm;oifhygonf/ Linux

twGif;&Sd search command rsm;rSm-

locate filename find / filename

find command onf rnfonfh directory xJwGif tvkyfvkyfaeonfjzpfap

&Smvdkaom file udk &SmEdkifonfh command jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif binary file rsm;udk &Smvdku

which filename

ae&mudk odvdkygu whereis filename jzifh&SmEdkifonf/

whereis -b filename (binary files rsm;udkom azmfjyrnf)

whereis -m filename (manual page files rsm;udkom azmfjyrnf)

whereis -s filename (sources files rsm;udkomazmfjyrnf)

rdrdpuftwGif user rnfrQ0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonfudk od&Sdvdkyguvnf; w odkYr[kwf

who command jzifhodEkdifrnf/ xdkY tjyif finger command jzifhvnf; od&SdEdkifonf/

odkYaomf finger service onf user plan udkyg azmfjyavh&Sdojzifh tcsdKUonf ¤if; service udk

off xm;avh&Sdonf/

hostname qdkaom command onf name to IP, IP to Name ajymif;vJay;aom

command jzpfonf/ uname command onf hardware ESifh software information rsm;udk

print vkyfjyonf/

42

Process Management Windows OS ay:&Sd task manager uJhodkY rdrdpufwGif process rnfrQ run

aeonfudk od&SdEdkifonfh command rSm ps jzpfNyD;

ps -ax | more

qdkygu atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEkdifrnf jzpfonf/

process wGif [---] ygaom process rsm;onf kernel \ process rsm;jzpfNyD; [---]

rygvsif user process jzpfonf/ a&ShwGif yg&Sdaom *Pef;rsm;onf process ID rsm;

jzpfMuNyD; ¤if; ID rsm;jzifhom process management udk jyKvkyf&onf/ process udk stop

vkyfjcif;tm; Linux wGif; process udk kill onf[k ac:onf/ command rSm-

kill -9 1576

txufyg command wGif 1576 qdkonfrSm process ID jzpfNyD; -9 qdkonfrSm kill

vkyf&mwGif strongest tjzpfqkH; signal jzpfonf/

Windows \ task manager uJhodkY process rsm;ESifh CPU, RAM ponfwdkY\ status

udkod&SdEdkif&ef command rSm top jzpfonf/ atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ top

process manager twGif; tokH;jyKaom command rsm;udk odvdkygu h udk &dkufESdyfNyD;

odEkdifygonf/ process udk kill vdkvsif PID qdkaom process ID eHygwftvdkuf kill

vkyfEkdifonf/ xGufvdku q udkESdyfNyD; xGuf&rnf/

43

Package Management or Software Installation on Linux

Windows platform wGif install vkyfjcif;udk Linux wGif package [kac:onf/ Linux

wGif &Sdaom package type (3)rsdK;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

• RPM (RedHat Package Management) # rpm

• Debian # dpkg

• TAR (Tape Archive Format)

# abc.tar.gz (or) abc.tgz

RPM ESifh Debian wdkYonf Linux twGuf oD;oefY specific jzpfonf/ TAR onf Unix

ESifh tjcm; linux rsm;wGif operate vkyfEkdifonf/ RPM type package udk control vkyfaom

command rSm rpm jzpfonf/ Debian udk dpkg jzifh manage vkyfonf/ TAR type onf

tape device wGif odrf;qnf;Edkif&eftxd jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifh command \ aemufwGif

device udk file tjzpf ay;vsif file format jzifh odrf;qnf;rnf jzpfNyD; tape tjzpfay;cJhvsif

tape xJwGif record vkyfvdkY &onf/

multipile files rsm;tm; TAR jzifh package vkyf&mwGif files trsm;BuD;tm; file

wpfckwnf; tjzpf pkaygif;vkdufjcif;om jzpfNyD; compress rvkyfay/ xdkYaMumifh TAR file

wpfckxGufvmvsif Linux wGif &Sdaom zip utility jzpfonfh gzip jzifh compress

vkyfay;&onf/ xdkodkY gzip vkyfvdkufonfhtwGufaMumifh filename.tar file onf

44

filename.tar.gz odkYr[kwf filename.tgz file format jzpfoGm;NyD; file size

vnf;ao;i,foGm;rnf jzpfonf/

tar format awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif source code rsm;ygvmwwfNyD; rdrdpufay:wGif

jyefNyD; compile vkyf&onf/ odkYrSom execute vkyfEdkifonfh binary file xGufvmrnf

jzpfonf/ source code ygvmonf qdkaomfvJ binary vnf; ygvmwwfonf/ source code

xnfhay;&jcif;rSm pufwdkif;wGif operate vkyfEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar format

wGif source code onf primary jzpfNyD; binary file onf secondry jzpfonf/

RPM onf binary file ygvmNyD;om; jzpfouJhodkY vdktyfygu compile vkyfEkdif&ef

source code vnf; ygvmonf/ odkUaomf RPM wGif binary file onf primary jzpfNyD;

source code onf secondary jzpfonf/

RPM onf command wpfaMumif;wnf;ESifh package aygif;rsm;pGmudk management

vkyfEdkifonfhtjyif WEB ay:rSvnf; install vkyfEkdifonf/ tar ESifh rpm wdkY\ command

rsm;teuf tcsdkKUudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

files rsm;tm; csKHNyD; aygif;pnf; (package) vkyfvdkygu-

tar -cvzf filename /directory c = create v = verbose z = gzip (zip vkyfrnf[k ajymjcif; jzpfonf)

f = file format ESifh output xkwfrnf

txufyg command wGif tar onf tar jzifh package vkyfrnfh command jzpfNyD;

-cvzf onf option jzpfonf/ /directory onf package vkyfvdkaom file \

wnfae&mjzpfonf/

Package vkyfxm;aom file tm; jyefjznfxkwfrnf odkYr[kwf install vkyfrnf qdkygu-

tar -xvzf filename.tar.gz x = extract

v = verbose

z = unzip

f = file format

txufyg command wGif filename onf tar format jzifh compress vkyfxm;aom

file jzpfonf/

Uninstall vkyfrnf qdkygu &dk;&Sif;aom command rSm rm jzpfNyD; syntax rSm-

45

rm -Rf filename R = remove

f = do not confirm for remove

tu,fí gzip udk tokH;jyKNyD; compress / decompress vkyfvdkvsif gzip ESifh ¤if;\

switch option rsm;rSm-

gzip -f force overwrite output file and compress link

-1 (one)compress faster

-9 compress better

-t test compress

-d decompress

-l list

rpm ESifh ywfoufNyD; install / Uninstall vkyfaom command rsm;rSm

atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

rpm -ivh filename install package

rpm -Uvh filename uninstall package

rpm -ivh --replacepkgs replace package alerady installed

pufxJwGif install vkyfxm;aom package rsm;udk odvdkvsif-

rpm -qa | more

rpm -qa | grep packagename rpm -qpi filename (qpi = query package information)

rpm -qpl filename (qpl = query package list)

install vkyfNyD;om; packages rsm;udk uninstall vkyfvdkvsif-

rpm -e filename (e = erase)

Files rsm;udk compress vkyf&mwGif aemufxyf command wpfrsdK;rSm zcat

command jzpfonf/

46

CD Rom mount vkyfjcif;

Linux wGif CD Rom udk cd drive xJodkY xnfhoGif;NyD;ygu mount vkyfay;&onf/

odkYrSom cd tm;zwfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ cd udk mount vkyf&efrSm-

mount /mnt/cdrom

cd /mnt/cdrom jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf ls command jzifh cd rom tm; list

vkyfMunfhEkdifonf/ cd tm; unmount vkyfvdkygu /dev directory xJodkY jyefoGm;NyD;

unmount cdrom [k &dkufEdkyfEdkifonf/ t&dk;&Sif;qkH;rSm /cdrom rSxGufNyD; eject [k

