Limestone. Limestone scenery Attermire scar, north Yorkshire Scars and plateau.
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Transcript of Limestone. Limestone scenery Attermire scar, north Yorkshire Scars and plateau.
Limestone
Limestone scenery Attermire scar, north Yorkshire
Scars and plateau
Plateau
Malham, Yorkshire
Limestone pavement
Malham, Yorkshire
Clints and Grykes
FORMATION OF LIMESTONE PAVEMENTS
Swallow holes
Underground featuresUnderground features
• Malham cove
Re-appearance stream
• Malham cove
WATLOWES VALLEY, MALHAMDALE
Dry Valley
GORDALE SCAR, nr Malham, Yorkshire
Dry Valley, Castleton, Derbyshire, Peak District National Park
Italian Limestone- the Dolomites
• Capri
Australian limestone
• Jenolan Caves • Just 30km from Oberon, has the most spectacular and
best-known Limestone caves in Australia
• caigana Blow hole nullarbor Australia
Limestone in Thailand
• Limestone in Pang Nga A Famous mark in Pang Nga, deptly named Kui Lin of Thailand
Label the diagram of Limestone features
Choose fromCavern, Scar, Stalagmite, Limestone plateau,reappearance stream, pot hole,Stalactite, scree, pillar, Swalow hole, clints and grykes, well jointed rock
1 Limestone pavement 7 Stalagmite
2 Scarr 8 Pillar
3 Scree 9 Swallow hole
4 Reappearance stream 10 Well jointed rock
5 Cavern 11 Pot hole
6 Stalactite 12 Clints and Grykes
Clints and Grykes
Label the diagram
2. Which UK National parks are dominated by limestone scenery? Yorkshire dales and Peak district
3. Describe a carboniferous limestone area. High plateau’s dissected by deep valleys. There is very little vegetation on the high plateau’s and there is exposed limestone pavement. On the edges of the plateau are scarrs (cliffs). At the bottom of these are scree slopes. The valleys are either dry gorges or have rivers running in them. The vegetation is lush around the rivers.
1. Describe the main properties of carboniferous limestone
A hard white or grey rock. It is pervious but not porous.It is well jointed. It dissolves in weak acid (rain water)
Grykes Clints
Limestone – Peak district
• Boulder clay Dumped by ice during the ice age
• Shake holes Boulder clay sinks into hollows as limestone dissolved away
• Dry Gorge Formed by meltwater at end of last ice age
• Dry river bed Left as the river changes course in the valley floor
• Rising/ reappearance stream Stream re-appears at the surface
• Sink hole/ swallow hole Stream disappears down a crack in the limestone
Label the diagram
Definitions
Boulder clay
Shake holesDry gorge
Dry river bed
Swallow hole
Re-appearance stream
Cave
Limestone
Impervious rock
Pavement
Impervious
rock
Underground features
Label the diagram
Acid rain
Abrasive stream action
percolation
Dissolving action
Dripping action
Ingleton Mapwork: Limestone scenery
1. What evidence is there that this is a limestone area? 2. Find and give grid references for the following: 3 pot holes (look for words ‘hole’ or ‘pot’2 disappearing streams4 scars (limestone cliffs)2 limestone pavements (look for rocky outcrops –check map key)
3. Describe the relief and drainage of this area of map
69 75
80
72
4. What facilities have been provided for tourists and/ or visitors in the area covered by the map (give map evidence)
5. Suggest why tourists and visitors are attracted here.
Relief
Drainage
Limestone Features
Complete the features from the board
Limestone pavement
Underground tunnels and caves
Re-appearance stream
Stalactites and stalagmites
Dry valleys and gorges
At the end of the last ice age all the cracks and joints in the limestone were filled with frozen water.This prevented water passing through the limestone.At this time the melting glaciers produced lots of water which passed over the landscape eroding deep river valleys .As the temperatures continued to rise the underground water melted, which meant surface water could pass through the cracks and joints in the limestone.This left the valleys as dry valleys.
Theory 1
Theory 2The roof on a series of underground caves collapses and leaves a gorge.
Summary of Peak district features
Complete the diagram from the power point
‘Dark Peak’‘White Peak’Sheep grazing
Crags
(edges) Desolate rollingmoorland
Peat bog
Peat bogHard
millstone
Limestone
shale
Dairying
Underground caves and caverns
Dry stone walls
Limestone pavement
Deep narrow gorges
Treeless rollingPlateau dissectedBy gorges
limestone
Climate and veg Soils/ physical features
Land use
High plateau •Exposed rock and limestone pavement.•Very little vegetation.• Not a severe climate as it is not that high
•Thin soils. Flat topped•Pot hole/ shake holes•Disappearing streams•Limestone pavement
Recreation (walking, pot holing, mountain
biking)
Plateau edges
Less exposed not very much veg because of the
thin soils
•Steep cliffs on the edges of the plateau called scars with large scree slopes.•Thin soils
•Climbing and abseiling, hang gliding).•Water storage in the Dark Peak•Quarrying
Lower slopes valley floor
•Warmer and less harsh climate.•Deciduous woodland, Oak and Beech but has mainly been cut down now.
