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Transcript of Lingg endler
The Physics of HomeopathyOverviewOverview
Alexander Tournier PhD
Kuala Lumpur 2011
Homeopathy: A controversial subject
1 Principle of similars – ‘Like cures like’
– Vaccines , anti-allergy treatments
2 Principle of dilutions – Potentisation
– Ultra-high dilutions!
The need for Physics in Homeopathy
Homeopathy NOT Scientific ? ?
Physics point of view
A Clash With Conventional Science
Dilutions Weakening effect
Potentisation
Bio-active Memory
Requirements For Homeopathy
Serial dilutions
Memory Biologically active
?
WATER
Water is simple?
• Density anomalies: ice lighter than water
• Unusual thermodynamical properties
• 15 known phases of water!
• One of the best known solvents
Water remains an intense area of research
Scientific process of discovery
Experiments
Basic Properties
Theories
Animals
Plants
Cells
Animals
Biological moleculesPhysical properties
Effect of Thyroxine 30x on frog metamorphosis
• Tadpoles were treated with Thyroxine 30x
• The number of animals having • The number of animals having entered 4-legged stage was counted
• Experiments were blinded
Gerhard Lingg and P. C. Endler Int J High Dilution Research 2011 10(37)
Effect of Thyroxine 30x on frog metamorphosis
70% measuring point
Freq
uen
cy o
f 4
legg
ed t
adp
ole
s
Results reproduced by 5 researchers in 20 sub-experiments
From C Endler, private communication
Time (Days)
N = 1650/groupp < 0.01*
Freq
uen
cy o
f 4
legg
ed t
adp
ole
s
Effect of Thyroxine 30x on frog metamorphosis
Sealed Vials
Endler etal Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 259-260. 1995
CD
Digitized signals
Sensitivity to EM signals
(micro-wave and mobile)
Thyroxine
Effect of potentized gibberellic acid 30x on wheat seedlings
• Stalk length after 1 wk
• 3 experimental groups:
– Water
– Succussed water 30x
– Gibberellic acid 30x
• Number of shoots > 2000
Effect of potentized gibberellic acid 30x on wheat seedlings
Recent results from Endler’s lab
• Germination rate showed no difference
• Verum stalk length was 8.35% smaller than control (W 30x)
• Statistically highly significant p < 0.001
• Reproduced 4 times
Pfleger et al Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2011) 19, 164—169
Basophil degranulation experiments
• Release of cell contents
• Induced by anti-IgE
• Inhibited by histamine• Inhibited by histamine
• Investigate effect of high-dilution of histamine
• Measured by flow cytometryHuman basophil stained by Alcian blue
Sainte-Laudy and Belon Homeopathy (2009) 98, 186–197
Basophil degranulation experiments6C 15C 30C
Effect of histamine dilutions from 10-10 to 10-120 M
Sainte-Laudy and Belon Homeopathy (2009) 98, 186–197
Reproduced 8 times
Digital homeopathy
Recording
CDReplayReplay
BenvenisteDigibio : Digital Biology
• Coagulation rates are reduced by presence of thrombin inhibitor
Movie
• Use digitized thrombin inhibitor
• Measured by optical densityProf J Benveniste
BenvenisteDigibio : Digital Biology
p < 0.0001
,� water�, � water exposed to water signal
�, � water exposed to digitized signal
Experiments performed by Jamal Aissa (experimenter in Benveniste’s lab)
Jonas, etal (2006). "Can specific biological signals be digitized?". FASEB Journal 20 (1): 23–28.
Results from Montagnier
• Properties of high-dilutions
– Not affected by chemical solvents
– Not affected by digestive enzymes
– Sensitive to freezing– Sensitive to freezing
– Heat
– Have characteristic EM signal
• ‘Cross-talk’
– A blank water sample can ‘pick-up’ signal from active homeopathic sample
Prof L Montagnier
Effect on Enzymatic Reactions
Starch Maltoseα-amylase
Starch MaltoseMerc Cor
30C
1.6 x fasterP < 0.01
Sukul Homeopathy (2002) 91, 217–220
UV Spectroscopy
Group of Roy report differences
UV spectra Nux Vom vs Nat Mur
Rao etal Homeopathy (2007) 96, 175–182
Group of Roy report differences between UV spectra of different
remedies
UV Spectroscopy
Copper Sulfate UV Spectra p < 0.001
Wolf, Wolf, Heusser, Thurneysen , Baumgartner eCAM 2009 May 27
Thermoluminescence
Rey, Homeopathy (2007) 96, 170–174
Summary from experimentsWhat do we know of ultra-high dilutions so far?
• Not just water!
• Work through glass
• Information can be recorded and replayed
• Work on cells and enzymes
Theory: possible explanation
• Stable water structures carrying information
• Electromagnetic effects involved
• Bioactive – therapeutic effect
Water structures- Memory- Potentisation- Bioactive
?
THEORY #1: Quantum Coherence
THEORY #2: Dipole Theory
Quantum Coherence DomainsGiuliano Preparata (1942-2000)
Emilio Del Guidice
QCDQCD
25nm 25nm
High-dilutions ExperimentsA
vera
ge d
om
ain
siz
e
• Recent experiments show that dilutions do not follow standard theories
• Explained by QCDs
Yinnon Yinnon Mod Phys Lett B (2009) 23(16) 1959-1973
Ave
rage
do
mai
n s
ize
THEORY #2Water Dipole Theory
+
Dr Lo
-
+
Atomic Force Microscopy
‘Seeing’ water clustersAFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)
Lo et al. Physics Letters A 373 (2009) 3872–3876
High density Low density
Water ClustersEM (Electron Microscopy)
Gann & Lo Double Helix Water
Conclusions
• There are a few well established experiments which show consistent reproducibility
• There is evidence for the presence of novel water structureswater structures
• These water structures could have all the required properties to explain homeopathy
• Area is still in its infancy and needs a lot more work
Summary from experimentsWhat do we know of ultra-high dilutions so far?
• Not just water!
• Work through glass
• Information can be recorded and replayed
• Work on cells and enzymes
Theory: possible explanation
• Stable water structures carrying information
• Electromagnetic effects involved
• Bioactive – therapeutic effect
Effect of potentized gibberellic acid 17x on dwarf peas
• shoot length stimulation of +11.2%
• p value highly significant p = 0.007
Baumgartner etal Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2008) 16, 183—191
Reproduced 3 times
Predictions from Dr Lo
• Formation of stable water structures
• Due to the presence of charged particles in the water
• 10 Å in diameter or more• 10 Å in diameter or more
• Clusters of such structures could be 100 to 1000 nm in diameter
Plant ‘cross-talk’ experiments
Stephan Baumgartner
Plastic pocket
THEORY #1 Quantum Coherence Domains
Richard Feynman (1918 – 88) Giuliano Preparata (1942-2000)
Emilio Del Guidice
Quantum Electrodynamics
Magnetic Field Coherence domains
EM Properties ofCoherence Domains
• Able to store EM information
• Require an external magnetic field for stability
• Biologically relevant size
• Tend to aggregate
• 25 % volume of water