&dkufEdkyfvdkufygu cd tray xGufvmrnf jzpfonf/

Proxy/Cache Server on Linux

Linux ay:wGif server rsm;tvdkuf services ay;onfh taMumif;rsm;tm;

ravhvmrnf Linux wGif rdrdpufüwwfqifxm;aom NIC rsm;udk IP configuration

vkyfay;onfhtaMumif;udk od&Sdxm;&ayrnf/ IP configuration udk DOS ü ipconfig

command jzifh Munfh&IEdkifouJhodkY Linux wGif &Sdaom command rSm DOS ESifh qifwlonfh

ifconfig (interface configuration) jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifonf/ ¤if; command \ syntax

rSm ifconfig jzpfaomfvnf; tu,fí rdrdpufwGif NIC wpfckxufydkNyD; wwfqifxm;ygu

NIC trnfESifhvnf; Munfh&IEdkifonf/ Oyrm- ifconfig eth0 jzpfonf/

ifconfig jzifh MunfhaomtcgwGif jrifawGU&aom NIC wdkY\ configuration rsm;udk

xdrf;odrf;xm;&Sdonfh zdkifrsm;rSm /etc/sysconfig/network/scripts/ atmufwGif &SdMuonf/ file

names rsm;rSm ifcfg-eth0, ifcfg-eth1 tp&Sdonfjzifh rdrdpufwGif &Sdaom NIC

ta&twGuftvdkuf &Sdrnfjzpfonf/

47

tu,fí ¤if; files rsm;r&Sdygu Ethernet udk rdrdudk,fwdkif zefwD;ay;&ayvdrfhrnf/

xdkYaMumifh ¤if; file rsm;\ default wGif rdrdwdkYtokH;jyKaom NIC \ IP address ESifh

Netmask wdkYudk vi editor jzifh jyifqifay;&ayrnf/ ¤if; files tm; Munfhrnfqdkvsif

atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEdkifrnf/

IPADDR wGif rdrdpuf\ IP address udk &dkufoGif;&rnf/ NETMASK, NETWORK, ESifh

BROADCAST ae&mrsm;wGif vnf; oufqdkif&m Address rsm;&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ xdkYaMumifh IP

address udk configure rvkyf&ao;vsif ifcfg-eth0 udk edit vkyf&rnf/

Linux ay:wGif IP addressing taMumif; azmfjyNyD;onfhaemuf Linux wGif

ay;Edkifonfh DNS, DHCP, Proxy/Cache, E-Mail, IRC, Remote server tp&Sdaom Network

services rsm;taMumif;udk od&Sdxm;&rnf/ azmfjycJhaom service rsm;udk Linux ay:wGif

services taeESifh od&Sdem;vnfxm;onf/ ¤if; service rsm;tm; run aom service program

udk Daemon [kac:onf/ xdkYaMumifh WEB service onf http jzpfvsif service ay;aom

program rSm httpd jzpfonf/ ftp service twGuf ftpd, Mail service twGuf popd

ESifh IRC service twGuf ircd ponfjzifh jrifawGUEdkifonf/

rnfonfh service udkrqdk manage vkyfaom command rSm service jzpfonf/

Oyrm- network module udk manage vkyfvdkvsif-

service network start (network module tm; pwif&ef)

service network stop (network module tm; ydwfypf&ef)

service network restart (network module udk restart vkyf&ef)

48

service ay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; service tvdkuf tokH;jyKí service ay;aom port

rsm;udk od&Sdae&rnf/ Oyrm telnet onf port 33 ESifh ssh onf port 22 jzpfonf/ ssh

qdkonfrSm secure shell jzpfonf/ ssh twGuf command rSm sshd jzpfonf/ sshd onf

linux server rsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaom remote server software jzpfonf/ ssh udk

tokH;jyKrnfqdkygu atmufygtwdkif; tqifhvdkufvkyfaqmif&rnf/

yxrOD;pGm sshd service udk pwif&ygrnf/

service sshd start

xdkYaemuf rdrdpufwGif sshd service tvkyfwu,f vkyf^rvkyf odvdkvsif netstat

command jzifh Munfh&IEdkifonf/

netstat | grep 22 (service port of ssh)

xdkYaemuf rdrdpufESifh Network group wlaom tjcm;pufwpfvkH;wGif putty software jzifh

Linux sshd on xm;aom pufudk remote administration vkyfEkdifonf/ putty \ user

interface udk atmufwGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/

Host Name (or IP address) ae&mwGif sshd service on xm;aom Linux puf\

address udk&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ Port wGif 22 jzpfNyD; Protocol wGif SSH jzpfygrnf/ Open udk

click aomtcgwGif warning message ay:vmrnfjzpfNyD; yes udk click vsif ssh on

xm;aom Linux puf\ login screen udk jrifawGUEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

wzef ssh on xm;aom linux pufwGif rdrd system twGif user rnfrQ

0ifa&mufokH;pGJaeaMumif; odvkdvsif w qdkaom command udkEdkyfNyD; Munfhygu putty

software okH;NyD; remote admin vkyfaeaom pufudk jrifawGUEkdifrnf jzpfonf/

49

WEB Service on Linux

Linux wGif tokH;jyKaom WEB service ay;onfh software rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf

apache WEB server onf Enterprise level txd vG,fulacsmarGUpGm tokH;jyKEkdifaom

aMumifh apache \ nature ESifh configuration udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

Apache WEB server Apache onf open source server wpfckjzpfNyD; server \ factory default setting

jzifhyif oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom WEB site rsm;udk service ay;Edkifonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf

apache onf multi sit connection jzpfNyD; pdwfBudKuf configure vkyfEdkifaomaMumifh

jzpfonf/ apache \ configuration ESifh ywfoufNyD; tajccH WEB server wpfck

omreftvkyfvkyfEdkifaom configuration setting rsm;udk tqifhvdkuf atmufwGif azmfjyxm;

ygonf/

Linux wGif WEB service udk httpd(http deamon) jzifh udk,fpm;jyKonf/ xdkYaMumifh

httpd service udk service httpd start qkdaom command jzifh http service On

&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf apache WEB server \ configuration udk /etc/httpd/conf

atmufwGif &Sdaom httpd.conf file udk vi editor jzifh edit vkyf&ygrnf/ vi jzifh editor

vkyfaomtcg atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGUEdkifrnf jzpfyg section (1) \ server root

configure wGif ServerRoot "/etc/httpd" jzpfaMumif; onf ta&;BuD;onf/ apache

\ configuration wGif # sign ygvsif command r[kwfyJ description(remark) jzpfNyD;

rygvsif command jzpfonf/

ServerAdmin wGif rdrd\ e-Mail address udk &dkufoGif;Edkifonf/ Listing wGif 80 udk

awGUjrifEdkifrnf jzpfNyD; ¤if;rSm rdrd http service ay;aom port jzpfonf/ tu,fí xdk port

udk rdrdpdwfBudKuf port jyifxm;vdku jyifEkdifonf/ ServerName wGif new.host.name:80 udk

awGUjrifEdkifrnf jzpfNyD; xdk line \atmufwGif ServerName rdrd IP address ESifh service

ay;rnfh port udk a&ShqkH;ü # sign rygyJ &dkufoGif;&rnf/

tu,fí DNS service &SdaecJhygu ¤if;ae&mwGif rdrdwdkY puf emrnf odkYr[kwf site

name udk &dkufoGif;Edkifonf/ rdrd\ Web Server jcif;tm; netstat –an | grep 80 jzifh

Munfhygu Port 80 tvkyfvkyfaeygu Server Run aeNyDjzpfonf/

50

xdkYaemuf atmufodkY qufvuf Munfhygu DocumentRoot udk awGUEkdifrnf jzpfonf/

Document root qdkonfrSm WEB site rsm;xm;aom directory jzpfonf/ Default

DocumentRoot rSm /var/www/html jzpfNyD; WEB site rsm;udk ¤if; directory atmufodkY

xm;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ qufvufNyD; Directory tydkif;odkY a&mufvsif Directory \

configure udk DocumentRoot ESifh wlnDatmifxm;&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdpufonf WEB

server vkyfrnf[k &nf&G,fcJhygvsif /var udk partition owfowfcGJjcm;NyD; disk space

rsm;rsm;xm;ay;&rnf/ xdkYaemuf DirectoryIndex tydkif;wGif WEB site \ yxrOD;qkH; home

page \ name ESifh wnfae&mudk azmfjy&dkufoGif;rnf qdkvsif WEB server wpfck

atmifjrifpGm configura vkyfNyD; jzpfonf/

rSefuefaom configuration NyD;ygu httpd services udk restart vkyfay;&ygrnf/

odkYrSom configuration vkyfxm;aom effect onf oufa&mufrI &Sdrnfjzpfonf/ rdrd pufwGif

