Linking the Indian Census to the National Sample Survey

Linking the Indian Census with the National Sample Survey∗

Mamta MurthiClare Hall, Cambridge

P V SrinivasanIGIDR, BombayS V Subramanian

Institute for the Geography of Health, University of Portsmouth

Draft: June 1999

∗ We are grateful to Jean Drèze for detailed suggestions and comments.

1 Introduction

This paper discusses why it is useful to augment district-level information in theCensus of India with regional consumption and poverty estimates from the NationalSample Survey. It provides an illustration of how the two sources of data might bebrought together by linking district lists from two recent Censuses (1981 and 1991)with regional poverty estimates from three rounds of the NSS (1972-73, 1987-88, and1993-94).

2 The need to augment the Census

The Census of India is a rich source of information on demographic and othersocio-economic variables. Conducted every decade since 1871, the Census providesperhaps the longest time-series on social and economic change in India.1 In additionnational and state level aggregates, the Census contains detailed information at thelevel of the district (the basic unit of administration) and, in many instances, lowerlevels of disaggregation such as towns and wards (in urban areas) and blocks andvillages (in rural areas). As a result, the data allow us to look at a number of issues,including population growth, births, deaths, female-male ratios, education, occupation,and urbanization, and how and why they vary over time and space, using the district asthe unit of analysis.

In the area of population and demography, it is difficult to over-emphasize theimportance of the Census. The system of civil registration of births and deaths in Indiais simply too incomplete to provide an accurate estimate of vital rates (see Governmentof India, 1972 among others). As a result, the Sample Registration System (SRS) wasset up in the late 1960s to provide reliable and timely vital statistics, and starting from1971, the Census was expanded to include questions on fertility and child mortality.The SRS and the decennial Census remain the only two nation-wide sources ofinformation on these questions.2 Of the two, only the Census provides information atthe district-level. The need to cover the entire population and range of issues coveredin the Census introduces a greater scope for error. Remarkably, the two sourcesprovide estimates of vital rates which are broadly similar (see e.g. Government ofIndia, 1983, 1988a).

One of the major difficulties with using the Census for district-level policyanalysis is that it contains no information on income, consumption levels, or poverty.Although a number of variables can be used as proxies for per-capita income or 1 For two excellent perspectives on the Indian Censuses see Natrajan (1972) and Srivastava (1972).2 The National Sample Survey (NSS) collected information on population questions from 1958-68,and a comprehensive module on fertility, family planning, and mortality was included in the 28th

round of the NSS (1973-74). However, plans to repeat the module at regular intervals were droppedwhen comparative studies of the NSS and SRS revealed that the NSS suffered from significantomissions. See, Government of India (1981) and Rama Rao et. al. (1987). The recent NationalFamily Health Survey (1992-93) and its successor survey (currently underway) are an alternativesource of estimates for the 1990s.

consumption (such as urbanization, or the proportion of agricultural labourers in thetotal population), these are a far cry from the fairly detailed information on individualconsumption and expenditure collected through household income and expendituresurveys. As a result, it is difficult to control for per-capita income or poverty whenconducting district-level analysis using Census information.

One way around this problem is to import information on income orconsumption from other sources. The principal source of information on householdconsumption in India is the National Sample Survey (NSS). The NSS does not samplefrom every district in the country. However, sample sizes are reasonably large at thelevel of the NSS region, which is an intermediate unit between a district and a state.This opens up the possibility of using NSS region-level estimates of consumption andpoverty in conjunction with Census data. Indeed, this is the approach employed inMurthi, Guio, and Drèze (1995) and Drèze and Srinivasan (1996).

Matching information from the NSS with the Census involves the very practicalquestion of knowing which Census districts comprise which NSS regions. Moreover,constructing a time-series involves keeping track of changes in the boundaries of bothCensus districts and NSS regions. This paper documents how a consistent time-seriescan be constructed for the two most recent Censuses as a particular illustration of howthe Census and the NSS can be used together. 3 The rest of the paper is organized asfollows. The next section describes how district lists from the 1981 and 1991Censuses can be put together, while Section 4 discusses the changing composition ofthe NSS regions over three rounds, 1972-73, 1987-88, and 1993-94. Section 5concludes.

3 Matching districts across Census years: 1981 and 1991

The spatial units (e.g. districts, towns etc.) at which Census information iscompiled owe their existence to administrative functions other than the Census. As aresult, their boundaries change over time, in response to administrative requirementsand/or political need. Typically, the number of districts has increased over time, withdistricts tending to be partitioned rather than merged. This process of carving out newpolitical and administrative ‘spaces’ has accelerated somewhat in the 90s. Forexample, newspaper reports suggest that the number of districts in Uttar Pradesh willbe in the range of 90 for the 2001 Census from the present total of 63.

