LIMERICK CITY NEIGHBOURHOODS Social Inequality: Social gaps and social gradients Eileen Humphreys, University of Limerick

Diocese of Limerick Synod 2016, 28th October 2016

Social welfare payments: Limerick City & County (2013, 2015)

• Live Register •  16% of Labour Force Sept.

2015 (c. 90,000 in 2011) • Working Age Income Supports •  22,000 in 2013, 17%

working age pop 15-64 years (129,432 in 2011)

• Other benefits •  30% on Back to School

Clothing & Footwear 2013 (25,100 parent / 47,436 children on CB)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2007

M03

20

08M

03

2009

M03

20

10M

03

2011

M03

20

12M

03

2013

M03

20

14M

03

2015

M03

All ages

Under 25

25 and over

Fig 1: Live Register 2007-Sept 2015

Progression in education: Young people leaving school 2006-2013

Year 2006

Year 2007

Year 2008

Year 2009

Year 2010

Year 2011

Year 2012

Year 2013

All PP (18) 61.8 62.0 64.1 66.5 65.1 71.7 80.8 83.7 Non-DEIS (11) 69.5 69.3 73.4 77.2 72.2 81.3 88.4 90.2 DEIS (7) 42.0 43.6 38.9 42.4 45.0 47.5 58.8 64.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

100.0

Fig 2: Numbers sitting Leaving Cert in Limerick City / Sub-urban DEIS & Non-DEIS Schools 2006-2013

Year 2006

Year 2007

Year 2008

Year 2009

Year 2010

Year 2011

Year 2012

Year 2013

All PP 1251 1299 1297 1322 1304 1313 1367 1310 Non-DEIS 899 934 947 914 962 940 1015 975 DEIS 352 365 350 408 342 373 352 335

0 200 400 600 800

1000 1200 1400 1600

Fig 3: % progressing into 3rd level from Leaving Cert from Limerick City / sub-urban DEIS & Non-DEIS Schools 2006-2013

Income poverty & low education: Limerick City Neighbourhoods (2010)

23 17

51

88

77 83

47

13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% parents

Wages / salaries

SW Payments

Fig 4: Largest source of household income (%)

Fig 5: Highest level of educational qualification of parent

70 68

49

16

29 32

48

55

1 0 3

29

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% parents

Lower Sec

Up Sec / Vocational

Graduate

Stress / problems in families: Limerick City Neighbourhoods (2010)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% parents

N'side Regen

S'side Regen

Garryowen / Kennedy Pk Corbally / Rhebogue

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Score

Mean No. traumatic event

Mean No. traumatic event in the family

Fig 6: problems in families Fig 7: Child experience of traumatic events (Av No.)

Fig 8: Total Difficulties Scale (SDQ) in Children: Limerick City Neighbourhoods (2010) & national comparison

29.1 33.3

14.8

7 7

5.8

14.1

9.1

7 8

65 52 76.1 86 85

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

N'side Regen S'side Regen Garrowen / Kennedy Pk

Corbally / Rhebogue

IRL (GUI)

Normal 0-13

Borderline 14-16

Abnormal 17-40

Parent physical (PCS) & mental health (MCS), Limerick neighbourhoods, 2010

29 24

18

10

71 76 82

91

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% parents

% not at risk (<=42.01)

% at risk (<=42)

44.0

46.0

48.0

50.0

52.0

54.0

56.0

Score, 0-100

PCS

MCS

Fig 9: Physical (PCS) & Mental (MCS) Scores 0 (poorer) to 100 (better)

Fig 10: % parents at risk of depression

Sense of belonging to community (% yes), Limerick City Neighbourhoods

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

King's Isl Moyross Inner City / Dock

Castletroy / Monaleen

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Corpus Christi (Moyross)

St. Munchin's (Ballynanty,

Thomondgate)

Holy Rosary (Ennis Rd. /

NCR)

Christ the King (Caherdavin)

%

Fig 11: 2003-2005 Adult population

Fig 12: 2007-08 Older people

Involvement in voluntary / association / group: Limerick City neighbourhoods

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Moyross / Corpus Christi

King's Island Castletroy / Monaleen

Inner City / Dock

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Corpus Christi (Moyross)

St. Munchin's (Ballynanty,

Thomondgate)

Holy Rosary (Ennis Rd. /

NCR)

Caherdavin

Fig 13: Adults 2003-05 Fig 14: Older people 2007-08

Fig 15: % in voluntary organisation by relative deprivation score of local areas (2006 Census)

• The social gradient • Benefits associated with volunteering ...

Social trust /community social capital: Limerick City Neighbourhoods

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

% parents

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

King's Isl Moyross Inner City / Dock

Castletroy / Monaleen

Know most

Trust most

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Corpus Christi (Moyross)

St. Munchin's (Ballynanty,

Thomondgate)

Holy Rosary (Ennis Rd. / NCR)

Christ the King (Caherdavin)

Fig 16: 2003-05 Adult pop

Fig 17: 2007-08 Older people

Fig 18: 2010 Parents

Trust in institutions (score -2 to +2), Limerick City neighbourhoods (2003-04)

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Moyross

King's Island

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

All instits

Public (ex clergy)

Fig 19: Trust in selected institutions Fig 20: Institutional trust

What explains differences in outcomes for people? •  Factors associated with poorer outcomes?

•  Poverty (income, lack of work) & low education •  Parent mental health & child mental health •  Poor mental health and poor physical health (older people) •  Social networks / friends / support (smaller, more restricted, lesser

resources amongst poorer) •  Living in concentrated poverty (neighbourhood effects) •  Lifecourse effects...

• Many things “go together …” causes & effects? • What does this analysis mean? • How do we interpret it? • Social inequality ... situation & impact

A game of snakes & ladders?

What we do & the way we do it… State

Agencies

Intermediary bodies

Voluntary associations

Family

Individual

“Hard” “Soft” + preventive Incarceration (Crime & policing) Community safety Community policing

Community

Acute care (health) Primary care (health) Public Health / Health promotion

Community Education Social care ......

Restorative Justice

Some conclusions • Rise, fall with recession, recovery in living standards • Different experiences & impact • Some things don’t change / can’t change? • Search for solutions & evidence of successes • What could they be? What could we do?

•  Policies, legislation, resources (“what works”)? •  Open & dynamic v. closed knowledge & networks •  Work with diversity & social integration •  Adaptable to people’s needs / empowerment •  Context-specific •  Role for society / people