WEB server run aeonfudk Munhfvdkygu tjcm;pufrS web browser wGif proxy setting

tm; WEB server \ IP Esifh port udk setting csay;NyD; URL address ae&mü WEB server

address ESifh port udk&dkufoGif;ygu apache \ Welcome screen udk jrifawGUEdkifrnf

jzpfonf/

WEB service tm; puf pwifzGifhonfESifh tvdktavsmuf start vkyf&eftwGuf

setting csxm;ay;Edkifonf/ command rSm-

ntsysv jzpfNyD; atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif httpd udk check vkyfNyD; OK

udk Edkyfygu OS boot vkyfonfESifh WEB server run NyD;om;jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/

51

Setting up Gateway on Linux

Linux OS wGif Gateway setting udk GUI mode rS jyKvkyfvsifvG,fulaomfvnf;

CLI mode wGif setting jyKvkyfjcif;onf ydkrdkpdwfcs&NyD; wdusaom setting wpfckudk

jzpfay:aponf/ Gateway setting rjyKvkyfrnf route -n qdkaom command jzifh route

vkyfaeaom tajctaeudk Munfh&Irnfqdkygu Gateway setting rvkyf&ao;ojzifh Kernel

IP routing table udk atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

Gateway udk setting jyKvkyfvdkygu /etc/sysconfig/ atmufwGif&Sdaom

network qdkonfh file wGif Edit vkyfEkdifonf/

vi /etc/sysconfig/network

txufygtwdkif; command udk &dkufoGif;NyD; gateway IP udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/

&dkufoGif;&mwGif syntax rSm-

GATEWAY=192.168.0.254

ponfjzihf rdrd Gateway IP udk&dkufoGif;&rnf/

52

Gateway udk owfrSwfay;NyD;aemuf hosts file udk setting csay;&rnf jzpfonf/ hosts file

udk&Sm&efrSm ¤if; file onf /etc directory atmufwGifwdkuf&dkuf&Sdygonf/

vi /etc/hosts

xdktcgatmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/ 127.0.0.1 onf local loop back

jzpfonfudk aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;&rnf/

xdkYaemuf e*dk&SdNyD;om; default setting udk atmufygtwdkif; rdrd\ IP address ay:rlwnfNyD;

jyif&ygrnf/

xdkodkY hosts file udk edit vkyfNyD;vsif nameserver udk setting jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ name

server setting jyKvkyfykHrSm /etc/resolv.conf file udk edit vkyfay;&ygrnf/

nameserver wGif rdrdpuf\ DNS udk xnfhoGif;&ygrnf/ Oyrm- bagan rS

connection &,lxm;onfqdkygu namerserver wGif

nameserver 203.81.71.69

[k&dkufoGif;&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf nslookup command jzifh rdrd ESpfouf&m WEB site

wpfckcktm; Munfhrnf qdkygu IP address azmfjyrnf jzpfonf/

Oyrm- nslookup www.bagan.net.mm

txufygtwdkif; Gateway setting jyKvkyfjcif;? hosts file udk edit vkyfjcif;ESifh

resolve.conf file jzifh DNS owfrSwfay;jcif;rsm; NyD;ygu rdrdpufonf Internet odkY csdwfquf

tokHjyKEkdifNyDjzpfonf/ Internet odkYcsdwfqufNyD;ygu rdrdwdkY LAN twGif; proxy servise

ay;onfh proxy server wpfck jyKvkyfum Internet udk sharing jyKvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ proxy

server wGif Linux \ squid II onf powerful jzpfaom proxy service ay;Edkifonf/

53

Squid II

squid onf ¤if;\ proxy setting udk edit vkyf&mü CLI mode jzifh jyKvkyf&onf/

xdkYaMumifh squid \ setting udkjyKjyif&ef file rSm /etc/squid twGif;&Sd squid.conf file

jzpfonf/ ¤if; squid.conf file udk vi editor jzifh Munfhvdkufrnf qdkygu pmaMumif;a&

3225 vdkif; &Sdaom squid \ configuration file udk awGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/ squid \

configuration udk atmufygtwdkif; tqifhvdkufjyKvkyfoGm;&rnf/

yxrOD;pGm Network Option wGif proxy service ay;rnfh port udk edit

vkyfay;&rnf/ configuration file \ default rSm 3128 jzpfonfudk awGUjrif&rnf/ port

3128 onf ,cifu tokH;jyKaom proxy port jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,aeYacwfwGif

international tokH;jyKaeaom proxy port rSm 80 jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh # http_port 3128 qdkaomae&mwGif # sign udk zsufNyD; port udk on

&ygrnf/ port number ajymif;vdkvsif 3128 ae&mü rdrdxm;vdkaom port number udk

&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ Oyrm 80 xm;rnfqdkygu command line status rSm atmufygtwdkif;

jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/

http_port 80

port number udk jyifNyD;vsif cache peer udk setting vkyf&ygrnf/ cache peer

qdkonfrSm rdrdtxufrS proxy server udk ajymjcif; jzpfonf/ tu,fí bagan net rS

connection udk &,lxm;onfqdkygu cache peer wGif bagan rS proxy server address udk

54

&dkufoGif;&rnf jzpfonf/ cache peer setting \ default rSm none jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh

none udk zsufNyD; atmufygtwdkif; &dkufoGif;&rnf/ &dkufoGif;rnfh line number onf 309

jzpfonfudk nmbuf atmufa'gifhwGif awGUEdkifrnf/

cache_peer 192.168.1.254 parent 8080 0 default no-query

txufyg command line udk &Sif;&rnf qdkvsif cache_peer onf cache_peer

command jzpfonf/ 192.168.1.254 qdkonfrSm parient proxy \ IP address

jzpfonf/ parient qdkonfrSm parient jzpfaMumif; aMumfjimjcif; jzpfonf/ 8080 rSm

parient proxy \ service ay;aeaom port jzpfonf/ aemufxyf 0 rSm neighbours

rsm;tm; query ay;jcif;r&Sd[k t"dygÜ,f&onf/ default qdkonfrSm connection tm;vkH;

default okH;rnf[k ajymjcif; jzpfonf/ no-query qdkonfrSm query rvkyfbl; [k

t"dyÜg,f&onf/ tu,fí parient proxy wGif rdrdonf user account wpfck &,lxm;NyD;

login vkyfrS access ay;onfh parient proxy jzpfaeygu no-query aemufwGif login

name ESifh password udk &dkufoGif;ay;&ayrnf/

Proxy server onf High Volume Traffic udk access vkyf&aomaMumifh IO system

aumif;&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh server tokH;jyKaom cache memory yrmPrsm;&ef

vdktyfonf/ Squid wGifvnf; cache memory udk setting vkyfay;&onf/ Option Which

Effect the Cache Size qdkaom acgif;pOfatmufwGif line number 468 ü default setting

8 MB udk awGUEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ # sign udk zsufNyD; cache memory udk on ygrnf/ NyD;vsif

rdrdxm;vdkaom cache size udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/

xdkYaemuf line number 501 &Sd maximum_object_size 4096 KB udk # sign

zsufNyD; default setting twdkif; on ay;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf Logfile Pathnames and Cache

Directory acgif;pOf atmuf&Sd cache directory udk setting vkyfay;&rnf/ Default setting

jzpfonfh line number 666 wGif&Sdaom cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100

16 256 qdkaom command line udk # sign zsufí on ay;&rnf/ azmfjyyg command \

t"dyÜg,fwGif 100 onf directory \ size udk ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ 16 qdkonfrSm ¤if;

directory wGif directory 16 ck&Sdrnf[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ 256 onf sub directory 256

ckxm;&Sdrnf[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/

xdkYaemuf line number 673 &Sd cache_access_log ? line number 681 &Sd

cache_log ESifh line number 691 &Sd cache_store_log wdkYudk toD;oD; on ay;&rnf/

¤if; log rsm;onf rdrd server tm; access vkyfonfh connection rsm;udk log taeESifh

55

odrf;qnf;azmfjy&ef jzpfNyD; server run aecsdefwGifvnf; monitor vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

xdkYaemuf line number 733 wGif&Sdaom emulate_httpd_log off qdkaom command

line udk # sing zsufNyD; on ay;&kHrQru default setting jzpfonfh off udk on

[kajymif;vJay;NyD; command udk on &ygrnf/

qufvufNyD; line number 1678 wGif acl setting udk awGUjrifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ acl

qdkonfrSm access control list jzpfNyD; standart jzpfaom denine vkyfay;Edkifonfh tool

jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ command rSm acl jzpfonf/ command line t"dyÜg,ftm;

em;vnfxm;&efvdktyfygonf/

acl all src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0

acl qdkonfrSm acl command jzpfonf/ all qdkonfrSm aclname jzpfonf/ src

onf source jzpfNyD; 0 rsm;onf IP address jzpfonf/ txufyg command line t&

rnfonfh source address rSrqdk vma&muf access vkyfEdkifaMumif; ajymxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