The main problem confronting any researcher who wants to use the 1981 and1991 Censuses to conduct district-level analysis is the partitioning of districts betweenthe two Census years (see Table 1). As a result, there were 466 districts in 1991compared to 412 districts in 1981.4 A further problem is that some districts retain their

3 There are other problems that arise in creating a consistent time-series, e.g., changes in definitionsacross years. However, these are not the focus of this paper.4 These figures include states which were not covered by the Census in particular years. No Censuswas held in Assam in 1981, and in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991. To obtain the total for 1981, we

names even when their boundaries have changed. For example, the 1981 district ofAmbala in Haryana split into two districts, called Ambala and Yamunanagar, in 1991.

Table 1States where district changes took place between 1981 and 1991

States5 Number of districts1981 1991

Arunachal Pradesh 9 11Assam 10 23Bihar 31 42Goa 1 2Haryana 12 16Karanataka 19 20Kerala 12 14Maharashtra 26 30Manipur 6 8Rajasthan 26 27Tamil Nadu 16 21Uttar Pradesh 56 63West Bengal 16 17India 412 466

In general, the best source of information on district boundary changes are theCensus Atlases introduced in the 1961 Census (see, for example, Government of India,1988b for changes that took place between 1971 and 1981). A more time-consumingalternative is to compare district boundaries across Census years using the DistrictCensus Handbooks, of which there is one per district. However, to the best of ourknowledge, no Census Atlas has been produced for the 1991 Census and a full set ofHandbooks for the 1991 districts is yet to be compiled. We therefore compared all-India administrative division maps for 1981 and 1991 in order to establish changes.All-India administrative division maps are provided on the scale of 1 cm to 100 km(1:100,000). The 1981 Census Atlas contains the all-India administrative division mapfor 1981. For 1991, a similar map was made available by the Census in its earlypublications (e.g. Government of India, 1992).

Using the all-India administrative division maps, we matched 1981 districts to1991 districts. This ‘mapping’ is reported in columns 1 and 2 of the Appendix.6 Mostof the district changes between 1981 and 1991 are relatively simple (see Table 2). Inmost cases, one 1981 district was bifurcated into two 1991 districts. For example, the added the number of districts in Assam (10) to the actual number of districts covered by the 1981Census (402). Likewise, to obtain the total for 1991, we added the number of districts in Jammu andKashmir (14) to the actual number covered by the 1991Census (452).5 The term ‘state’ includes Union Territories which were accorded the status of states by the 1991Census (e.g. Arunachal Pradesh and Goa).6 Our ‘mapping’ is based on sources that were available at the time of writing and may be subject tominor revision after the 1991 Census Atlas is published.

1981 district of Osmanabad in Maharashtra was partitioned into two 1991 districts,Osmanabad and Latur. In nine instances, the 1981 district was bifurcated into three ormore 1991 districts (e.g. Ranchi of 1981 became Lohardaga, Gumla, and Ranchi in1991). Finally, there was one instance where a 1991 district (Panipat in Haryana) wascreated from two 1981 districts (Karnal and Kurukshetra).7

Table 2Nature of correspondence between 1981 and 1991 districts

Outcome (1991) Source (1981) Number of casesOne 1991 district = One 1981 district 368

Two 1991 districts = One 1981 district 33Three or more 1991 districts = One 1981 district 9

One 1991 district = Two 1981 districts 1

In using the information in the Appendix to construct a time-series involvingdistrict-level estimates of particular variables (e.g. birth rates, literacy rates etc.), theresearcher needs to decide which year to select as ‘base’. There are two options.

• Taking 1991 as the base would mean drawing a boundary on the 1981 mapcorresponding to the blocks/tehsils that were used to create the 1991districts, and determining the 1981 level of the variable in question for thatgroup of blocks/tehsils. In general, this can be quite difficult to do, giventhat these administrative units were not created until the later period. Formany variables, information at the relevant sub-district level may simply notexist for 1981. Alternatively, one can assign the 1981 value of a particularvariable for a given 1981 district to each of the 1991 districts created fromit, although this is at the cost of precision.

• Taking 1981 as base would mean calculating the 1991 value of a variablefor a particular district as an average over the relevant 1981 districts. Whilethis is practically easier to achieve, it is spatially less detailed and couldmask valuable information. However, for one of the variables we haveconsidered (illiteracy), we find that the levels and patterns observed for new1991 districts are more or less similar to that of their 1981 source districts(see Subramanian, forthcoming). It follows that using 1981 as base makesno significant difference to district-level spatial patterns. This is becausewhile new boundaries may have been drawn, this has not affected theperformance (or lack of it) of new districts which tend to show patternssimilar to the source district.

7 There is another possible category, where 1981 districts are re-configured but retained their names.Our reading of the all-India administrative divisions maps from 1981 and 1991 suggests that theadjacent districts of Rohtak and Sonipat in Haryana were adjusted in such as way that villagesbelonging to Sonipat were transferred to Rohtak in 1991. However, for confirmation, we awaitCensus Atlas for 1991. For the present we have assumed that these districts are unchanged.

We leave it to individual researchers to decide which method to adopt.

Before concluding this section, it is worth mentioning another issue that ariseswhen using the 1981 and 1991 Censuses. The 1981 Census was not conducted inAssam, while the 1991 Census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. For thesetwo states, it is not possible to use these two Censuses to analyze changes during the1980s.

