Linking useful exergy to energy and material services 4 Contents. useless useful exergy. ... Heat...
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Linking useful exergy to energy and material services 13-15 July 2016 International Exergy Economics Workshop University of Sussex Dr Jonathan Cullen [email protected]
Transcript of Linking useful exergy to energy and material services 4 Contents. useless useful exergy. ... Heat...
Linking useful exergy to energy and material services
Department of Engineering
13-15 July 2016 International Exergy
Economics Workshop University of Sussex
Dr Jonathan [email protected]
useless useful exergy
Wrap up
energy and materials serices
dynamicreference state
service quality
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2
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5
4
Contents
useless useful exergy
Useful exergy is an important metric for understanding the efficiency of the energy system and the driver of economic growth
Useful exergy by iteself is useless!"unless it is used to deliver the energy and material services people want
Useful exergy
Heat delivered inan open desert
food that is never eaten
trains carrying no people
Examples of useless useful exergy
By understanding the links between useful exergy and energy and material services, we can find ways to make useful exergy even more useful!
thermal comfort?
passenger transport?
communication?
training frame for cat burglars
energy and material services
“A modern industrial society can be viewed as a complex machine for degrading "high-quality energy into waste heat while extracting the energy needed for creating "
an enormous catalogue of goods and services” Claude Summers (1971)
materials productsenergy servicesenergy
waste productswaste material
Industrial society
PeoplePlanet
waste heat
What do we mean by services?
Electricity
Heat
138
144
50
31
96
53
44
3015
Biomass
Coal
Gas
Nuclear
Renewable
Oil
54
152
127
97
30
15
64
64
68
90
56
84
29
19
Passenger transport23x1012 passenger-km
Freight transport46x1012 tonne-km
Communication280x1018 bytes
Structure15x109 MPa2/3 m3
Thermal comfort30x1015 m3K (air)
Sustenance28x1018 J (food)
Hygiene1.5x1012 m3K (hot water)2.8x1018 Nm (work)
Illumination480x1018 lm s
24
36
13116
64
Chemical
Steel
CementPaper
Aluminium
Other
1010
8
56
67
86
18
88
23
31
40
38
Plane
Truck
ShipTrain
Driven system
Steam system
Fired system
Heated/cooled space
Appliance
Illuminated space
Hot water system
Car
1618
33
28
47
49
31
58
20
1110
55
58
41
Aircraft engine
Diesel engine
Petrol engine
ElectronicLight device
Cooler
Other engine
Electricmotor
Oil burner
Biomassburner
Gas burner
Coal burner
Electricheater
Heat exchanger
Electricity generation 203 Other 67
Motion 175 Vehicle 106
Factory 154
Building 215
Heat 233
Primary energy 475 Direct fuel use 272
Conversion devicesEnergy sources Final servicesPassive systems
Annual global flow of energy in 2005, EJ [1018 joules]
Annual global direct carbon emissions in 2005, Gt CO2 [109 tonnes of CO2]
10.7
5.3
11.0
© 2009 JM Cullen and JM AllwoodIn Energy Policy: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.054
Energy and material services
Electricity
Heat
138
144
50
31
96
53
44
3015
Biomass
Coal
Gas
Nuclear
Renewable
Oil
54
152
127
97
30
15
64
64
68
90
56
84
29
19
Passenger transport23x1012 passenger-km
Freight transport46x1012 tonne-km
Communication280x1018 bytes
Structure15x109 MPa2/3 m3
Thermal comfort30x1015 m3K (air)
Sustenance28x1018 J (food)
Hygiene1.5x1012 m3K (hot water)2.8x1018 Nm (work)
Illumination480x1018 lm s
24
36
13116
64
Chemical
Steel
CementPaper
Aluminium
Other
1010
8
56
67
86
18
88
23
31
40
38
Plane
Truck
ShipTrain
Driven system
Steam system
Fired system
Heated/cooled space
Appliance
Illuminated space
Hot water system
Car
1618
33
28
47
49
31
58
20
1110
55
58
41
Aircraft engine
Diesel engine
Petrol engine
ElectronicLight device
Cooler
Other engine
Electricmotor
Oil burner
Biomassburner
Gas burner
Coal burner
Electricheater
Heat exchanger
Electricity generation 203 Other 67
Motion 175 Vehicle 106
Factory 154
Building 215
Heat 233
Primary energy 475 Direct fuel use 272
Conversion devicesEnergy sources Final servicesPassive systems
Annual global flow of energy in 2005, EJ [1018 joules]
Annual global direct carbon emissions in 2005, Gt CO2 [109 tonnes of CO2]
10.7
5.3
11.0
© 2009 JM Cullen and JM AllwoodIn Energy Policy: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.054
Useful energy(heat, light, motion)
Energy and material services
Passive systems
Materials/products
Chains
Decomposition of service intensity
Services delivered Energy (primary, final, useful)
How can we deliver future energy and material services, "while reducing resource use and environmental impact?
EnergyConversion
x x Ef Eu
Ep Ef
Ep S
=
Service intensity
Passive system
Eu S
Decomposition of service intensity
Energy service
Energy supply chain
Looking for efficiency opportunities across "
all parts of the "energy supply chain
Remember the energy system is driven by people demanding "energy services
Thomas Edison "wanted to sell "
energy services, not kilowatt-hours
Energy services
Decomposition of service intensity
Services delivered Energy (primary, final, useful)
How can we deliver future energy and material services, "while reducing resource use and environmental impact?