Line number 1739 wGif And Finally deny all other access to this proxy ae&mü

local host rS vGJí usefwmtm;vkH;udk deny vkyfxm;onfudk atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGUEkdif

rnfjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh default twdkif; xm;&Sdygu rnfonfh connection udkrQ vufcHawmhrnf

r[kwfay/ tu,fí allow all command csnf;oufouf ay;vdkufrnf qdkyguvnf;

connection tm;vkH;udk vufcHaeayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh atmufygtwdkif; command wpfck

&dkufoGif;ay;&rnf/

xdkodkYjyKvkyfNyD;ygu line number 2457 ESifh 2466 wdkYwGif&Sdaom never_direct

allow all command line rsm;udk a&ShrS # sign rsm;zsufNyD; on ay;&ygrnf/

56

txufyg configuration step rsm;tvdkufjyKvkyfNyD;ygu omref proxy service

ay;Edkifaom tajctaeodkYa&muf&SdoGm;NyD jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vi editor rS wq command

jzifh write vkyfNyD; xGufvdkufygrnf/ NyD;vsif squid proxy run &eftwGuf squid -z

command jzifh cache file wnfaqmufay;&ygrnf/

cache file wnfaqmufNyD;ygu squid proxy run &ef tqifoifhjzpfNyD jzpfygonf/

service squid start qdkaom command jzifh squid server udk pwifEdkifNyD

jzpfygonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif netstat command jzifh Munfhrnfqdkvsif squid server

twGuf server ay;aeaom port onf listen vkyfaernfjzpfonf/ tjcm;pufwpfvkH;&Sd WEB

Browser wGif proxy setting ü squid server IP address &dkufoGif;vdkufNyD;

prf;oyfMunfhEdkifygonf/

squid server tm; 0ifa&muf access vkyfaeaom connection rsm;tm; monitor

vkyfvdkygu atmufyg command jzifh MunfEkdifonf/

tail -f /var/squid/log/access. log

txufyg command jzifh Munfh&Irnfqdkygu rdrd server twGif;odkY

0ifa&mufcsdwfqufaeaom client rsm;\ rnfonfhtcsdefrS rnfonfhtcsdeftxd 0ifa&muf

connection jyKvkyfoGm;onfudk od&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

Super Server in Linux Host wpfckrS client rsm;xHodkY ay;aeaom service trsdK;rsdK; &SdMuNyD; service

rsm;tvdkuf port toD;oD;wGif listing vkyfaeMuonf/ tu,fí hoste wpfcktaeESifh

service rsm;pGmay;xm;onfhtwGuf rdrdtm; connection jyKvkyfaeaom client

ta&twGufrsm;jym;vmonfESifh trQ service ay;aeaom port rsm;tm; listing

vkyf&onfrSmvJ rsm;jym;vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh server \ performance usqif;vmrnf

57

jzpfonf/ xdkodkY performance rusqif;ap&ef Host ESifh client tm; wdkuf&dkuf csdwfqufcGifh

csufcsif;ray;yJ super server Mum;cHNyD;rS om super server \ request jzifh

wdkuf&dkufcsdwfqufapjcif;tm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh host performance udk wufaponf/ super

server \vkyfaqmifcsufonf host \ performance wufaponfrSefaomvnf; security

udk usqif;aponfudk owdjyK&rnf/

Linux wGif super server Mum;cHrIudk od&Sdvdkvsif /etc/xinetd.d directory

xJwGif od&SdEdkifonf/ inetd qdkonfrSm inet daemon jzpfonf/ ,cif RedHat version

rsm;wGif inetd onf directory taeESifh rwnf&SdyJ inetd.conf file wpfcktaejzifh

wnf&Sdonf/ service wpfcktwGuf pmaMumif;a& wpfckjzifh configure vkyfaqmifay;onf/

inetd.d directory tjzpfajymif;vJvmaomtcgwGif service wpfcktm; file wpfcktjzpf

udk,fpm;jyKvkyfaqmifay;vmcJhonf/

Telenet service in Linux telenet service qdkonfrSm remote admin wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ telenet \ service

ay;aom port rSm standard tm;jzifh 23 jzpfonf/ telnet service tm; Linux wGif

ay;csifygu /etc/xinetd.d directory twGif;&Sd telnet file tm; vi editor jzifh edit

vkyfay;&rnf/ atmufwGif jyxm;onfhtwdkif; disable=no ay;NyD; wq jzifh save um vi

editor rSjyefxGufrnfqdkygu telnet service ay;NyD; jzpfrnf/ xdkYaemuf service xinetd

restart command jzifh services rsm;tm; restart vkyfay;&ygrnf/ netstat -al

| grep 23 jzifhMunfhvsif port 23 wGif listing vkyfaernfudk awGU&SdEdkifonf/

xdkYaemuf tjcm;puf wpfvkH;rS putty soft ware jzifh telnet service jzifh login

vkyfrnf[k option ay;NyD; remote admin jyKvkyfrnfqdkygu root user account jzifhr[kwfyJ

omref user account jzifh login vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

58

FTP service on Linux

fip service onf rwlnDaom OS toD;oD;\ uGJjym;jcm;em;aom File system

rsm;twGuf wlnDaom format jzpfatmif ajymif;vJvkyfudkifay;NyD; sharing vkyfEdkifaom

service jzpfonf/

Linux wGif ftp service udk /etc/vsftpd atmufwGif&Sdaom vsftpd.conf file

wGif vi editor jzifh edit vkyfNyD; ftp service udk configure vkyfEkdifonf/ ftp service wGif

odoifhaomtcsufrSm encoding tydkif;jzpfonf/ encoding wGif omref tm;jzifh binary

encoding ESifh ASSCII encoding [lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ ykHrSef text rsm;udk translate

vkyfrnfqdkvsif ASSCII ESifh jyKvkyfNyD; binary file rsm;udk binary encoding jzifh encode

vkyfonf/ tjcm;rodaom format rsm;udk binary ESifh jyKvkyfjcif;onf omvGefaumif;rGefí

pdwfcs&aom vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,aeYacwfwGif ftp service twGuf format

encoding tm; auto mode ay;NyD; vkyfaqmifEdkfionfh client software rsm;ay:aygufvmNyD

jzpfonf/ owdjyK&rnfrSm Linux rS Linux odkYjzpfap Linux rS Unix odkYjzpfap Unix rS Unix

odkY jzpfap? Unix rS Linux odkYjzpfap binary mode jzifhom encode vkyfonf/

ftp server rsm;odkY login 0ifa&muf&mwGif internet ay:ü anonymous ftp server

rsm; &SdouJhodkY user name, password ay;NyD; login ay;&onfh ftp server rsm;&Sdonf/ tcsdKU

ftp server rsm;wGifrl username ftp ESifh password ftp ay;NyD; 0ifa&muf&onfh server

rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ odkYaomf login trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf permission uGJjym;rnfjzpfonf/ ftp \

service ay;aom standard port rSm 21 jzpfonf/ Linux ay:wGif ftp server ay;&eftwGuf

tqifhvdkufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

a&S;OD;pGm rpm -qa | grep ftp qdkaom command jzifh ftp service udk install

pwifygrnf/ xdktcgatmufygtwdkif; service (3)rsdK; install vkyfygrnf/

xkdYaemuf vi vsftpd command jzifh vsftpd file tm; edit vkyf&ygrnf/ vi

editor wGif anonymoys login rsm;tm; allow ay;Edkif&ef twGuf enable wGif YES

59

ay;Edkifonf/ xdkYaemuf localel user rsm;twGuf permission setting rsm;

