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Transcript of Linux
![Page 1: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
By,
V.Gouthaman
![Page 2: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
IntroductionLinux is a multitasking, multiuser operating
system, which means that many people can run many different applications on one computer at the same time. This differs from MS-DOS, where only one person can use the system at any one
time. Under Linux, to identify yourself to the system, you must log in, which entails entering your login name (the name the system uses to
identify you), and entering your password, which is your personal key for logging in to your
account. Because only you know your password, no one else can log in to the system under your
user name.
![Page 3: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Installing Linux
There are various types of linux operating systems available like
Ubuntu,Kubuntu,Debian,Fedora, Linux Mint. The most notable point in it is they are
available for free. They send free CDs and DVDs to our place for free, not even charging for shipping. Installing and
configuring Linux is very easy. Here we discuss how to install and configure Ubuntu
Linux with screenshots.
![Page 4: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Enter the CD into the drive and restart your computer. Boot the computer using the CD and continue your installation. Select your
language for installation.
![Page 5: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Select the second option "Install Ubuntu," and hit the “Enter” key...
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Wait for the CD to load into RAM...
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When the installer appears, you are able to select your native language for the
installation process. Click the “Forward” button to continue...
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Click the “Forward” button after you have selected your desired location...
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Click the “Forward” button when you have finished with the keyboard configuration...
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Click the “Forward” button...
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This is the final step of the installation. Here, you can select to install the boot
loader on another partition or hard drive than the default one...
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Click the “Install” button to install Ubuntu...
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The Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) operating system will be installed...
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A pop-up window will appear, notifying you that the installation is complete, and you need to restart the computer in order to use the newly installed Ubuntu operating system.Click the “Restart Now” button...
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The CD will be ejected, remove it and press the “Enter” key to reboot...
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The computer will be restarted and, in a few seconds, you will see the Ubuntu login screen.
Input your username and password...
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Have fun using Ubuntu!
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LINUX COMMANDS
![Page 19: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
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ls ( list file/directory names in current directory)
![Page 21: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ls -l (list all file/directory information in current directory(long version))
![Page 22: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ls -R (list all files in current directories and below)
![Page 23: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
mkdir ( Make A Directory)
![Page 24: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
cd (Change directory)
![Page 25: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
cd .. (Move to the parent directory of the current directory.)
![Page 26: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
cd ~ (Move to the user's home directory. The '~' indicates the users home directory.)
![Page 27: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cat> filename (Creates a file)
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Cat filename (To open a file)
![Page 29: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cp file1 file2 (Copy file1 to file2)
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cat file1 file2 (concatenates two files, i.e. It combines two files together and produces the
output)
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rm filename (removes a file)
![Page 32: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
rmdir (removes a directory)
![Page 33: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
clear (used to clear the current window)
![Page 34: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
cal (displays calendar)
![Page 35: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
bc (command line calculator)
![Page 36: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
echo (prints the given input)
![Page 37: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
whatis (displays the purpose of a command)
![Page 38: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
help (Displays help for a built-in command)
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alias (allows to create shortcut for a command)
![Page 40: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
free (displays information about the free space in the system)
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awk (used to manipulate a file)
![Page 42: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
time (used to measure program running time)
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pwd (prints the full address of the current directory)
![Page 44: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
who (displays the users who are currently logged in)
![Page 45: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
cmp (compares two files)
![Page 46: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
head (prints the first few lines of the file)
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cut (used to cut selected lines in a file)
![Page 48: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
date (prints the date and time)
![Page 49: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
df (displays the space available on each mount)
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diff (used to find difference between two files)
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du (displays the size of a file or directory)
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egrep (used to search words or letters in a file)
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file (is used to check whether a given name is a file or directory)
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Tail (used to display the last few lines of a file)
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man (mannual for a command)
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groups (used to display the groups a user is in)
![Page 57: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
hostname (specifies the name of the host)
![Page 58: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
host (displays the ip address of the given domain name)
![Page 59: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
id (prints the effective(current) and real userid(UID)s and groupid(GID)s)
![Page 60: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
jobs (lists the jobs running in background and foreground)
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kill (used to kill the background process)
![Page 62: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
last (displays the last logged in users)
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Who am i (displays the current user name and id)
![Page 64: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
ps (used to report the status of a process)
![Page 65: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
dirs (displays list of remembered directories)
![Page 66: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
dircolors (colour setup for ls)
![Page 67: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
link (used to create a link for a file)
![Page 68: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
lsattr (lists the attributes of files in a directory)
![Page 69: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
more (Display the named files on a terminal, one screenful at a time)
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mv (used to move/rename file from one directory to another)
![Page 71: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
nestat (displays statistics information and current state of network connections, protocol, ports/ sockets and
devices)
![Page 72: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
passwd (to change password)
![Page 73: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
paste (used to paste contents from one file to another file)
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printf (used to write formatted output)
![Page 75: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
restore (restores the data from the dump-file or backup-file created using dump command)
![Page 76: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
sort (sorts the sentences in a file)
![Page 77: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Route (displays routing table resides in kernel and also used to modify the routing table)
![Page 78: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
sed (used to edit or delete all occurrences of one string to another within a file)
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whois (lists the information about the domain owner)
![Page 80: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
yes (repeatedly prints the given string)
![Page 81: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
aspell (used to check the spellings)
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command (Runs a command ignoring shell functions)
![Page 83: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
dir (lists the directory contents)
![Page 84: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
dirname (Convert a full pathname to just a path)
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dmesg (Displays kernel & driver messages)
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eval ( Evaluate several commands/arguments)
![Page 87: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
expr ( Evaluates the given expression)
![Page 88: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
locate (Search files)
![Page 89: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
fmt (Converts separate lines into a single paragraph)
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fold (Wrap text to fit a specified width)
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fsck (check and repair the consistency of the File system)
![Page 92: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
getopts (Displays Parse positional parameters)
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gzip ( Compress or decompress named file)
![Page 94: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
gunzip (decompress files )
![Page 95: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
hash (Remembers the full pathname of a name argument)
![Page 96: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
times (Displays User and system times)
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history ( Displays the History )
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killall -l (displays all known signal names)
![Page 99: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
nl (Number the lines in a file)
![Page 100: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
nohup (Run a command immune to hangups and stores the output in a file nohup.out)
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popd (Restore the previous value of the current directory)
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pr ( Prepares the files for printing)
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pushd - (Save and then change the current directory)
![Page 104: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
quota (Displays the disk usage and limits)
![Page 105: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
scp ( Secure copy (remote file copy))
![Page 106: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
rev (Reverses the lines of a file)
![Page 107: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
screen (Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh)
![Page 108: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
sdiff (Merges two files interactively)
![Page 109: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
seq (Print numeric sequences)
![Page 110: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
shopt (Shell Options)
![Page 111: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
shutdown (To Shutdown linux)
![Page 112: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
sleep ( Delay for a specified time)
![Page 113: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
su (Substitute user identity)
![Page 114: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
sudo ( Execute a command as another user)
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cksum (Print CRC checksum and byte counts)
![Page 116: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
tsort (Topological sort)
![Page 117: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
ulimit (Limit user resources)
![Page 118: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
unalias (Removes an alias)
![Page 119: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
uname (Prints system information)
![Page 120: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
zcat (read files which are compressed with gzip)
![Page 121: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
zcmp (compares two compressed files)
![Page 122: Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070315/5554aeaeb4c90502618b547b/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)