EnergyConversion
x x Ef Eu
Ep Ef
Ep S
=
Service intensity
Passive system
Eu S
Decomposition of service intensity
Energy service
Product intensity
Eu S
How can we deliver future energy and material services, "while reducing resource use and environmental impact?
Ep S
=
Service intensity
Materialservices
Decomposition of service intensity
Services delivered, Product stocks Material production, Energy (primary, final, useful)
EnergyConversion
x x Ef Eu
Ep Ef
Ep S
=
Service intensity
P S
Material intensity
x x M P
Eu M
Energy intensity
dynamic reference state
When defining a service, we need to find a solution-neutral statement "which avoids any indication of how the service will be delivered. A useful technique used in product design is to raise the level of abstraction.
Abstraction
Abstraction has the following steps: § Eliminate requirements which have no direct bearing "
on the function and essential constraints
§ Transform quantitative statements into qualitative ones
§ Formulate the problem in solution-neutral terms "at the appropriate level of generality
Abstraction helps define the service and increases the search space of ways of possibly delivering the service
Electricity
Heat
138
144
50
31
96
53
44
3015
Biomass
Coal
Gas
Nuclear
Renewable
Oil
54
152
127
97
30
15
64
64
68
90
56
84
29
19
Passenger transport23x1012 passenger-km
Freight transport46x1012 tonne-km
Communication280x1018 bytes
Structure15x109 MPa2/3 m3
Thermal comfort30x1015 m3K (air)
Sustenance28x1018 J (food)
Hygiene1.5x1012 m3K (hot water)2.8x1018 Nm (work)
Illumination480x1018 lm s
24
36
13116
64
Chemical
Steel
CementPaper
Aluminium
Other
1010
8
56
67
86
18
88
23
31
40
38
Plane
Truck
ShipTrain
Driven system
Steam system
Fired system
Heated/cooled space
Appliance
Illuminated space
Hot water system
Car
1618
33
28
47
49
31
58
20
1110
55
58
41
Aircraft engine
Diesel engine
Petrol engine
ElectronicLight device
Cooler
Other engine
Electricmotor
Oil burner
Biomassburner
Gas burner
Coal burner
Electricheater
Heat exchanger
Electricity generation 203 Other 67
Motion 175 Vehicle 106
Factory 154
Building 215
Heat 233
Primary energy 475 Direct fuel use 272
Conversion devicesEnergy sources Final servicesPassive systems
Annual global flow of energy in 2005, EJ [1018 joules]
Annual global direct carbon emissions in 2005, Gt CO2 [109 tonnes of CO2]
10.7
5.3
11.0
© 2009 JM Cullen and JM AllwoodIn Energy Policy: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.054
Can we group these physical measures
of service?
Can we find a single metric to measure
these services?
Electricity
Heat
138
144
50
31
96
53
44
3015
Biomass
Coal
Gas
Nuclear
Renewable
Oil
54
152
127
97
30
15
64
64
68
90
56
84
29
19
Passenger transport23x1012 passenger-km
Freight transport46x1012 tonne-km
Communication280x1018 bytes
Structure15x109 MPa2/3 m3
Thermal comfort30x1015 m3K (air)
Sustenance28x1018 J (food)
Hygiene1.5x1012 m3K (hot water)2.8x1018 Nm (work)
Illumination480x1018 lm s
24
36
13116
64
Chemical
Steel
CementPaper
Aluminium
Other
1010
8
56
67
86
18
88
23
31
40
38
Plane
Truck
ShipTrain
Driven system
Steam system
Fired system
Heated/cooled space
Appliance
Illuminated space
Hot water system
Car
1618
33
28
47
49
31
58
20
1110
55
58
41
Aircraft engine
Diesel engine
Petrol engine
ElectronicLight device
Cooler
Other engine
Electricmotor
Oil burner
Biomassburner
Gas burner
Coal burner
Electricheater
Heat exchanger
Electricity generation 203 Other 67
Motion 175 Vehicle 106
Factory 154
Building 215
Heat 233
Primary energy 475 Direct fuel use 272
Conversion devicesEnergy sources Final servicesPassive systems
Annual global flow of energy in 2005, EJ [1018 joules]
Annual global direct carbon emissions in 2005, Gt CO2 [109 tonnes of CO2]
10.7
5.3
11.0
© 2009 JM Cullen and JM AllwoodIn Energy Policy: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.054
Physical separationa physical barrier which allows different states to
operate next to each other, or separation between
moving surfaces
Abstraction of material services wind, cold/hot,
rain, pollution, wheels
height, hot/cold, wind, rain, light
Growthnutrients for plants
hot/cold
light
water/air, hot/cold
fertiliser
Entertainment data amount/transfer communication
Dynamic reference state?
Exergy is difference between a state and a reference state, divided into four components: • kinetic • potential (gravitational or electromagnetic) • physical (pressure or temperature) • chemical
But we now need a dynamic reference state to deal with the changing environmental conditions, temperature, wind velocity, light levels, humidity, etc.
what about growth and
entertainment?
Exergy
Physical separation
looks like exergy
service quality
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25
THINK HOLISTIC
29
30
wrap up
« Useful exergy can be useless in the same way GDP can be a measure of the wrong things
Conclusions"
« Energy and material serviceswe need to find better ways to define and measure energy and material services, linking physical quantities to needs
« Dynamic exergy reference state?physical separation = exergy (growth and communication?)
« Service quality how do we deal with this?
Linking useful exergy to energy and material services
Department of Engineering
13-15 July 2016 International Exergy
Economics Workshop University of Sussex
Dr Jonathan [email protected]