vdkovdkjyKjyifEkdifonf/ xdkYtjyif xferlog setting wGifvnf; connection log setting rsm;udk

jyKjyifMunhf&IEkdifonf/ baner wGif rdrda&;xdk;vdkaom welcome messag rsm; rdrd\ admin

e-mail address rsm;udk jyKjyifxnfhoGif;Edkifonf/ xdkodkY rdrdpdwfwdkif;us setting jyKvkyfNyD;ygu

wq jzifh save NyD; configure jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ xdkYaemuf tjcm;pufwpfvkH;xHrS ftp client ftp

jzifh prf;oyfMunfhrnf qdkygu ftp server &SifoefaeaMumif; od&SdEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf

cute ftp uJhodkYaom ftp client software rsm;jzifh rdrd ftp site tm; anonymous user

taeESifh vnf;aumif;? known user taeESifh vnf;aumif; login 0ifa&mufNyD; user

account tvdkufuGmjcm;rIudk od&SdEdkifygonf/

service rsm;tvdkuf service ay;&mwGif service qdkaom command udk tokH;jyKí

service udk start, stop, restart ponfjzifh jyKvkyfonf/ tu,fí service command

tvkyfrvkyfvsif /etc/rc.d/init.d atmufodkYoGm;NyD; rdrd ay;vdkaom service udk run

Ekdifonf/

Windows ESif h Linux csdwfqufjcif;

Windows ESifh Linux csdwfquf&ef platform rwlnDaomaMumifh wpfckESifh wpfck

awGUjrifEdkif&efyif cufcJvGefvSayonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdk OS ESpfcktMum; standard protocol

jzifh csdwfqufEdkifrSomvsif windows ESifh Linux wpfckESifh wpfckjrifawGUum

csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifMuayrnf/

Windows wGif workgroup odkYr[kwf domain atmuf&Sd client rsm; taeESifh

vkyfaqmifMuonf/ tu,fí Linux computer wpfvkH;onf windows \ workgroup

em;vnfatmif jyKvkyfEdkifygu Windows ESifh Linux tjyeftvSef em;vnfoGm;NyD; files rsm;?

printer rsm;udk share vkyfEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYjyKvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf Linux \ SAMBA

onf NetBIOS, NetBieu ponfh SMB(server message block) protocol rsm;udk emulate

vkyfay;Edkifonf/

/etc/samba/smb.conf file udk vi editor jzifh editor vkyfay;&ygrnf/

workgroup wGif rdrd\ work group udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf rdrd samba server

description udk ESpfouf&m&dkufoGif;&rnf/ usef&Sdaom configuratuion rsm;udk description

Munfh&INyD; jyifqifEdkifonf/ xdkYaemuf wq jzifh vi editor rS xGufNyD; /etc/inetd.d/

atmufwGif &Sdaom swat file udk vi /etc/inetd.d/swat command udk okH;NyD; vi

60

editor jzifh edit vkyf&ygrnf/ editor wGif default port rSm 901 jzpfonf/ only_from

windows OS zufrS IP &dkufoGif;&rnf/ disable udk no xm;ay;&rnf/ xdkYaemuf wq jzifh

xGuf&ygrnf/ NyD;vsif service xinetd restart command jzifh service rsm;tm;

restart vkyfay;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf Windows ay:wGif&Sdaom Internet Explorer jzifh Linux

puf\ IP address ESifh swat service ay;aom port 901 udk http://LinuxIP:port

jzifhac:Munfhrnfqdkygu samba \ WEB admin page wufvmygrnf/ xdkodkY samba

server \ Homw Page wufvmvsif workgroup name, netbios name, server string

ponfwdkYudk ESpfouf&m xm;Edkifonf/ Security Option wGif security tm; SHARE

a&G;cs,fay;&rnf/ odkYrSom share jyKvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ xdk page wGif share ay;jcif;?

NetBIOS name ay;jcif;rsm; tjyif tjcm; administration rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/

xdkYaemuf service smb restart command jzifh restart vkyfygrnf/ NyD;vsif windows

rS run command wGif Linux PC \ IP address tm;&dkufoGif;vsif vnf;aumif; My

Network place rS oGm;Munfhvsifvnf;aumif; Linux PC udk awGUjrifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

aemufwzef Windows rS share files rsm;tm; Linux wGif ac:,ltokH;jyK&eftwGuf

Linux wGif atmufygtwdkif; jyKvkyf&ayrnf/

smbclient -L 192.168.0.5 [k&dkufoGif;ygu 192.168.0.5 \ share file rsm;

yGifhvmrnf/ xdkYtjyif Work group rsm;tm;vnf; azmfjyxm;ayvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí share

files rsm;tm; ul;,lvdkygu odkYr[kwf Munfh&Ivdkygu rdrdul;vdkaom directory udk mount

vkyfay;&onf/

yxrOD;pGm /mnt atmufwGif directory wpfckudk atmufyg command jzifh

wnfaqmuf&ygrnf/

mkdir smbfs

xdkodkY wnfaqmufNyD;ygu rdrdMunfhvdkaom share files rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;

Munfh&IEdkifonf/

mount -t smbfs //192.168.0.5/sharefolder /mnt/smbfs

xdktcgwGif password awmif;ayvdrfhrnf/ windows OS password udk&dkufoGif;

NyD;ygu share folder twGif;&Sd share files rsm;tm; jrifawGUEkdifayonf/ tu,fí

ul;,lvdkvsif rdrdwnfaqmufxm;aom directory udk chmod jzifh write permission

ay;xm;&ef vdktyfonf/

61

NAT(Network Address Translation) in LINUX

Internet odkYcsdwfquf&mwGif csdwfqufenf; (3)rsdK;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-

Direct csdwfqufjcif;

Proxy server jzihfcsdqufjcif;

NAT jzifhcsdwfqufjcif;

Direct Connection

Internet odkYwdkuf&dkufcsdwfquf&mwGif rdrd\ LAN wGif&Sdaom IP address rsm;onf

Internet wGif Fully Qualified jzpfaom address rsm;jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí LAN onf

Internet \ wpfpdwfwpfa;o jzpfaeonfhtjyif security raumif;ay/ rdrd LAN twGif;&Sd

pufwdkif;tm; Internet rS wdkuf&dkufod&Sdem;vnfaernf jzpfonf/

Internet LAN

Router or

Gateway

203.81.76.X

62

Proxy Connection

Proxy server jzifh Mum;cHcsdwfquf&mwGif Internet odkYxGuf&mü Internet wGif fully

qualified jzpfaom address wpfckwnf;jzifhom connection &SdNyD; rdrd LAN wGif Internet rS

rodaom address wpfckjzifh jyef0ifrnf jzpfonf/ LAN twGif;&Sd pufrsm;tm;vkH;onf

Internet odkYxGuf&mwGif Proxy wpfckwnf;udkom Mum;cHqufoG,faomaMumifh security

aumif;rGefonf/

With NAT connection

NAT jzifh csdwfqufjcif;onf Internet sharing jyKvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif security

aumif;rGefNyD; fully qualified jzpfaom address wpfckom vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/ Linux wGif

Masqurading jyKvkyfjcif;[kac:onf/

NAT udk computer server rsm;rokH;yJ dedicated NAT box rsm;tokH;jyKívnf;

vkyfaqmifEkdifonf/ ¤if; Box rsm;onf WEB base configuration rsm;jzifh configure

vkyfEkdifonf/

NAT udk Windows OS wGif ICS (internes Connection Sharing) [lí built in

yg&Sdaomfvnf; ICS service on vdkufygu rdrd LAN \ IP address onf 192.168.0.X

Internet LAN

192.168.X.X GateWay

Fully Qualified Address

Internet LAN

GateWay with NATService

192.168.X.X

Fully Qualified Address

Security

63

jzpfoGm;onf/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh LAN \ address t& rdrd LAN twGif puftvkH;a& 253

vkH;om tokH;jyKEdkifawmhrnf jzpfonf/ Linux wGif iptable ESifh squid service

ESpfckaygif;pyfNyD; NAT service udk on Ekdifonf/ Windows wGifuJhodkY tuefYtowfr&Sday/

