Lilienfeld Et Al Textbook LecturePPTCh13 Social Psychology
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Transcript of Lilienfeld Et Al Textbook LecturePPTCh13 Social Psychology
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8/9/2019 Lilienfeld Et Al Textbook LecturePPTCh13 Social Psychology
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Psychology:
Fro In!uiry to"nderstanding 2#e
$cott %. &ilien'eld$teven (ay &ynn&aura )a y)ancy (. *ool'
Prepared +y Cale+ *. &ac
-his ulti edia product and its contents are protected under copyright la . -he 'ollo ing are prohi+ited +y la : any pu+lic
per'or ance or display, including trans ission o' any i age over a net or preparation o' any derivative or , including thee traction, in hole or part, o' any i ages any rental, lease, or lending o' the progra .
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$ocial Psychology:o %thers A3ect "s
Chapter -hirteen
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$ocial Psychology $tudy o' ho people in5uence others7
+ehavior, +elie's, and attitudes
*e tend to thin others are vulnera+leto social in5uence8+ut not ourselves
Can lead us to dou+t social psychology9ndings initially
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u ans as a $ocial $pecies Predisposed to 'or ing inti ate
interpersonal net or s that are only solarge
1 0 people or so
Need-to-belong theory and +iologically+ased need 'or interpersonal connections
It literally hurts us to +e isolated orre6ected
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u ans as a $ocial $pecies ;ost social in5uence processes are
adaptive under ost circu stances
-hey can turn aladaptive henthey are +lind or un!uestioning
$ocial in5uences should +e evaluatedcritically
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$ocial Co parison -heory *e see to evaluate our a+ilities and
+elie's +y co paring the iththose o' others7
Upward
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$ocial Contagion Mass hysteria is a contagious
out+rea o' irrational +ehavior thatspreads
"F% out+rea s *indshield pitting
Urban legends are another e a pleo' social contagions
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$ocial Facilitation *hen the ere presence o' others
enhances our per'or ance >icyclists racing Coc roaches running a@es
Can also e perience social disruption
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Funda ental Attri+utionError
Attributions are assigning causes to+ehavior
Internal vs e ternal in5uence
*hen e loo at others7 +ehavior, e %veresti ate i pact o' dispositional in5uences "nderesti ate i pact o' situational in5uences
o the opposite 'or our own +ehavior
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Funda ental Attri+utionError
Associated ith cultural 'actors
(apanese and Chinese are less li ely toco it this error
;ay +e ore prone to seeing others7+ehavior as a co +ination o' +othdispositional and situational in5uences
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Con'or ity -he tendency o' people to alter their
+ehavior as a result o' grouppressure
Classically de onstrated +y $olo onAsch7s e peri ents in the 1B 0s
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$ocial In5uences onCon'or ity
"nani ity increased con'or ity
&o er con'or ity o' only one otherperson di3ered 'ro the a6ority
$i@e o' a6ority up to 9ve or sipeople
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i3erences in Con'or ity &o sel'?estee a es you ore
li ely to con'or
Asian cultures ore li ely to con'or
)o se di3erences
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eindividuation -he tendency o' people to engage in
atypical +ehavior hen stripped o' theirusual identity
>eco e ore vulnera+le to socialin5uence
*earing as s and concealing identityleads to deindividuation
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$tan'ord Prison $tudy ecruited nor al young en 'or a t o
ee Dpsychological study o' prison li'e
ando ly assigned the to +e either aprisoner or a guard
Prisoners ere dressed as such, re'erredto +y nu +er and not na e
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$tan'ord Prison $tudy >y second day, guards +egan to treat
prisoners cruelly and dole outpunish ent
Prisoners started a re+ellion, guards+eca e increasingly sadistic
ad to stop study a'ter only days dueto nervous +rea do ns +y prisoners
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Chaos in eal *orld Events at A+u Ghrai+ echoed those o' the
$tan'ord Prison $tudy
$till, individual di3erences are at play indeindividuation
;a es us ore li ely to con'or tohatever nor s
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SYMPTOM EXAMPLEAn illusion o' invulnera+ility D*e can7t possi+ly 'ailH
An illusion o' unani ity D%+viously, e all agree.
"n!uestioned +elie' in oralcorrectness
D*e no e7re on the rightside.
Con'or ity pressure D on7t roc the +oatH
$tereotyping o' out?group D-hey7re all orons.
$el'?censorship DI suspect this is +ad idea, +ut I7d+etter not say anything.