•Rivers cut through the limestone plateaus where the rock is impermeable•The soil either side of the rivers is rich and fertile.•Streams reappear where impermeable rock begins
•Farming (sheep in the Dark Peak and dairying in the Light Peak).•Water sports on the rivers•Settlement and communication links.
•Sight seeing in towns e.g. Castleton
Completethe grid
Peak district-opportunities and conflicts
White Peak
Dark Peak
Mining - Tunstead Quarry
• Largest quarry in Europe, straddles the park boundary
• Limestone is the main mineral extraction
• Extensions to the quarry have been resisted by the park authorities
• Hope Valley cement works provides 700 jobs
Mining employs about 10% of the population of the peak district
Farming
Sheep rearing on the hills of the Dark Peak
Dairying in the valleys of the White Peak (sheep on the hills)
Moorlands are managed by burning the heather to maintain Grouse numbers for shooting
Water storage
Good water retaining quality of the Peat
High rainfall
Close to major urban areas e.g. Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds
Water storage only in the impermeable rock of the Dark peak
E.G. Derwent reservoir and ladybower reservoir
Moorlands are managed by burning the heather to maintain Grouse numbers for shooting
Recreation and tourism
1/3 of the park is moorland. They provide some of the finest grouse shooting in the country
The moors have to close for a few days a year during the shooting season
Walking most popular activity
Old railway lines used e.g. High peak and Tissington and Monsul trails
Cycling along the Tissington and High peak trails
Pennine way (Britains longest distance walk) starts in the Peak district
Tourist caves – e.g. Blue John Mine
Pony treking Hang gliding Climbing on the grit stone edges
Sightseeing in towns like Castleton
Recreation and sightseeing
Woodland
Coniferous forest owned by forestry commission is in and around the reservoirs e.g. Snake valley, Goyt valley.
Broadleaf woodland mainly on private land
Archaeology
3500 sites dating from 1500 AD
Stone age chambered tombs e.g. Taddington
Castles e.g. Peveril castle
Early industrial remains of textile Mills
Settlement and communication
Settlement built on flat land - Castleton
Roads and railways built through lowlands and valleys e.g. A57
Small towns built up around bridging points
Villages and isolated farms spread throughout the landscape
Conservation
Northern limit of Southern species and Southern limit of Northern species
Many areas are SSSI’s e.g. Bleaklow and Kinder Scout
Over 800 listed buildings
Conservation of footpaths anddry stone walls important
Underground features
1. Complete the Diagram from the Resource sheet and slides
Development opportunities
Development opportunity Example
Mining
Farming
Recreation/ sightseeing
Water storage
Settlement and communication
Archaeology
Conservation
Quarrying and farmers
Crops (grass) does not grow as well as it is covered in dust
Animals scared by blasting
Animals scared by noise of trucks
Quarrying and tourists
Noise pollution effecting quiet scenery (blasting and trucks) Air pollution from dust
Air pollution from trucks Trucks block roads and cause traffic tail backs
Causes an ugly scar on the landscape
Tourists and conservationists - footpaths
10,000s of walkers each year erode the footpaths and cause scarring
Paths are closed in order to be reseeded
Pennine Way is attempted by about 10,000 walkers each year
Major erosion on Bleaklow and Kinder Scout
Tourists and conservationists – traffic (Goyt Valley)
Heavy traffic pressure especially at weekends
Soil erosion, litter, damage to vegetation, damage to fences
Solution – park and ride scheme at W/Es
Car parks provided at either end. Only cyclists, pony trekkers, walkers allowed
Picnic sites provided at main car parks and only one in valley itself
Tourists and farmers
• Leaving gates open and letting animals escape• Leaving litter that animals eat• Climbing over walls and fences and breaking them• Taking short cuts through fields • Letting dogs off leads that chase the sheep• parking at field entrances• Accidental fires
Conservationists and farmers
• over grazing on heather moorlands causing soil erosion
Water storage and tourists
Access traditionally limited
Over 50 reservoirs built in the area
Now 11 reservoirs open for fishing and 5 available for sailing and canoeing e.g. Carsington, Rudyard and Errwood reservoirs
Planning permission for sailing on Ladybower reservoir was turned down because of concerns over the rare ducks nesting there
Zoning of the reservoir has helped overcome incompatible users
The Peak district is the busiest of all the national parks. There are many potential conflicts in the area. Usually these are overcome by negotiated agreement on access between all the land users. From readingthe information and watching the slides write down the main conflicts under the following headings.
Land use conflicts
The people involved
The conflict with examples
Quarrying and Farmers
Quarrying and tourists
Tourists and conservationists (footpaths)
Tourists and Farmers
Water storage and tourists
Tourists and conservationists (traffic)
From reading the resource sheet and watching the power point write down the main conflicts under the following headings :