4 Matching Census districts with NSS regions

The NSS is the primary source of information on per capita expenditure andpoverty in India. Expenditure and poverty estimates are available at the all-India andstate level, separately for rural and urban areas.

There are significant differences within states in living conditions, so it isfortunate that there are estimates of per-capita expenditure and poverty at the sub-stateor ‘regional’ level. NSS regions typically consist of several districts within a state withsimilar agro-climatic conditions and socio-economic features. Regional estimatestherefore provide a reasonably good first approximation to district-level conditions ofconsumption and poverty. To make use of these estimates one can either use theregion-level estimate as the district-level estimate, or ‘collapse’ districts into regionsand work at the regional level.

Regional estimates of expenditure and poverty are available for three rounds ofthe NSS: 1972-73, 1987-88, and 1993-94 (see Table 3 for sources). The first twostraddle the 1981 Census, the second two the 1991 Census, so interpolations may beused to construct estimates that correspond more closely to the Census periods.Policy changes at the NSSO have meant that unit record data are now more easilyaccessible, including data from the 1983 round. This round could also be used toconstruct regional poverty estimates. In this paper we focus on the three rounds forwhich published estimates already exist.

Table 3Source of regional poverty estimates

Year Published povertyestimates at regionallevel

Source8 Unit recorddata availablefrom NSSO

1972-73 Yes Jain et. al., 1988 No

1983 No Yes1987-88 Yes Drèze and Srinivasan, 1996; Dubey

and Gangopadhyay, 1998Yes

1993-94 Yes Dubey and Gangopadhyay, 1998 Yes

Information on the district composition of the NSS regions is available from anumber of sources. For 1972-73, the main source is Jain et. al. (1988). For 1987-88and 1993-94, the information is available from the relevant issues of ‘Instructions tothe Field Staff: Design, Concepts, Definitions and Procedures’, published by theNational Sample Survey Organization to accompany each survey.

Using these sources we have compiled a regional classification of districtswhich is presented in Appendix 1. In general, the mapping of districts to regions onthe strength of these sources is pretty straightforward. The only exception is Gujaratwhere some regions cut across district boundaries. Here we assign a district to aparticular NSS region if the majority of its blocks/tehsils lie within that region. Forexample, the district of Valsad is assigned to ‘Gujarat Eastern’ as six of its eight tehsilslie in that region.

As with districts, the number of NSS regions has increased over time (seeTable 4). The 1972-73 round covered 62 regions in 21 states. This went up to 77regions in 1987-88 and 78 regions in 1993-94. A large part of the increase has beendue to increases in coverage. Thus, of the 15 additional regions created between1972-73 and 1987-88, 10 were due to the inclusion of so-called small states (with apopulation less than 10 million) and union territories.9 The other 5 were from thepartitioning or redefinition of existing regions in 4 states: Andhra Pradesh, Assam,Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

8 Dubey and Gangopadhyay present estimates for a range of poverty lines, including the widely-usedDandekar and Rath (1971) poverty line. Drèze and Srinivasan and Jain et. al. use the Dandekar andRath line. The 1987-88 poverty estimates from the two different sources are mutually consistent.9 The small states and Union Territories for which estimates became available are: Andaman andNicobar Islands; Arunachal Pradesh; Chandigarh; Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Goa, Daman and Diu;Lakshadweep; Nagaland; Mizoram; Pondichery; and Sikkim.

Table 4States where region changes occurred

State Number of NSS regions1972-73 1987-88 1993-94

Assam 2 3 3Andhra Pradesh 3 4 4Goa, Daman and Diu 1 2Madhya Pradesh 5 7 7Tamil Nadu 3 4 4India 62 77 78

Changes in boundaries of regions creates the need for caution when comparingNSS regions across time (e.g. when working at the regional level of aggregation).Between 1972-73 and 1987-88, there were two instances where regions werepartitioned (see Table 5).10 However, in both cases the integrity of the source regionwas maintained, so the regions remain comparable over time.11 In two other cases(Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu), boundaries were changed in such a way as to ruleout simple comparisons. Tamil Nadu consisted of 3 NSS regions in 1972-73 and 4regions in 1987-88. One of the 1987-88 regions is identical in composition to a 1972-73 region (‘Tamil Nadu Coastal Northern’). However, the other three 1987-88regions consist of a different combination of districts comprising the original two1972-73 regions. Similarly, in Madhya Pradesh, districts have changed regionalaffiliations in such a way as to make the five 1972-73 regions not comparable with theseven 1987-88 regions. In the case of these two states, there is no straightforwardway of constructing a time series of poverty at the regional level.12

Table 5Correspondence between NSS regions, 1972-73 and 1987-88

Outcome (1987-88) Source (1972-73) Number of CasesOne 1987-88 region = One 1972-73 region 58

Two 1987-88 regions = One 1972-73 region 2Two or more 1987-88 regions = Two or more 1972-73 regions 2

10 The region of ‘Andhra Pradesh Inland Southern’ was divided into ‘Andhra Pradesh South Western’and ‘Andhra Pradesh Inland Southern’, while ‘Assam Plains’ became ‘Assam Eastern Plains’ and‘Assam Western Plains’.11 The issues that arise (e.g. which year to chose as ‘base’) are identical to the earlier discussion ondistricts.12 Of course, this does not necessitate dropping these two states from any regional-level analysis. Oneoption would be to work at a level of aggregation at which there has been no change in boundaries i.e.the state level. In the case of Tamil Nadu, another option is to conduct the analysis in terms of two‘regions’: the unchanged one, and the remaining 2 1972-73 regions.

