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Linux Lesson 2From digitalb0y

Filesystem Layout:

/home personal User data similar to /Users on windows/etc all your configuration files/var system logging /mail /print spooling/bin core user binary programs !used to booting system"/sbin core #uper User binary programs !used to booting system"/usr/bin User binary programs/usr/sbin $ #uper User binary programs/opt/ $ %hird party software#pecial directories/dev $&evice files of system hardware/proc #pecial files on containing information about system resources

'avigation the shell prompt

pwd - Shows the present working directory

[ digitalb0y@linuxbox ~]$ pwd

/home/digitialb0y

cd change directory

[ digitalb0y@linuxbox ~]$ cd /usr/X11R6/bin 6/bin

[ digitalb0y@linuxbox bin]$ pwd/usr/X11R6/bin

[ digitalb0y@linuxbox bin]$ ls

nimate import x!wpnother"e#el lbxproxy xg

udio listres xgaluto lndir xgammon%anner ma&edepend xg'(as'ade ma&eg xget!ile(lean mergelib xgopher)orm m&dirhier xhexagons*dent m&!ontdir xhost+ager m&xauth xieper!+ager,noxpm mogri!y xinit

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Run-. montage xiterm Run-. !ter tep mt# x ewelRun-. )#wm23 mt#p x&bbellRun-. .-. nxterm x&b'omp

Important facts about file names

( File names that begin with a period character are hidden. his only means that ls will not list them unlessyou say ls -a . !hen your account was created" se#eral hidden $iles were placed in your home directory

to con$igure things $or your account. %ater on we will take a closer look at some o$ these $iles to see how

you can customi&e your en#ironment. 'n addition" some applications will place their con$iguration and

settings $iles in your home directory as hidden $iles.

(. File names in %inu)" like *ni)" are case sensiti#e. he $ile names +File1+ and +$ile1+ re$er to di$$erent $iles.

,. %inu) has no concept o$ a +$ile e)tension+ like legacy operating systems. -ou may name $iles any way you

like. he contents/purpose o$ a $ile is determined by other means.

) !hile %inu) supports long $ile names which may contain embedded spaces and punctuation characters"limit the punctuation characters to period" dash" and underscore. Most importantly, do not embed

spaces in file names. '$ you want to represent spaces between words in a $ile name" use underscore

characters. -ou will thank yoursel$ later.

Looking Around

ow that you know how to mo#e $rom working directory to working directory" we re going to take a tour o$ your%inu) system and" along the way" learn some things about what makes it tick. 0ut be$ore we begin" ' ha#e to teachyou some tools that will come in handy during our ad#enture. hese are

ls 2list $iles and directories3 more and less 2#iew te)t $iles3

ls

he ls command is used to list the contents o$ a directory. 't is probably the most commonly used %inu)command. 't can be used in a number o$ di$$erent ways. 4ere are some the switches

$l #hows the long format list$* *ecursively list subdirectories encountered

$r *everse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical order

or the oldest entries first !or largest files last+ if combined with

sort by si,e

$# #ort files by si,e

http://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/ls1.htmlhttp://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/less1.htmlhttp://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/less1.htmlhttp://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/ls1.html

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4rw4444444 1 bshotts bshotts 356 pr 15 122 weather txt

drwxr4xr4x 6 bshotts bshotts 1078 9't 2 1222 web,page

4rw4rw4r44 1 bshotts bshotts 7568 0 )eb 11 70:81 web,site tar

4rw4444444 1 bshotts bshotts 358 ;e' 16 122 xmas,!ile txt

4444444444 4444444 4444444 44444444 444444444444 4444444444444 < < < < < < < < < < < )ile =ame < < < < < < < < < >444 .odi!i'ation ?ime < < < < < < < >4444444444444 i e Ain bytesB < < < < < >44444444444444444444444 Croup

< < < >44444444444444444444444444444444 9wner < >4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 )ile +ermissions

File amehe name o$ the $ile or directory.

Modification !imehe last time the $ile was modi$ied. '$ the last modi$ication occurred more than si) months in the past" thedate and year are displayed. 5therwise" the time o$ day is shown.

"i#ehe si&e o$ the $ile in bytes.

$rouphe name o$ the group that has $ile permissions in addition to the $ile s owner.

%wner he name o$ the user who owns the $ile.

File &ermissions representation o$ the $ile s access permissions. he $irst character is the type o$ $ile. +7+ indicates aregular 2ordinary3 $ile. +d+ indicates a directory. he second set o$ three characters represent the read"write" and e)ecution rights o$ the $ile s owner. he ne)t three represent the rights o$ the $ile s group" and the

$inal three represent the rights granted to e#erybody else.

more

More is a program that lets you #iew te)t $iles his is #ery handy since many o$ the $iles used to control andcon$igure %inu) are human readable.

more filename

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ow we will runls 7l == $ile.t)t

ow lets #iew the same $ile againless $ile.t)t

as we see *sing two appends the $ile.

%his function wor-s with any command that displays output

'ext up ;' program name?

example:

man pwd

ll man pages ha#e a common $ormat. hey begin with name 2the name o$ the command3 and a brie$

description o$ what it does. For e)ample the pwd command shows the $ollowing

'; 5 pwd $$ return wor-ing directory name

#@'1

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%here are ;' files for Dust about every program you can find

'ext Up