Windows wGif ISA service rwufrcsif; firewall service rwufay;/ ISA server run

rSomvsif cover vkyfay;onf/ Linux wGif boot vkyfonfESifh cover vkyfay;onf/ xdkYtjyif

tm;omcsufwpfckrSm virus rsm;\ wdkufcdkufrIudk vkH;0xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef rvdktyfay/

Linux wGif Firewall, NAT twGuf tokH;jyKaom command rSm iptables

jzpfonf/ Linux version 2.0 wGif ipfwadm jzpfNyD; version 2.2 wGif ipchain, version

2.4 rS pwifí iptables tjzpfpwifcJhonf/ iptables wGif kernel space ESifh user space

[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ kernel space onf netfilter model jzpfNyD; user space onf iptables

jzpfonf/ iptables onf Good Guys IN Bad Guys OUT qdkaom firewall \ function

udkyg &&Sdonf/ network connection wpfckwnf; odkYr[kwf wpfckxufygaom connection

rsm;jzpfonfh multi home sustem wGifyg tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ host wpfcktwGufomru

network wpfckESifhwpfcktMum; Gateway rsm;wGifyg tokH;jyKEkdkifonf/ iptables

tvkyfpwifvkyf&eftwGuf IP routing function udk on ay;&rnf/ IP routing function udk

atmufygtwdkif; On ay;Edkifonf/

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

¤if; file wGif pmaMumif;a& (7) ü net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 tm; 1

tjzpfajymif;vJay;vsif IP routing On NyD; jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjyKvkyfNyD;aemuf user space

iptables wGif firewall rules rsm;udk xnfhoGif;&ayrnf/ iptables wGif Input change,

Output change, ESifh Forward change [lí (3)rsdK;&Sdonf/

64

txufazmfjyygykHtwdkif; server twGif;odkY incoming 0ifa&mufvmvsif routing

decision rS host twGufvmonfh input [kwf? r[kwf ppfaq;onf/ host twGufvmonfh

input qdkygu outgoing state odkY wdkuf&dkufydkYaqmifay;onf/ host twGuf r[kwfyJ DMZ

(DeMilitarized Zone) aemufzuf&Sd rdrd LAN twGif;rS computer rsm;twGufqdkvsif Local

twGif; process vkyfay;NyD; outgoing state odkY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/

DMZ (demilitarized Zone) qdkonfrSm rdrd Internel LAN ESifh Externel Network

tMum;wGif xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;aom wwd,ajrmuf Network tydkif;jzpfonf/ DMZ udk

tcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif Perimeter Network odkYr[kwf Three-home Perimeter Network

[líac:onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh WEB server rsm;? Mail server rsm;onf DMZ twGif;ü

xm;&Sdavh&SdMuonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaom DMZ onf Inetenet odkYaemufqkH;xGufaom

interface ESifh Secure vkyfxm;aom LAN tMum;wGif additational firewall filter wpfck

tjzpfwnf&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

65

Routing decision wGif PRErouting ESifh POSTRouting [líESpfrsdK;&SdNyD; source

address udk ajymif;vsif SNAT jzpfNyD; POSTrouting jzpfonf/ PAT (port address

translation) onf distination address udk ajymif;vJay;í DNAT jzpfonf/ PRErouting

[kowfrSwfEkdifonf/

prot routing PAT \ oabmw&m;rSm Oyrm- DMZ (DeMilitarized Zone) twGif;&Sd

iptables service &Sdaom Gateway wpfckwGif WEB service run rxm;aomfvnf; Internet

rS client request onf WEB service ay;aom port udk request vmvkyfonfqdkygu DMZ

zone aemufbuf&Sd secure jzpfaeaom? Internet rS wdkuf&dkufrodaom WEB service run

aeonfh WEB server odkY forwading vkyfay;jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/

66

iptables ESifhywfoufí aommand rSm iptables omjzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;

command \ switch rsm;onf ta&;BuD;onf/ t"du tm;jzifh -A qdkvsif add jzpfonf/

-I qdkygu insert jzpfNyD;? -D onf delete jzpfaMumif;OD;pGm od&Sdxm;&ayrnf/ xdkYaemuf -P

onf policy jzpfaMumif;ESifh -t onf type jzpfaMumif; tajccHrQod&Sdxm;&rnf/

iptables \ command rSm&Snfvsm;aomaMumifh command line tqifhtvdkuf udk

em;vnfod&Sd&eftwGuf atmufwGif tqifhvdkuf azmfjyxm;ygonf/

iptables -A INPUT -p icmp j -DROP

txufygt& iptables onf command jzpfonf/ -A onf command line

option jzpfonf add vkyfrnfjzpfaMumif; command ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ INPUT onf chain

jzpfNyD; 0ifvmrnfh request \ status jzpfonf/ -p onf command line parameter

jzpfonf/ protocol udk service vkyfrnfjzpfaMumif; aMujimonfh oabmjzpfonf/ -p

NyD;ygu protocol emrnfomvdkuf&rnf jzpfonfhtwGuf icmp (internet control message

protocol) udk xnfhoGif;jcif; jzpfonf/ j onf operation parameter jzpfNyD; jump

operation jyKvkyfrnf[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ jump wGif ALLOW, DROP ESifh REJECT [lí

(3)rsdK;&Sdonf/ REJECT onf request tm; vufrcHbJ client xHodkY error message ydkYrnf

jzpfonf/ DROP rSm request tm; vpfvsLvsKvdkufjcif;jzpfNyD; request vmaom client xHodkY

rnfonfh error message rQydkYrnf r[kwfay/

txufyg command line rSm icmp protocol jzifh request vmygu jzwfoef;cGifh

ray;awmhyJ request udk vspfvsLvsKvdkufrnf jzpfonf xdkYaMumifh secure LAN twGif;&Sd

pufrsm;ESifh iptables service &Sdaom puftm; ping command jzifh &SmMunfhvsif awGUEdkifrnf

r[kwfawmhay/ tu,fí atmufygtwdkif; &dkufoGif;ygu vmorQ request wdkif;udk DROP

vkyfjypfrnf jzpfonf/

iptables -P INPUT DROP

command wGif -P onf policy jzpfonf/

Linux wGif NIC rsm;tm; eth0, eth1 ponfjzihf em;vnfaMumif; od&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/

tu,fí rdrdpufwGif Ethernet card ESpfck&SdNyD; eth0 onf LAN odkY0ifonfh interface jzpfNyD;

eth1 onf Internet odkY xGufaom Interface jzpfonfqdkygvsif eth1 tm; NAT service 0n

&ef command rSm-

67

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth1 j MASQURADE

txufyg command wGif -t onf service type jzpfNyD; nat onf NAT service

jzpfonf/ -A onf add odkYr[kwf append jzpfNyD; POSTrouting twGuf jzpfaMumif;

aMujimjcif; jzpfonf/ -o onf eth1 \ output jzpfaMumif;ESifh ¤if; output tm;

masquerade vkyfrnfjzpfaMumif; owfrSwfay;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ MASQURADE qdkonfrSm

twkta,mif? rsufESmzkH;pGyfvdkufjcif; [k qdkEdkifonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh source address rsm;udk

ajymif;vJay;vdkufonfh function udk Ethernet 1 (eth1) \ output tjzpfajymif;vJ

xkwfay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/

rdrd wGif&Sdaom WEB server twGufqdkvsif ¤if; WEB server twGuf secure jzpfNyD;

aumif;rGefpGm WEB service ay;Edkif&eftwGuf command rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

iptables -P INPUT DROP

¤if; command jzifh 0ifvmorQ request wdkif;udk ydwfypfvdkufygrnf/ xdkYaemuf atmufyg

command jzifh WEB service ay;aom port wpfckwnf;udk vufcHNyD; zGifhay;ygrnf/

iptables -A INPUT -P tcp --dport 80 j ACCEPT

command tm; avhvmMunfhrnf qdkygu incoming 0ifvmaom distination IP ESifh port

80 jzpfygu accept vkyfrnfh policy jzpfaMumif; odEdkifonf/ txufyg command rsm; onf

rdrdwGif &Sdaom WEB server twGuf jzpfNyD; tu,fí rdrd LAN twGif;rS pufrsm;tm;

a&G;cs,fowfrSwfNyD; authorized ay;csifvsif atmufygtwdkif; &dkufoGif;&rnf jzpfonf/

iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.50 -p tcp --dport j ACCEPT