Between 1987-88 and 1993-94, there was only one change in NSS regions (seeTable 6). The region of Goa, Daman and Diu, was partitioned into two regions, onecovering Goa and the other Daman and Diu.

Table 6Correspondence between NSS regions

Outcome (1993-94) Source (1987-88) Number of CasesOne 1993-94 region = One 1987-88 region 76

Two 1993-94 regions = One 1987-88 region 1

5 Concluding remarks

The Census of India is a rich data source, providing a long time-series ofinformation at the district-level which can be used to analyze a number of keyeconomic and social issues. However, one of the drawbacks with using this data isthat there is no information on consumption or poverty at the district-level. Thislacuna can be remedied for recent Censuses by using regional estimates of per-capitaexpenditure and poverty derived from the NSS. As NSS regions typically consist ofone or more districts with similar agro-climatic conditions and socio-economicconditions, these estimates provide a reasonably good first approximation to district-level per-capita expenditure or poverty.

This discussion paper provides information on how to link district lists from thetwo most recent Censuses with published regional poverty estimates derived from theNSS. A detailed correspondence of Census districts and NSS regions may be found inthe Appendix. An Excel spreadsheet which lists districts, regional affiliations, andpoverty estimates based on sources and methods described in this discussion paper isavailable on request from the authors.13

13 Requests should be addressed to Mamta Murthi, Centre for History and Economics, Kings College,Cambridge CB2 1ST, e-mail: [email protected]

Bibliography

Dandekar, V. M. and Rath, N. (1971), Poverty in India, Bombay: Sameeksha Trust.

Drèze, Jean and Srinivasan, P. V. (1996), Poverty in India: Regional Estimates, 1987-8, Discussion Paper No. 129, Bombay: IGIDR.

Dubey, Amaresh and Gangopadhyay, Shubhashis (1998), Counting the Poor,Sarvekshana Analytical Report Number 1, Department of Statistics, Government ofIndia.

Government of India (1992), Final Population Totals, Census of India 1991, Office ofthe Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India (1988a), Fertility in India - An Analysis of 1981 Census Data,Census of India 1981, Occasional Paper 13 of 1988, Office of the Registrar General:New Delhi.

Government of India, (1988b), Census Atlas 1981, National Volume, Series I, PartXII, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India (1983), Estimates of Fertility and Child Mortality by IndirectMethods, Census of India 1981, Occasional Paper 1 of 1983, Office of the RegistrarGeneral: New Delhi.

Government of India (1981), Levels, Trends and Differentials in Fertility 1979, VitalStatistics Division, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India (1972), Civil Registration System in India - A Perspective,Census Centenary Monograph No. 4, Census of India 1971, Office of the RegistrarGeneral: New Delhi.

Jain, L. R., Sundaram, K., and Tendulkar, S.D. (1988), Dimensions of Rural Poverty:An Inter-Regional Profile, Economic and Political Weekly, November (special issue).

Murthi, Mamta, Anne-Catherine Guio, and Drèze, Jean (1995), Mortality , Fertilityand Gender-Bias in India: A District Level Analysis, Population and DevelopmentReview, 21.

Natrajan, D. (1972), Indian Censuses Through a Hundred Years, Census CentenaryMonograph No. 2, Census of India 1971, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Rama Rao, N., J. R. Rele and J. A. Palmore (1987), Regression Estimates for Fertilityfor India, 1971 and 1981, Occasional Paper No.3 of 1987, Office of the RegistrarGeneral: New Delhi.

Srivastava, S C (1972), Indian Census in Perspective, Census Centenary MonographNo. 1, Census of India 1971, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Subramanian, S. V. (forthcoming), Assessing the Potential of Multilevel Models forAnalyzing Variations in Illiteracy in India, Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Geography,University of Portsmouth.

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Appendix

List of 1981 and 1991 Census districts with regional affiliations

State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

Srikakulam Srikakulam AP Coastal AP Coastal

Vizianagaram Vizianagaram AP Coastal AP Coastal

Vishakhapatnam Vishakhapatnam AP Coastal AP Coastal

East Godavari East Godavari AP Coastal AP Coastal

West Godavari West Godavari AP Coastal AP Coastal

Krishna Krishna AP Coastal AP Coastal

Guntur Guntur AP Coastal AP Coastal

Prakasam Prakasam AP Coastal AP Coastal

Nellore Nellore AP Coastal AP Coastal

Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Rangareddy Rangareddy AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Hyderabad Hyderabad AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Medak Medak AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Nizamabad Nizamabad AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Adilabad Adilabad AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Karimnagar Karimnagar AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Warangal Warangal AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Khammam Khammam AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Nalgonda Nalgonda AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern

Anantapur Anantapur AP Inland Southern AP South Western

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Kurnool Kurnool AP Inland Southern AP South Western

Chittoor Chittoor AP Inland Southern AP Inland Southern

Cuddapah Cuddapah AP Inland Southern AP Inland Southern

Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh

Tawang West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh

West Kameng West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh

East Kameng East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh

Lower Subansiri Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh

Upper Subansiri Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh

West Siang West Siang Arunachal Pradesh

East Siang East Siang Arunachal Pradesh

Dibang Valley Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh

Lohit Lohit Arunachal Pradesh

Changlang Tirap Arunachal Pradesh

Tirap Tirap Arunachal Pradesh

Assam Assam

Lakhimpur Lakhimpur Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Dhemaji Lakhimpur Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Golaghat Sibsagar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Jorhat Sibsagar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Sibsagar Sibsagar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Dibrugarh Dibrugarh Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Tinsukia Dibrugarh Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Karimganj Cachar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Kailakandi Cachar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

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Cachar Cachar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

Dhubri Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Kokrajhar Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Bongaigaon Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Goalpara Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Barpeta Kamrup Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Nalbari Kamrup Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Kamrup Kamrup Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Darrang Darrang Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Sonitpur Darrang Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Marigaon Nowgong Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Nagaon Nowgong Assam Plains Assam Plains Western

Karbi Anglong Karbi Anglong Assam Hills Assam Hills

North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills Assam Hills Assam Hills

Bihar Bihar

Patna Patna Bihar Central Bihar Central

Nalanda Nalanda Bihar Central Bihar Central

Bhojpur Bhojpur Bihar Central Bihar Central

Rohtas Rohtas Bihar Central Bihar Central

Aurangabad Aurangabad Bihar Central Bihar Central

Jehanabad Gaya Bihar Central Bihar Central

Gaya Gaya Bihar Central Bihar Central

Nawada Nawada Bihar Central Bihar Central

Saran Saran Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Siwan Siwan Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

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Gopalganj Gopalganj Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Pashchim Champaran Pashchim Champaran Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Purbi Champaran Purbi Champaran Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Sitamarhi Sitamarhi Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Vaishali Vaishali Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Begusarai Begusarai Bihar Central Bihar Central

Samastipur Samastipur Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Darbhanga Darbhanga Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Madhubani Madhubani Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Saharsa Saharsa Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Madhepura Saharsa Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Purnia Purnia Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Katihar Katihar Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Khagaria Munger Bihar Central Bihar Central

Munger Munger Bihar Central Bihar Central

Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Bihar Central Bihar Central

Godda Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar SouthernSahibganj Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Dumka Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Deoghar Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Dhanbad Dhanbad Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Giridih Giridih Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Hazaribag Hazaribag Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Palamu Palamu Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

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Lohardaga Ranchi Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Gumla Ranchi Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Ranchi Ranchi Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Purbi Singhbhum Singhbhum Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Pashchimi Singh Singhbhum Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

Araria Purnia Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Kishanganj Purnia Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

Goa Goa

North Goa Goa Goa, Daman and Diu Goa

South Goa Goa Goa, Daman and Diu Goa

Gujarat Gujarat

Surat Surat Gujarat Eastern Gujarat Eastern

Valsad Valsad Gujarat Eastern Gujarat Eastern

The Dangs The Dangs Gujarat Eastern Gujarat Eastern

Sabar Kantha Sabar Kantha Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern

Mahesana Mahesana Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern

Gandhi Nagar Gandhi Nagar Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern

Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern

Kheda Kheda Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern

Panch mahals Panch mahals Gujarat Plains Southern Gujarat Plains Southern

Vadodara Vadodara Gujarat Plains Southern Gujarat Plains Southern

Bharuch Bharuch Gujarat Plains Southern Gujarat Plains Southern

Surendranagar Surendranagar Gujarat Dry Areas Gujarat Dry Areas

Kachchh Kachchh Gujarat Dry Areas Gujarat Dry Areas

Banas Kantha Banas Kantha Gujarat Dry Areas Gujarat Dry Areas

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Jamnagar Jamnagar Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra

Rajkot Rajkot Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra

Bhavnagar Bhavnagar Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra

Amreli Amreli Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra

Junagadh Junagadh Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra

Haryana Haryana

Ambala Ambala Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Yamunanagar Ambala Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Kurukshetra Kurukshetra Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Kaithal Kurukshetra Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Karnal Karnal Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Panipat Karnal & Kurukshetra Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Sonipat Sonipat Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Rohtak Rohtak Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Faridabad Faridabad Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Gurgaon Gurgaon Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern

Rewari Mahendragarh Haryana Western Haryana Western

Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Haryana Western Haryana Western

Bhiwani Bhiwani Haryana Western Haryana Western

Jind Jind Haryana Western Haryana Western

Hisar Hisar Haryana Western Haryana Western

Sirsa Sirsa Haryana Western Haryana Western

Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Chamba Chamba Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Kangra Kangra Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

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Hamirpur Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Una Una Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Bilaspur Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Mandi Mandi Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Kulu Kulu Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Lahul & Spiti Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Simla Simla Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Solan Solan Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Sirmaur Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Kinnaur Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir

