Lindseth PowerPoint Slides (June 20, 2012)€¦ · Lindseth PowerPoint Slides (June 20, 2012).pptx...

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Threading the Constitutional Needle? Re4lections on German Constitutional Law and Debt Mutualization in the Eurozone Crisis Peter Lindseth, University of Connec4cut The Poli4cal Economy Forum of New York The Union Club, June 20, 2012

Transcript of Lindseth PowerPoint Slides (June 20, 2012)€¦ · Lindseth PowerPoint Slides (June 20, 2012).pptx...

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Threading  the  Constitutional  Needle?  

Re4lections  on  German  Constitutional  Law  and  Debt  Mutualization  in  the  Eurozone  Crisis      

Peter  Lindseth,  University  of  Connec4cut  The  Poli4cal  Economy  Forum  of  New  York  The  Union  Club,  June  20,  2012  

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Source:  @Pawelmorski,  hHp://lockerz.com/s/163158669  

Solu%ons  to  the  Eurocrisis?  A  Venn  Diagram  

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‘Germans  must  understand  that  bank  recapitalisa%on,  European  deposit  insurance  and  debt  mutualisa%on  are  not  op%onal;  they  are  essen%al  to  avoid  an  irreversible  disintegra%on  of  Europe’s  monetary  union’.  

Neil  Ferguson  and  Nouriel  Roubini,  Financial  Times,  June  8,  2012  

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A  second  joke  

‘A  physicist,  a  chemist,  and  an  economist  are  stranded  on  a  desert  island.    And  they  come  across  a  can  of  soup  they  need  to  open  to  avoid  starva%on  .  .  .  ’    

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Are  Eurobonds  the  policy  equivalent  to  assuming  a  .  .  .  

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Source:  hEp://www.bild.de/themen/specials/euro-­‐bonds/poli%k-­‐nachrichten-­‐news-­‐fotos-­‐videos-­‐19546248.bild.html  (using  Google  Translate)  

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Parliamentary  Groups:  Current  Bundestag  

(Merkel’s  coali%on  =  the  CDU/CSU  +  the  FDP)  

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Major  Decisions  of  the  BVerfG    on  European  Integration  

•  Maastricht  Treaty  (October  1993)  

•  European  Monetary  Union  (March  1998)  

•  Lisbon  Treaty  (June  2009)  

•  Greek  Bailout  (September  2011)  

•  European  Financial  Stability  Facility  (EFSF)  (February  2012)  

•  European  Stability  Mechanism  (ESM)  (June  2012)  

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The  Demokratieprinzip  and  the  “eternity  clause”  of  the  German  Basic  Law  •  Ar#cle  79(3)  provides:    “Amendments  to  this  Basic  Law  affec4ng  the  division  of  the  Federa4on  into  Länder  [federalism]  …  or  the  principles  laid  down  in  Ar4cles  1  [fundamental  rights]  and  20  [democracy]  shall  be  inadmissible  [i.e.,  prohibited].”  

•  If  the  Court  finds  that  Ar#cle  79(3)  applies,  then  the  only  op%on  is  a  new  cons#tu#on,  which  would  require  a  referendum  under  Ar#cle  146:  “This  Basic  Law,  which  since  the  achievement  of  the  unity  and  freedom  of  Germany  applies  to  the  en4re  German  people,  shall  cease  to  apply  on  the  day  on  which  a  cons4tu4on  freely  adopted  by  the  German  people  takes  effect.  ”    

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What  does  this  mean  practically?    

•  “Ultra  Vires”  Review:    ensuring  that  limits  of  power  conferred  on  the  EU  in  the  trea%es  are  strictly  observed  (especially  important  in  view  of  the  so-­‐called  “no  bailout  clause”  in  the  EU  Treaty,  which  I’ll  talk  about  in  a  moment)  

•  “Cons#tu#onal  Iden#ty”  Review:    ensuring  that  any  transfer  of  power  to  the  EU  does  not  undermine  the  “cons%tu%onal  iden%ty”  of  Germany  as  a  self-­‐governing  democra%c  state  (required  by  the  demands  of  the  “eternity  clause”  and  the  Demokra4eprinzip)  

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Debt-­‐Mutualization    and  “Ultra  Vires”  Review    

•  The  BVerfG  would  almost  certainly  find  that  debt-­‐mutualiza#on  violates  the  “no  bailout”  clause  (Ar%cle  125  TFEU),  which  provides:  “A  Member  State  shall  not  be  liable  for  or  assume  the  commitments  of  central  governments,  regional,  local  or  other  public  authori4es,  other  bodies  governed  by  public  law,  or  public  undertakings  of  another  Member  State,  without  prejudice  to  mutual  financial  guarantees  for  the  joint  execu4on  of  a  specific  project.”  

