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Linking Open Data with Location: Gazetteers and the Semantic Web

Xavier Lopez, Director, Product Management

Overview

• Linked Open Data (LOD) Concepts• Role of Gazetteers in LOD• Interconnected Web of Content• Towards Geospatial Knowledge Management

“A method of publishing structured data, so that it can be interlinked and become more useful”

Wikipedia

Linked Data

Linked Open Data – The Opportunity • Manage relationships for massive

collections of structured and unstructured data

• Flexible and extensible data model supports powerful search and end-user discovery of related content

• Enable users to define their social networks or communities based on common interests, subjects, image scenes, locations, etc.

• Rich platform for data integration, data repurposing, and better quality control and classification

• Tactical, non-invasive, iterative solution for strategic modernization

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Abstract

PROJECT

PAPER

Semantic Aggregation & Navigation of Data

Simple Linked Data Architecture

User

(Reasoning/Inferencing) Engine

Data Ontologies

Domain & Task

Ontologies

Query & results

Data Sources

Linked Open Data Cloud (2008)

Linked Open Data Cloud (2010)

Resource Description Framework (RDF)

RDF is a general framework for describing a Web site's metadata, or the information about the information on the site. It provides interoperability between applications that exchange machine-understandable information on the Web. W3C

Modeling: A FOAF Example

Gazetteers and Linked Open Data Services

• Provide common terms (place names) to link across existing spatial data resources

• Enable consolidated view across the map layers• Reconcile differences in data semantics so that they

can all “talk”and interoperate• Resolving semantic discrepancies across databases

gazetteers and applications• Integrate full breath of enterprise content continuum

(structured, spatial, email, documents, web services)

Modeling: Enterprise Integration

• Ordnance Survey maintains definitive mapping data of Great Britain, the world’s largest and most detailed Geo DB

• Semantic Web is used to integrate different, semantically diverse sources of data

•General ontologies already developed to bridge differences in terminology

•The data is queried efficiently via the ontology or RDF

•Advantages include efficient data integration, data repurposing, and better quality control and classification

Source: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/

From Linked Data to Knowledge Management

Knowledge Management Conditions

• Filtering search queries with “context”• Discovery of data relationships across…

• Structured data (database, apps, web services, RSS schemas)• Unstructured data (email, office documents)

• Queries are not defined in advance• Schemas are continuously evolving• Support Machine2Machine interaction• Location can be common link, along with names, concepts,

synonyms

What Can Linked Data Enable?

Mapping & Geotagging Social Network Relations

Rule-based ReasoningAnalysis of Complex Relations

Ontology-driven Map Apps

• Simple Features• GeoRaster• Topology• Networks• Gazateers• …

RDF & OWL DataSituational Awareness

Theater

National MapCore Datasets

Targeting

SpatialSpatialDataData

GeographicGeographicNamesNames

RasterRasterDataData

• Data Integration• National Map schemas• Geographic names• Temporal• Naïve Geography• …

Application Ontologies

• We need to associate a number of factors, including hospital type and facilities – its accessibility after a disaster – and the staff available

• The query needs to be structured based on Concepts & Relationships that can be retrieved and then customized for the specific query.

• Using this approach, a listing of the hospitals capable of dealing with large number of burn cases is returned to the user and information associated with the query retrieved.

A “Simple” Knowledge Query

Which hospitals within 30 mins of Alpine, CA provide burn treatment?”

“Typical” Analyst Query:

“Which hospitals within 30 mins of Alpine, CA provide burn treatment?”

Buffer or proximity?

Driving or Flying?Road Closures?

Where is this?Centroid or outline?

Feature ReferenceType? What does

this mean?

Definition?

Ontologies for Problem Solving

HospitalHospital

A&EA&ETypeType

SizeSize

RouteRoute

RoadsRoads

SpecialistsSpecialists

TreatmentTreatment

LocationLocationIllnessIllness

BurnsBurns

Emergency Team

Vehicles

Type

Duty RotaDuty RotaBurnsUnit

BurnsUnit

BedsBeds

Weather

ObstructionsObstructions

Helipad

Flood HazardsSkin GraftSkin Graft

• Storage & Loading

• Native W3C RDF graph data store

• Fast Bulk, batch & Incremental load

• Query

• SQL: SEM_MATCH graph pattern query

• SPARQL: supported via Jena plug-in

• Reasoning

• RDF, OWL Prime, RDF++ semantic rules

• Forward chaining inference model

• User defined rule base

• Scalability

• Scales to billions of triples

• Partitioning, RAC, Adv. Compression

• Standards & Interoperability

• Aligned with W3C specifications

• Supported by leading semantic tools

Oracle 11g RDF/OWL Graph Data Management

Structured DBMS, Unstructured, Spatial, RSS, email, DocumentsStructured DBMS, Unstructured, Spatial, RSS, email, Documents

• Key semantic technologies are mature

• Semantic technologies are key enablers for enterprise and Web

• Reuse existing of authoritative gazetteers are needed

• Model the real world rather than data artifacts

Conclusions

Find out more...

oracle.com/database/spatial.html

oracle.com/technology/products/spatial

oracle.com/technology/products/spatial/htdocs/pro_oracle_spatial.html

AQ&&

Information Explosion

• Structured data stores are growing in size• Amount of semi-structured data is

expanding (XML, RDF, Semantics, Spatial)• Metric data, beacons, sensors supplying

mega volumes• Unstructured data is gathered at a

staggering pace (email, documents, messages, streams, feeds)

Modeling Domain Information

Resource Description Framework (RDF)

RDF is a general framework for describing a Web site's metadata, or the information about the information on the site. It provides interoperability between applications that exchange machine-understandable information on the Web. W3C

Simple Transitive Reasoning

:partOf rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty :California :partOf :USA:USA :partOf :NorthAmerica

Asserted Facts

:California :partOf :NorthAmerica

Derived Facts

:California :USA :NorthAmerica:partOf :partOf

:partOf owl:TransitivePropertyrdf:type

:partOf

Query: SELECT ?x ?y FROM … WHERE { ?x :partOf ?y }

Result: ?x______ ?y__________

:California :USA :California :NorthAmerica :USA :NorthAmerica

Integrated Bioinformatics Networks

Source: Siderean Software

Text/Spatial Mining Workflow

Information Extraction

Categorization, Feature/term ExtractionWeb Resources

News, Email, RSS

Content Mgmt. Systems

Processed Document Collection

RDF/OWL

AnalystBrowsing, Presentation, Reporting, Visualization, Query

SQL/SPARQL Query

Explore

Domain Specific

Knowledge Base

OWL

Ontologies

Ontology Engineering Modeling Process

Spatial Data