¤if; command jzifh 192.168.1.50 qdkaom IP tm; accept ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ -s onf

source jzpfonf/ -p onf protocol jzpfNyD; protocol rSm tcp jzpfonf/ txufygtwdkif;

command rsm;? policy rsm; owfrSwfay;NyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkYudk jyefzsufvdkygu atmufygtwdkif;

jyKvkyfEdkifonf/

iptables -nL

txyfygtwdkif; &dkufoGif;vdkufygu ay;cJhaom policy rsm; Input ESifh Output

owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

68

iptable -nL INPUT

qdkygu Input policy rsm;om list vkyfjyrnf jzpfonf/ list vkyfjy&mwGif policy rsm;udk

process wpfckpD line tvdkuf azmfjyaeayvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY azmfjy&mwGif yxrvdkif;onf

policy number (1) jzpfonf/ 'kwd, qdkvsif (2) jzpfNyD;? wwd, qdkvsif (3) ponfjzifh

&Sdaeayvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí 'kwd,ajrmuf policy udk zsufvdkygu atmufygtwdkif;

&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/

iptables -D INPUT 2

-D onf delete jzpfNyD; Input policy rS 'kwd,ajrmufudk zsufrnf [k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/

Port routing ESifh ywfoufNyD; WEB server odkY PRErouting vkyf&ef command rSm

atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s 0/0 -d 203.81.71.65 -p tcp dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.2

txufyg command wGif -t onf service type NyD; -A rSm Append jzpfonf/ append

trdsK;tpm;rSm Prerouting jzpfNyD; -s rSm source jzpfonf/ 0/0 qdkonfrSm rnfonfh

source address rS rqdk[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ -d onf distination jzpfNyD; ¤if;\

aemufwGif destination address vdkufonf/ -p onf proto type jzpfNyD; tcp jzpfaMumif;

aMujimonf/ dport rSm distination \ port number udk qdkvdkonf/ aemufwGif disnation

port ygonf/ DNAT trsdK;tpm;jzpfaMumif; ESifh --to jzifh 192.168.1.2 odkY forward

vkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf/

Kernel Compilation Linux onf open source jzpfaomaMumifh Linux \ kernel udk pdwfBudKufjyKjyif

a&;om; Ekdifonf/ xdkodkYa&;om;jcif;udk kernel compilation vkyfjcif;[k ac:onf/ kernel udk

rdrdpdwfBudKuf jyKjyifNyD;ygu rebuilt jyefvkyfay;&onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh compilation

jyefvkyfay;&onf/ xdkodkYjyKvkyf&eftwGuf /usr/src/ atmufwGif kernel version tvdkuf

directory &Sdonf/ ¤if; directory atmufodkY oGm;NyD; make command jzifh compilation

vkyfEkdifonf/ make command wGif atmufygtwdkif; configuration vkyfonfh type

rsm;&Sdonf/

69

• make config

• make menuconfig

• make xconfig

• make oldconfig

config onf yes or no command rsm;tvdkuf command ay;NyD; compilation

vkyf&onf/ menuconfig onf menu rsm;a&G;cs,fNyD; rebuilt vkyf&onf/ xconfig rSm

GUI mode jzifh compilation vkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif gconfig [kvnf;

awGUjrifvm&onf/ oldconfig onf factory default odkY tvdktavsmuf compile

vkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf/ atmufwGif make menuconfig command jzifh compile

vkyf&eftwGuf tqifoifhjzpfaeaom custom configuration screen udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

kernel tm; rdrdvdktyfovdk jyKjyifNyD;ygu compile vkyfaomtcgwGif device rsm;

support rsm;udk built-in taeESifh xm;NyD; compile vkyfygu kernel \ s\t&G,fyrmPonf

tvGefBuD;rm;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh device rsm;tvdkuf module cGJxm;NyD; compile

vkyfoifhonf/ kernel configuration tm; save vkyfNyD;ygu make dep command tm;

run &rnf [k system rS ajymygvdrfhrnf/ dep qdkonfrSm dependence jzpfonf/ make

dep tm; atmufygtwdkif; make vkyfEkdifonf/

70

make dep bzImage

xdkodkY &dkufoGif;ygu compile vkyfaeayvdrfhrnf/ tcsdeftenf;i,f Mumjrifhrnfjzpfygonf/

NyD;aemuf make modules install command jzifh modules rsm;udk install vkyfyg/

Linux wGif boot loader ESpfrsdK;yg&Sdonf/ Lilo ESifh grup jzpfonf/ tu,fí

topfzefwD;vdkufaom kernel image twGuf boot loader tm; od&Sdem;vnfap&ef

vdktyfygu boot loader configuration wGif oGm;a&mufjyKjyif&rnf/ atmufwGif Lilo \

configuration udk azmfjyxm;NyD; ¤if; configuration file onf /etc/ atmufwGif &Sdonf/

txufazmfjyyg ykHtwdkif; initrd onfvnf;aumif;? image onf /boot/vmlinuz-

2.4.20-8 [kwfr[kwfudk odem;vnfxm;oifhygonf/

Source Code Compilation Linux \ source code wGif rpm, dpkg, tar, tgz ponfwdkYrS wqifh compilation

vkyfonfudk od&SdNyD; jzpfonf/ installation vkyf&mwGif windows rSmuJhodkY rnfonfh directory

atmufwGif install vkyfrnf udk nGTefjyEdkifonf/ odkYaomf standard tm;jzifh /opt

atmufwGif install vkyfonf/ tar format jzifh vmaom package wpfckudk jznfxkwfvdkygu

atmufygtwdkif; command &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/

tar -xvzf abc.tar.gz

71

xdkodkY&dkufoGif;vdkufygu /opt atmufwGif /abc/*.* taeESifh a&muf&SdoGm;rnf jzpfonf/

qufvufNyD; standard procedure tm; azmfjyygrnf/ source package wpfck &&Sdvmygu

yxrOD;pGm environment udkk configure vkyfay;&ygrnf/ 'kwd,taeESifh compile vkyfjcif;

wenf;tm;jzifh make vkyfjcif; jzpfonf/ wwd,tqifhonf install vkyfjcif; jzpfonf/

pwkw¦taeESifh configuration jyKvkyfay;&rnf jzpfonf/ configure jyKvkyf&jcif;rSm package

rsm;onf machine independent jzifhvmMuonfjzpfaomaMumifh compiler trsdK;rsdK;? library

file trsdK;rsdK; jzifhwnfaqmufxm;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh configure vkyf&jcif; jzpfonf/

Linux wGif ykHrSeftm;jzifh package wpfckpDwGif configure qdkaom file

wpfckyg&Sdwwfonf/ ¤if; file onf binary file(exe) jzpfonf/ ¤if; file tm; configure,

config, Config, Configure paom emrnfrsm; jzifhawGUEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ configure

vkyfaom command rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

./ configure

./ onf ,ckvuf&Sd tvkyfvkyfaeaom directory atmufwGif configure vkyfrnf [k

ajymjcif; jzpfonf/ Configure vkyfNyD;ygu Makefile qdkaom file xJwGif variable rsm;udk

rSwfom;xm;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí Configure script rygvmvsif makefile udk

xnfhay;xm;rnf jzpfonf/ configure vkyf&jcif;rSm makefile xGufvmap&efjzpfonf/

Makefile xGufvmNyD qdkygu source file rsm;udk /abc/src/ atmufwGif awGYEdkifrnf

jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf make command jzifh .o files rsm;xGufvmatmif jyKvkyf&ygrnf/

aemufwqifh onf install vkyfonfh tqifhjzpfaomaMumifh make install qdkaom

command jzifh install vkyfyg/ install vkyfNyD;ygu /usr/local/bin/ atmufodkY

a&muf&SdoGm;onfudk awGU&rnf/ tcsdKUonf /usr/local/etc/ atmufwGifvnf;

a&muf&SdoGm;wwfonf/

WEB base administration (webmin) Linux wGif command line jzifhjyKvkyf&aom configuration rsm;udk GUI mode jzifh

configure vkyfEkdifonfh tjyif Linux beginner rsm;twGuf WEB base administration

jzpfaom webmin software onf vG,ful&Sif;vif;onfh WEB base configure program

wpfckjzpfonf/ webmin tm; install vkyfNyD;onfESifh wjydKifeuf webmin onf port 10000