Kathua Kathua J & K Mountainous J & K Mountainous

Jammu Jammu J & K Mountainous J & K Mountainous

Ladakh Ladakh J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills

Doda Doda J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills

Udhampur Udhampur J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills

Rajauri Rajauri J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills

Punch Punch J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills

Anantnag Anantnag J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

Pulwama Pulwama J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

Srinagar Srinagar J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

Badgam Badgam J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

Baramula Baramula J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

Kupwara Kupwara J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

Kargil Kargil J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

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Karnataka Karnataka

Dakshin Kannad Dakshin Kannad Karnataka Coastal & Ghats Karnataka Coastal & Ghats

Uttar Kannad Uttar Kannad Karnataka Coastal & Ghats Karnataka Coastal & Ghats

Chikmagalur Chikmagalur Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern

Hassan Hassan Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern

Kodagu Kodagu Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern

Shimoga Shimoga Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern

Bangalore Bangalore Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern

Bangalore Rural Bangalore Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern

Kolar Kolar Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern

Mandya Mandya Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern

Mysore Mysore Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern

Tumkur Tumkur Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern

Belgaum Belgaum Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Bellary Bellary Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Bidar Bidar Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Bijapur Bijapur Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Chitradurga Chitradurga Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Dharwad Dharwad Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Gulbarga Gulbarga Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Raichur Raichur Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern

Kerala Kerala

Kasargod Cannanore Kerala Northern Kerala Northern

Kannur Cannanore Kerala Northern Kerala Northern

Wayanad Wayanad Kerala Northern Kerala Northern

20


Kozhikode Kozhikode Kerala Northern Kerala Northern

Malappuram Malappuram Kerala Northern Kerala Northern

Palakkad Palghat Kerala Northern Kerala Northern

Thrissur Trichur Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Ernakulam Ernakulam Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Idukki Idukki Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Kottayam Kottayam Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Allepey Alleppey Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Pathanamthitta Quilon Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Kollam Quilon Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Thiruvanathapuram Trivandrum Kerala Southern Kerala Southern

Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh

Surguja Surguja MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh

Bilaspur Bilaspur MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh

Raigarh Raigarh MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh

Raj nandgaon Raj nandgaon MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh

Durg Durg MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh

Raipur Raipur MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh

Bastar Bastar MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh

Balaghat Balaghat MP Eastern MP South Central

Panna Panna MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya

Satna Satna MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya

Rewa Rewa MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya

Shahdol Shahdol MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya

Sidhi Sidhi MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya

21


Jabalpur Jabalpur MP Inland Eastern MP South Central

Mandla Mandla MP Inland Eastern MP South Central

Seoni Seoni MP Inland Eastern MP South Central

Sagar Sagar MP Inland Western MP Central

Damoh Damoh MP Inland Western MP Central

Vidisha Vidisha MP Inland Western MP Central

Bhopal Bhopal MP Inland Western MP Central

Sehore Sehore MP Inland Western MP Central

Raisen Raisen MP Inland Western MP Central

Narsimhapur Narsimhapur MP Inland Western MP South Central

Chhindwara Chhindwara MP Inland Western MP South Central

Betul Betul MP Inland Western MP South Western

Hoshangabad Hoshangabad MP Inland Western MP South Western

Mandsaur Mandsaur MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Ratlam Ratlam MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Ujjain Ujjain MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Shajapur Shajapur MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Dewas Dewas MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Jhabua Jhabua MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Dhar Dhar MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Indore Indore MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

Rajgarh Rajgarh MP Western MP Malwa Plateau

West Nimar West Nimar MP Western MP South Western

East Nimar East Nimar MP Western MP South Western

Tikamgarh Tikamgarh MP Northern MP Vindhya

22


Chhatarpur Chhatarpur MP Northern MP Vindhya

Morena Morena MP Northern MP Northern

Bhind Bhind MP Northern MP Northern

Gwalior Gwalior MP Northern MP Northern

Datia Datia MP Northern MP Northern

Shivpuri Shivpuri MP Northern MP Northern

Guna Guna MP Northern MP Northern

Maharashtra Maharashtra

Greater Bombay Greater Bombay Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal

Thana Thana Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal

Kulaba(Raigarh) Kulaba(Raigarh) Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal

Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal

Sindhudurg Ratnagiri Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal

Ahmadnagar Ahmadnagar Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western

Pune Pune Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western

Satara Satara Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western

Sangli Sangli Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western

Solapur Solapur Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western

Kolhapur Kolhapur Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western

Nasik Nasik Maharashtra Inland Northern Maharashtra Inland Northern

Dhule Dhule Maharashtra Inland Northern Maharashtra Inland Northern

Jalgaon Jalgaon Maharashtra Inland Northern Maharashtra Inland Northern

Aurangabad Aurangabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

Jalna Aurangabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

Parbhani Parbhani Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

23


Bir Bir Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

Nanded Nanded Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

Osmanabad Osmanabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

Latur Osmanabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

Buldana Buldana Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern

Akola Akola Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern

Amravati Amravati Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern

Yavatmal Yavatmal Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern

Wardha Wardha Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern

Nagpur Nagpur Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern

Bhandara Bhandara Maharashtra Eastern Maharashtra Eastern

Chandrapur Chandrapur Maharashtra Eastern Maharashtra Eastern

Gadchiroli Chandrapur Maharashtra Eastern Maharashtra Eastern

Manipur Manipur

Senapati Manipur North Manipur Manipur

Tamenglong Manipur West Manipur Manipur

Churachandpur Manipur South Manipur Manipur

Chandel Tengnoupal Manipur Manipur

Thoubal Manipur Central Manipur Manipur

Bishnupur Manipur Central Manipur Manipur

Imphal Manipur Central Manipur Manipur

Ukhrul Manipur East Manipur Manipur

Meghalaya Meghalaya

Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya

East Khasi Hill East Khasi Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya

24


West Khasi Hill West Khasi Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya

East Garo Hills East Garo Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya

West Garo Hills West Garo Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya

Mizoram Mizoram

Aizawl Aizawl Mizoram

Lunglei Lunglei Mizoram

Chhimtuipui Chhimtuipui Mizoram

Nagaland Nagaland

Kohima Kohima Nagaland

Phek Phek Nagaland

Zunheboto Zunheboto Nagaland

Wokha Wokha Nagaland

Mokokchung Mokokchung Nagaland

Tuensang Tuensang Nagaland

Mon Mon Nagaland

Orissa Orissa

Baleshwar Baleshwar Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal

Cuttack Cuttack Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal

Ganjam Ganjam Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal

Puri Puri Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal

Phulbani Phulbani Orissa Southern Orissa Southern

Kalahandi Kalahandi Orissa Southern Orissa Southern

Koraput Koraput Orissa Southern Orissa Southern

Sambalpur Sambalpur Orissa Northern Orissa Northern

Sundergarh Sundergarh Orissa Northern Orissa Northern

25


Kendujhar Kendujhar Orissa Northern Orissa Northern

Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj Orissa Northern Orissa Northern

Dhenkanal Dhenkanal Orissa Northern Orissa Northern

Balanagir Balanagir Orissa Northern Orissa Northern

Punjab Punjab

Gurdaspur Gurdaspur Punjab Northern Punjab Northern

Amritsar Amritsar Punjab Northern Punjab Northern

Ludhiana Ludhiana Punjab Northern Punjab Northern

Jalandhar Jalandhar Punjab Northern Punjab Northern

Kapurthala Kapurthala Punjab Northern Punjab Northern

Hoshiarpur Hoshiarpur Punjab Northern Punjab Northern

Rupnagar Rupnagar Punjab Northern Punjab Northern

Ferozpur Ferozpur Punjab Southern Punjab Southern

Patiala Patiala Punjab Southern Punjab Southern

Sangrur Sangrur Punjab Southern Punjab Southern

Bhatinda Bhatinda Punjab Southern Punjab Southern

Faridkot Faridkot Punjab Southern Punjab Southern

Rajasthan Rajasthan

Ganganagar Ganganagar Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Bikaner Bikaner Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Churu Churu Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Jhunjhunun Jhunjhunun Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Sikar Sikar Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Jodhpur Jodhpur Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

26


Nagaur Nagaur Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Barmer Barmer Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Jalor Jalor Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

Alwar Alwar Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Bharatpur Bharatpur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Dholpur Bharatpur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Jaipur Jaipur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Ajmer Ajmer Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Tonk Tonk Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Pali Pali Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Bhilwara Bhilwara Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern

Sirohi Sirohi Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern

Udaipur Udaipur Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern

Dungarpur Dungarpur Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern

Banswara Banswara Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern

Chittaurgarh Chittaurgarh Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern

Bundi Bundi Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern

Kota Kota Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern

Jhalawar Jhalawar Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern

Sikkim Sikkim

Sikkim North Sikkim North Sikkim

Sikkim East Sikkim East Sikkim

Sikkim South Sikkim South Sikkim

Sikkim West Sikkim West Sikkim

27


Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu

Madras Madras TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern

ChengalPattu-MGR ChengalPattu TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern

North Arcot-Ambedkar North Arcot TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern

South Arcot South Arcot TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern

Thanjavur Thanjavur TN Coastal Southern TN Coastal

Pudukkottai Pudukkottai TN Coastal Southern TN Coastal

Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram TN Coastal Southern TN Southern

Tirunelveli-Kattabomman Tirunelveli TN Coastal Southern TN Southern

Kanniyakumari Kanniyakumari TN Coastal Southern TN Southern

Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli TN Inland TN Coastal

Madurai Madurai TN Inland TN Southern

Dharampuri Dharampuri TN Inland TN Inland

Salem Salem TN Inland TN Inland

Periyar Periyar TN Inland TN Inland

Nilgiri Nilgiri TN Inland TN Inland

Coimbatore Coimbatore TN Inland TN Inland

Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvara North Arcot TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern

Dindigul-Anna Madurai TN Inland Tn Southern

Pasumpon Muthur Thevar Ramanathapuram TN Coastal Southern TN Southern

Kamarajar Ramanathapuram TN Coastal Southern TN Southern

Chidambaranar Tirunelveli TN Coastal Southern TN Southern

Tripura Tripura

West Tripura West Tripura Tripura Tripura

North Tripura North Tripura Tripura Tripura

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South Tripura South Tripura Tripura Tripura

