LING-04.PPT Organs of Speech Dr. David F. Maas

8/14/2019 LING-04.PPT Organs of Speech Dr. David F. Maas

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Organs of SpeechOrgans of Speech

Technically there are no organs ofTechnically there are no organs of

speechspeech


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Organs of SpeechOrgans of Speech

All the organs involved have otherAll the organs involved have other

primary physiological functionsprimary physiological functions

Almost all speech can be regarded as aAlmost all speech can be regarded as a

modified form of exhalation-the airmodified form of exhalation-the air

expelled by the lungs subjected toexpelled by the lungs subjected to

some kind of obstruction or interruptionsome kind of obstruction or interruptionbefore being allowed to leave the bodybefore being allowed to leave the body


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Three Factors in theThree Factors in the

Production of SpeechProduction of Speech

SoundsSounds A source of energyA source of energy

A vibrating bodyA vibrating body

A resonatorA resonator


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Source of EnergySource of Energy

The source of energy in the productionThe source of energy in the production

of vocal sounds is theof vocal sounds is thepressurepressure of theof the

outgoing breathoutgoing breath.. Normal English speech occurs duringNormal English speech occurs during

exhalation.exhalation.


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Speech is a secondarySpeech is a secondary

result of breathingresult of breathing

Most speech sounds areMost speech sounds are

produced during exhalationproduced during exhalation


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Speech sounds originateSpeech sounds originate

in the tracheain the trachea The trachea is the cartilaginous tubelikeThe trachea is the cartilaginous tubelike

structure between the pharynx and thestructure between the pharynx and the

bronchibronchi It is sometimes referred to as theIt is sometimes referred to as the

windpipewindpipe

It is composed of cartilegeIt is composed of cartilege

It connects the lungs to the pharynxIt connects the lungs to the pharynx


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LarynxLarynx

The larynx ,also called the AdamsThe larynx ,also called the Adams

Apple,is the voice box located at the topApple,is the voice box located at the top

of the trachea.of the trachea. It is the part of the vocal tract whereIt is the part of the vocal tract where

sound is producedsound is produced

It contains vocal bands (vocal cords)It contains vocal bands (vocal cords)which act aswhich act as vibratorsvibrators when set inwhen set in

motion by pressure of outgoing air.motion by pressure of outgoing air.


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Vocal BandsVocal Bands

The vocal bands are two elastic bandsThe vocal bands are two elastic bands

of tissue attached to the side walls ofof tissue attached to the side walls of

the larynxthe larynx They extend from the front of the larynxThey extend from the front of the larynx

to the backto the back


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Vocal BandsVocal Bands

They are capable of movement fromThey are capable of movement from

side to side.side to side.

The cartileges to which they areThe cartileges to which they areattached can approach each other,thusattached can approach each other,thus

drawing the vocal bands close togetherdrawing the vocal bands close together

The cartileges can move outward,pullingThe cartileges can move outward,pullingthe vocal bands apart,and forming a v-the vocal bands apart,and forming a v-

shaped opening between themshaped opening between them


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Glottal StopGlottal Stop

The glottal stop is produced by closingThe glottal stop is produced by closing

the glottis during speechthe glottis during speech

It sounds like a slight gulp and canIt sounds like a slight gulp and cansometimes be heard in the middle ofsometimes be heard in the middle of

words likewords like buttonbutton andand bottlebottle

It occurs infrequently in EnglishIt occurs infrequently in English When we brace to lift a heavy object, weWhen we brace to lift a heavy object, we

close the glottis,creating a glottal stopclose the glottis,creating a glottal stop


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Voice ProductionVoice Production

During normal breathing,the glottis is asDuring normal breathing,the glottis is as

wide open as possiblewide open as possible

In the position for voice production,theIn the position for voice production,the

glottis isglottis ispartiallypartiallyopenopen

In the position for voice production, theIn the position for voice production, the

vocal bands arevocal bands are under tensionunder tension


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Most important property ofMost important property of

vocal bandsvocal bands

ElasticityElasticity


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Vocal Bands can beVocal Bands can be

stretchedstretched Stretched from front to backStretched from front to back

Move from side to sideMove from side to side

Vocal bands regulate the size of theVocal bands regulate the size of the

glottisglottis

Always under various degrees ofAlways under various degrees of

tensiontension


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Position of glottisPosition of glottis

Completely openCompletely open

Under variousUnder various

degrees of tensiondegrees of tension Completely closedCompletely closed

Normal breathingNormal breathing

VoiceVoice

Holding breath orHolding breath orlifting an objectlifting an object


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Pitch ControlPitch Control

Influenced by different frequencies ofInfluenced by different frequencies of

vibration of the vocal bandsvibration of the vocal bands

Frequency of vibration of vocal bandsFrequency of vibration of vocal bands

A change of voice pitch is effected by aA change of voice pitch is effected by a

change in the frequency of vibration ofchange in the frequency of vibration of

the vocal bandsthe vocal bands


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Frequency and PitchFrequency and Pitch

By causing the vocal bands toBy causing the vocal bands to

vibrate at higher or lowervibrate at higher or lowerfrequencies, sounds of higher orfrequencies, sounds of higher or

lower pitch are producedlower pitch are produced


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PressurePressure

The pressure of the outgoingThe pressure of the outgoing

breath as it passes through thebreath as it passes through theglottis forces the vocal bands toglottis forces the vocal bands to

vibratevibrate


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TensionTension

By increasing or decreasing theBy increasing or decreasing the

tension of the vocal bands, thetension of the vocal bands, thefrequency of vibration can befrequency of vibration can be

increased or decreasedincreased or decreased


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PitchPitch

The frequency of the vocal bandsThe frequency of the vocal bands

controls the pitch of the voicecontrols the pitch of the voice


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FrequencyFrequency

We increase the frequency ofWe increase the frequency of

vibration by increasing thevibration by increasing thetension of the vocal bandstension of the vocal bands


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Resonance ChambersResonance Chambers

Necessary for the modification of vocalNecessary for the modification of vocal

soundsound

Located in the headLocated in the head

Oral and nasal cavities in the head act asOral and nasal cavities in the head act as

resonance chambersresonance chambers

In the resonance chambers ,someIn the resonance chambers ,somefrequencies are strengthened and somefrequencies are strengthened and some

are weakenedare weakened


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The size and shape of aThe size and shape of a

resonance chamber makeresonance chamber make

it sympathetic to cretainit sympathetic to cretainfrequenciesfrequencies


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A resonance chamberA resonance chamber

reinforces only thosereinforces only those

frequencies to which it isfrequencies to which it isresonantresonant


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Size and shapeSize and shape

By changing or regulating the sizeBy changing or regulating the size

and shape of a resonanceand shape of a resonancechamber, we can control thechamber, we can control the

quality of the resonated soundquality of the resonated sound


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Resonance ChambersResonance Chambers

PharynxPharynx

Oral CavityOral Cavity

Nasal CavityNasal Cavity

LING-04.PPT Organs of Speech Dr. David F. Maas

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