(default) jzifh run onf/ xdkYaMumifh Internet explorer rS ¤if; webmin tm; zGifhí

configure vkyfEkdifonf/

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E-Mail on Linux

Linux ay:wGif E-mail server wpfck jyKvkyf&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm Linux \ E-mail

aMumif;udk em;vnfxm;oifhayonf/ Linux wGif Mailreceive vkyf&mwGif iMAP odkYr[kwf

POP udk tokH;jyKNyD; Mail rsm;udk send vkyf&mwGif SMTP udk tokH;jyKonf/ E-Mail wdkif;wGif

mail wpfck vdk&modkY a&muf&SdvufcHEdkif&eftwGuf process wGif (3)qifh&Sdonf/

tvG,ftm;jzifh agent (3)OD;[kac:Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMuonf/

MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) Mail rsm; vdk&modkYa&mufatmif vTJajymif; owfrSwfay;onfh agent jzpfonf/ SMTP

uJhodkYaom service rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/

MDA (Mail Delivery Agent) Mail rsm;udk vdk&modkYa&mufatmif ydkYaqmifay;onf/ user rsm;\ Mail box

rsm;xJodkY 0ifa&mufvmatmif jyKvkyfay;aom agent jzpfonf/ POP, iMAP

rsm;onf Mail Delivery agent rsm;jzpfonf/

MUA (Mail User Agent) mail user agent qdkonfrSm user rsm;\ mail box twGif;wGif a&muf&Sdaeaom

mail rsm;tm; mail server rsm;xHrS download qGJ,laom mail client rsm;udk

qdkvdkonf/ OutLook Express uJhodkYaom software rsm;onf mail client software

rsm;jzpfMuonf/

txufazmfjyyg Mail agents rsm;wGif MTA onf tcsdKUtcsdefrsm;wGif MDA uJhodkY

vkyfaqmifay; wwfonf/ Mail transfer agent tcsif;csif; awGUqkHcsdwfqufrdNyD; mail rsm;

tvJtvS,f vkyfouJhodkYjzpfonf/ teD;pyfqkH; Oyrmay;&vsif pmydkYorm;ESpfOD; vrf;c&D;wGif

qkHrdMujcif; ESifh qifwlonf/

Linux wGif &Sdaom send mail onf complex jzpfNyD; prowerful jzpfaom software

jzpfaomaMumifh administration vkyf&mwGifvnf; cufcJonf/ send mail onf MTA ESifh

MDA ESpfrsdK;pvkH; pGrf;aqmifEdkifaomfvnf; configure vkyf&mwGif cufcJaom aMumifh

aemufydkif;wGif QMail ay:vmcJhonf/ send mail udk configure vkyf&mwGif

/etc/sendmail/ atmufwGif multipile configuration files rsm;awGUEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

xdk configuration files rsm;? uGJjym;ae&jcif;rSm domain name uGJNyD; user name wlvsif?

73

domain name uGJNyD; username rsm;yg uGJjym;jcm;em;vsif rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnf qdkaom

configuration rsm; yg0ifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

Oyrm- a@abc.com

a@def.com

a@xyz.com

a onf user wpfckwnf; jzpfNyD; domain name (3)ckjzifh account (3)ck &Sdonfh user

jzpfonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif rnfonfh ae&mrS yifjzpfaom 0ifvmaom mail rsm;onf a \

mail box wpfckwnf;udk omydkY&ef configure vkyfxm;Edkifonf/

Oyrm- a@abc.com

b@abc.com

c@abc.com

[k domain name wpfckwnf; wlnDaomfvnf; user (3)OD; jzpfaevsif rnfodkY

vkyfaqmif&rnf qdkaom function rsm;twGuf configure vkyfay;Edkifonf/ E-Mail service

jyKvkyf&eftwGuf DNS configuration OD;pGmvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fírdrdwGif DNS

configuration rjyKvkyf&ao;ygu odkYr[kwf DNS service tqifoifh rjzpfcJhygvsif

atmufygtwdkif; Host file wGifoGm;a&mufNyD; Edit vkyfay;&ygrnf/ odkYrSomvsif rdrdwGif

Domain Name wpfck ydkifqdkif&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/

vi /etc/hosts

xdk file wGif rdrdpuf IP address &dkufoGif;um rdrday;vdkaom domain name udk

&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ xdkodkYjyKvkyfNyD;ygu wq command jzifhxGufNyD; send mail twGuf

configure vkyf&ygrnf/

vi /etc/mail/sendmail.cf

xdkodkY &dkufoGif;ygu vi Editor wGif send mail configuration file ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/

xdkYaemuf atmufygtwdkif; &dkufoGif;vdkufygu SMTP daemon option udk

&SmawGUEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

/127.0.0.1

xdkpmaMumif;onf pmaMumif;a& 264 vdkif;ajrmufwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifhwnf&Sdaernf

jzpfonf/ xdkpmaMumif;tm; yy jzifh copy ul;,lNyD; p jzifh past vkyf&ygrnf/ NyD;aemuf copy

ul;xm;aom pmaMumif;\ 127.0.0.1 ae&mwGif rdrdpuf IP address udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/

wq jzifh save NyD;vsif service sendmail restart command jzifh sendmail service

74

udk pwif&ygrnf/ netstat -an | grep 25 jzifhMunfhrnf qdkygu sendmail

tvkyfvkyfaeaMumif; awGUEkdifrnf jzpfonf/

txufygtwdkif; Mail transfer agent twGuf configure vkyfNyD;ygu MDA twGuf

configure vkyf&OD;rnfjzpfonf/ vi /etc/xinetd.d/ipop3 command jzifh ipop3 file

udk configure vkyf&ygrnf/ vi editor wGif disable=no rS yes ajymif;vJay;ygu ipop3

service on oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf service xinetd restart command jzifh

service tm;vkH;udk restart vkyf&ygrnf/ NyD;aemuf netstat -an | grep 110

command jzifh Munfhrnf qdkygu MDA service onf port 110 wGif service ay;aeonfudk

awGUEdkifayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaemuf MUA jzpfonfh mail client software jzifh mail tydkY^tzrf;

aqmif&GufEdkifNyD jzpfonf/

Linux support File System (NFS) Linux wGif support vkyfay;aom file system rSm NFS jzpfonf/ SUN rS

xkwfvkyfNyD; exportable jzpfaom file system jzpfonf/ exportable qdkonfrSm file system

tm; network ay:odkY export vkyfvkdkufaomtcgwGif network ay:wGif xdk file onf

virtually available jzpfvmjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&aomf NFS qdkonfrSm

file share ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ NFS system pwif&eftwGuf atmufygtqifhrsm;twdkif;

aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf/

vi /etc/exports

xdkodkY&dkufEdkyfaom tcgwGif pmwpfaMumif;rQr&Sdaom exports file udkawGUEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ vi

editor wGif rdrd share ay;vdkaom directory udk ae&mtwdtusay;&rnf/ xdkYtjyif

rdrday;vdkaom IP address udk &dkufoGif;&rnf/

Oyrm- /usr/local 192.168.0.200 (ro)

/home 192.168.0.30 (rwx)

xdkodkYay;vdkufygu share ay;NyD; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYtjyif network group wpfckvkH;tm;

share ay;vdkygu atmufygtwdkif; &dkufoGif;&rnf/

/usr/local 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0 (ro)

(ro), (rw) ponfwdkYonf permission rsm;jzpfaMumif; od&SdEdkifonf/ xdkodkY share

ay;xm;aom share rsm;udk tokH;jyKvdkvsif smb oifcef;pmwGif windows rS share tm;

tokH;jyKonfhtwdkif; share tokH;jyKEdkifonf/

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X Windows System X windows system qdkonfrSm Unix tm; GUI support ay;Edkif&eftwGuf

wDxGifcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; truely client, server architecher jzifh tvkyfvkyfonf/ layer

wpfcktaeESifh yg&SdwmjzpfNyD; X version 11 release 5 wGif X free 86 project ESifhtwl

Linux twGuf support vkyfay;cJhonf/ layer wpfcktaeESifh wnf&SdaomaMumifh X windows

twGuf components rsm;yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf-

X server (or) display server

windows manager

Desktop Environment

X-client