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh

Uttarkashi Uttarkashi UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Chamoli Chamoli UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Tehri Garhwal Tehri Garhwal UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Dehradun Dehradun UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Garhwal Garhwal UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Pithoragarh Pithoragarh UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Almora Almora UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Nainital Nainital UP Himalayan UP Himalayan

Bijnor Bijnor UP Western UP Western

Moradabad Moradabad UP Western UP Western

Rampur Rampur UP Western UP Western

Saharanpur Saharanpur UP Western UP Western

Hardwar Saharanpur UP Western UP Western

Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar UP Western UP Western

Meerut Meerut UP Western UP Western

Ghaziabad Ghaziabad UP Western UP Western

Bulandshahr Bulandshahr UP Western UP Western

Aligarh Aligarh UP Western UP Western

Mathura Mathura UP Western UP Western

Agra Agra UP Western UP Western

Firozabad Mainpuri UP Western UP Western

Etah Etah UP Western UP Western

Mainpuri Mainpuri UP Western UP Western

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Budaun Budaun UP Western UP Western

Bareilly Bareilly UP Western UP Western

Pilibhit Pilibhit UP Western UP Western

Shahjahanpur Shahjahanpur UP Western UP Western

Farrukhabad Farrukhabad UP Western UP Western

Etawah Etawah UP Western UP Western

Kheri Kheri UP Central UP Central

Sitapur Sitapur UP Central UP Central

Hardoi Hardoi UP Central UP Central

Unnao Unnao UP Central UP Central

Lucknow Lucknow UP Central UP Central

Rae Bareli Rae Bareli UP Central UP Central

Kanpur Dehat Kanpur UP Central UP Central

Kanpur Nagar Kanpur UP Central UP Central

Fatehpur Fatehpur UP Central UP Central

Barabanki Barabanki UP Central UP Central

Pratapgarh Pratapgarh UP Eastern UP Eastern

Allahabad Allahabad UP Eastern UP Eastern

Bahraich Bahraich UP Eastern UP Eastern

Gonda Gonda UP Eastern UP Eastern

Faizabad Faizabad UP Eastern UP Eastern

Sultanpur Sultanpur UP Eastern UP Eastern

Siddharthnagar Basti UP Eastern UP Eastern

Mahrajganj Gorakhpur UP Eastern UP Eastern

Basti Basti UP Eastern UP Eastern

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Gorakhpur Gorakhpur UP Eastern UP Eastern

Deoria Deoria UP Eastern UP Eastern

Mau Azamgarh UP Eastern UP Eastern

Azamgarh Azamgarh UP Eastern UP Eastern

Jaunpur Jaunpur UP Eastern UP Eastern

Ballia Ballia UP Eastern UP Eastern

Ghazipur Ghazipur UP Eastern UP Eastern

Varanasi Varanasi UP Eastern UP Eastern

Mirzapur Mirzapur UP Eastern UP Eastern

Sonbhadra Mirzapur UP Eastern UP Eastern

Jalaun Jalaun UP Southern UP Southern

Jhansi Jhansi UP Southern UP Southern

Lalitpur Lalitpur UP Southern UP Southern

Hamirpur Hamirpur UP Southern UP Southern

Banda Banda UP Southern UP Southern

West Bengal West Bengal

Koch Bihar Koch Bihar WB Himalayan WB Himalayan

Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri WB Himalayan WB Himalayan

Darjiling Darjiling WB Himalayan WB Himalayan

West Dinajpur West Dinajpur WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains

Maldah Maldah WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains

Murshidabad Murshidabad WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains

Nadia Nadia WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains

Birbhum Birbhum WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains

North Twenty four Parganas Twenty four Parganas WB Central Plains WB Central Plains

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South Twenty four Parganas Twenty four Parganas WB Central Plains WB Central Plains

Calcutta Calcutta WB Central Plains WB Central Plains

Howrah Howrah WB Central Plains WB Central Plains

Hooghly Hooghly WB Central Plains WB Central Plains

Barddhaman Barddhaman WB Central Plains WB Central Plains

Medinipur Medinipur WB Western Plains WB Western Plains

Bankura Bankura WB Western Plains WB Western Plains

Puruliya Puruliya WB Western Plains WB Western Plains

Andaman & Nicobar Andaman & Nicobar

Andamans Andamans Andaman & Nicobar

Nicobars Nicobars Andaman & Nicobar

Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh

Dadra & Nagar H Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Daman & Diu Daman & Diu

Daman Daman Goa, Daman and Diu Daman and Diu

Diu Diu Goa, Daman and Diu Daman and Diu

Delhi U.T. Delhi Delhi

Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep

Pondicherry Pondicherry

Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry

Karaikal Karaikal Pondicherry

Mahe Mahe Pondicherry

Yanam Yanam Pondicherry

Note: Unless stated otherwise, ‘Region 1987-88’ is the same as ‘Region 1993-94’.

Linking the Indian Census to the National Sample Survey

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