;indguards D%h, you thin you no +etterthan the rest o' us4
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Groupthin Can +e treated +y encouraging dissent
Appointing a Ddevil7s advocate aving an independent e pert evaluate
decisions olding 'ollo ?up eetings
Group polarization can cause vie sto +eco e ore e tre e
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Cults Groups that e hi+it intense and
un!uestioning devotion to a single cause
Pro ote groupthin in 'our a6or ays ave a persuasive leader ho 'osters loyalty isconnect e +ers 'ro the outside orld iscourage !uestioning o' assu ptions Gradually indoctrinate e +ers
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Cult ;yths Cult e +ers are e otionally
distur+ed ;ost are nor al, +ut leaders are o'ten
seriously entally ill
Cult e +ers are brainwashed andturned into unthin ing @o +ies
-echni!ues do not per anently change+elie's
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Cults Can +e resisted via inoculation
efect
Convincing people to change theirinds a+out so ething +y 9rst
introducing reasons hy theperspective ight +e correct andthen de+un ing the
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%+edience Adherence to orders 'ro those o'
higher authority
Essential ingredient in our daily lives $top lights, par ing signs
Can produce trou+le hen people stopas ing !uestions a+out why they7re+ehaving as others ant the to
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$tanley ;ilgra $tudent o' Asch7s ho anted to no
ho the olocaust could have occurred
esigned e peri ent to test thein5uence o' o+edience and authorityon nor al people
>eca e a land ar study
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-he ;ilgra Paradig &earner tells teacher he has Da slight
heart condition +e'ore any shoc s
&earner soon isses so e ans ers,researcher tells teacher to continue
>y JJ0 volts, he is yelling D&et eout o' hereH +y JK he is silent
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-he ;ilgra Paradig Predictors o' diso+edience
;ore orally advanced &evel o' authoritarianis
)o se or cultural di3erences 'ound
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elping and ar ing %thers Prosocial behavior is +ehavior
intended to help others
Antisocial +ehavior includes aggressiveacts
u ans display +oth, and situational'actors can in5uence hich one isdisplayed
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>ystander )onintervention *hen people see so eone in need
+ut 'ail to help the Litty Genovese7s urder
- o 'actors help e plain this Pluralistic ignorance ifusion o! responsibility
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Across threeclassice peri ents, thepercentage helping
hen in groupsas lo er than thepercentage helping
hen alone
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$ocial &oa9ng e'ers to hen people slac o3 in groups
-he hole is less than the su o' its parts
ue partly to di3usion o' responsi+ilityand in5uenced +y cultural 'actors
%ne antidote is to ensure that eachperson in the group is identi9a+le
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Prosocial >ehavior andAltruis
In so e cases e help others pri arily+ecause e 'eel e pathic to ard the
$ituational in5uences can i pact helping *hen you can7t escape the situation Characteristics o' the victi
Enlighten"ent efect 'ro e posure toresearch
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i3erences in Aggression Certain personality traits in5uence
aggression )egative e otions, i pulsivity
;ales engage in ore physicalaggression, 'e ales in ore relationalaggression
Cultural in5uences and the culture ofhonor
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Attitudes and >ehavior An attitu#e is a +elie' that includes
an e otional co ponent
Attitudes only oderately correlateith actual +ehaviors unless
-hey are highly accessible Person is a low self-monitor
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%rigins o' Attitudes ecognition heuristic
Personality traits Political vie s eligiosity
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Attitude Change Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant
state o' tension +et een t o opposingthoughts
*e are otivated to reduce or eli inateit
Festinger and Carls ith7s D;easures o'Per'or ance study
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Attitude Change Sel!$perception theory proposes
that e ac!uire our attitudes +yo+serving our +ehaviors
%"pression "anage"ent theoryproposes that that e don7t changeour attitudes, +ut report that ehave 'or consistency
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outes to Persuasion Dual processes model says that there
are t o path ays to persuading others
-he central route 'ocuses oninformational content
-he peripheral route 'ocuses on oresurface aspects o' the argu ent
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Persuasion -echni!ues &oot$in$the$#oor starts ith s all
re!uest and oves to a larger one
oor$in$the$!ace starts +ig then +ac so3 < or s e!ually ell as 'oot?in?the?door=
Lo'$ball techni(ue starts ith a loprice, then Dadds?on all the desira+leoptions
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Persuasion -echni!ues *ho is atte pting to persuade you
can also have an i pact Attractive or 'a ous persons ighly credi+le people I' essenger is si ilar to receiver
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PSE) OS*%E+*ETA*T%*
EXAMPLE P,O-LEM
Creation o' aDphanto goal
D;aster the co plete or s o'$ha espeare hile sleepingH
E tre e clai sare usuallyi possi+le toachieve
ivid testi onials D$andra as severely depressed'or years until she under entre+irthing therapyH
Anecdotes are notevidence
;anu'acturing source
credi+ility
D r. )o+el 'ro Princeton
endorses this su+li inal tape.
Advertisers ay
present source indeceptive 'ashion
$carcity heuristic DCall +e'ore idnight to get r.Genius7 I prove ent progra Mit7s selling 'astH
$carcity ay +e'alse or a result o'lo production
Consensus heuristic D-housands o' psychologists use
the orschach, so it ust +evalid.
Co on
D no ledge iso'ten rong
)atural co onplace D;rs. Candy Cure7s ne an ietyedication is ade 'ro all?
natural ingredientsH
)atural does notean healthy
Goddess? ithinco onplace
D-he ;agical ;ind E$PEnhance ent progra allo s youto et in touch ith our s chic
-ests 'ail tosupportsu ernatural
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Pre6udice and iscri ination ra ing negative conclusions prior to
evaluating the evidence is pre.u#ice
Stereotypes can help us to processin'or ation easily and !uic ly, +ut can leadto pre6udice
$o e ay +e accurate, +ut others are dueto illusory correlations and the con rmationbias
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Pre6udice and iscri ination $tereotypes can result in ulti"ate
attribution error , or attri+utingnegative +ehavior o' so e groupentirely to their disposition
Also attri+ute positive +ehaviors toluc or as rare e ceptions
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)ature o' Pre6udice *e all hold so e types o' pre6udices
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iscri ination -he act o' treating e +ers o' out?
groups di3erently 'ro e +ers o'in?groups
*e can +e pre6udiced against peopleithout discri inating against the
Can have ide i pact on groups suchas 'e ales and inorities
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oots o' Pre6udice Scapegoat hypothesis M arises 'ro a
need to +la e other groups 'or ouris'ortunes
/ust$'orl# hypothesis M i plies that ehave a need to see the orld as 'air, even i'not
*on!or"ity M going along ith others7opinions
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"nderground Pre6udice *hile e0plicit pre.u#ice are
'eelings e7re a are o', e7reuna are o' i"plicit pre.u#ice
-he I plicit Association -est andunconscious racis , se is , andother pre6udices
-rue 9nding or un'alsi9a+le4
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Co +ating Pre6udice o++er7s Cave study and
encouraging people to or to ardsco on goals
/igsa' classroo"s and cooperation