•  Thus,  the  BVerfG  would  almost  certainly  require  an  amendment  to  the  EU  trea#es  before  it  would  permit  any  such  debt-­‐mutualiza%on  

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Debt-­‐Mutualization  and  “Constitutional  Identity”  Review    

•  The  BVerfG  has  made  clear  that  control  over  the  na#onal  debt  is  a  core  democra#c  preroga#ve  of  the  Bundestag,  which  it  cannot  transfer  in  an  open-­‐ended  and  indeterminate  fashion  without  viola%ng  the  Demokra4eprinzip  and  the  “eternity  clause”  (Greek  Bailout  Decision,  paras.  124-­‐25)  

•  More  specifically,  the  joint-­‐and-­‐several  liability  dimension  of  Eurobonds  would  violate  the  Court’s  prohibi#on  against  unbes&mmte  haushaltspoli&sche  Ermäch&gungen  (“indeterminate  budgetary  empowerments”),  because  they  would  enable  other  na%onal  parliaments  and/or  the  European  Parliament  to  add  to  the  German  na%onal  debt  without  specific  prior  authoriza%on  of  the  Bundestag  for  each  debt  issuance.  

•  Thus,  to  adopt  debt-­‐mutualiza%on,  the  BVerfG  would  likely  require  a  cons#tu#onal  referendum  under  Ar#cle  146  of  the  Basic  Law.  

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Is  there  any  way  to  “thread  the  constitutional  needle”?  

•  It  is  clear  that  any  form  of  debt-­‐mutualiza#on/Eurobonds  will  require  a  treaty  change  (to  repeal/amend  the  “no  bailout  clause”  of  Ar%cle  125  TFEU)  

•  But  are  there  any  op%ons  that  would  avoid  the  need  for  a  cons#tu#onal  referendum  in  Germany  (one  very  unlikely  to  succeed)?  

•  The  conven%onal  wisdom  is  that,  for  debt-­‐mutualiza%on  to  have  any  chance  to  avoid  triggering  a  referendum,  it  must  be  limited  in  #me  and  scale,  thus  avoiding  the  BVerfG’s  prohibi%on  against  unbes4mmte  haushaltspoli4sche  Ermäch4gungen  (“indeterminate  budgetary  empowerments”)  

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What  are  some  of  the  options?  

•  A  European  Debt  Redemp#on  Pact:  public  debt  up  to  60%  of  GDP  will  con%nue  to  be  the  responsibility  of  individual  countries;  debt  above  60%  of  GDP  will  be  joint  and  severally  guaranteed,  subject  to  fiscal-­‐discipline  condi%ons;  25-­‐year  %me  limita%on    

•  Euro-­‐Bills:    joint  and  several  guarantee  for  short-­‐term  (1-­‐yr)  debt  only;  all  debt  beyond  1-­‐yr  would  remain  the  responsibility  of  individual  countries;  again  subject  to  fiscal-­‐discipline  condi%ons  

•  Euro-­‐Coupons:  mutualize  the  interest  payments,  not  the  principal;  countries  issue  bonds  separately,  at  whatever  interest  rates  market  demands;  but  interest  payments  pooled  and  shared  rate  calculated  on  the  basis  of  weighted  average;  credit-­‐worthy  issuers  will  subsidize  interest  rates  of  others;  again  subject  to  fiscal-­‐discipline  condi%ons  

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Are  we  still  just  “assuming  a  can  opener”?  

•  As  Megan  Greene,  Senior  Economist,  Roubini  Global  Economics,  recently  pointed  out,  these  proposals  do  nothing  to  address  the  banking  crisis  or  the  balance  of  payments  crisis.    But  she  adds  they  “could  buy  some  &me  and  that's  what  the  Eurozone  needs  more  than  anything  else”  (par%cularly  given  the  ever  decreasing  half-­‐life  of  other  measures  –  see,  e.g.,  market  reac%on  to  the  Spanish  bank  recapitaliza%on)  

•  But  more  importantly,  here’s  what  Angela  Merkel  said  in  a  recent  statement  to  the  Bundestag:  “Quite  apart  from  the  fact  that  these  seemingly  simple  proposals  ...  are  unfeasible  in  cons&tu&onal  terms,  they  are  completely  counterproduc&ve.  They  would  make  mediocrity  the  yards4ck  for  Europe.  We  would  thus  be  forced  to  abandon  our  goal  of  maintaining  prosperity  in  the  face  of  interna4onal  compe44on.”    

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Closing  Re4lection  .  .  .  

“Fiat  jus&&a,  et  pereat  mundus  (let  jus&ce  be  done,  even  if  the  world  perishes)  is  a  dangerous  moAo.”  

-­‐Mar%n  Wolf,  Financial  Times  (June  9,  2012)  

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