LIKE WATER ON A ROCK: USING

ACADEMIC PRIVILEGE AND SOCIAL MEDIA

TO DISPUTE DOMINANT DOXA

DR. EMILY KEDDELL, SOCIOLOGY GENDER AND SOCIAL WORK, UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO, AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND (WITH ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO ASSOC. PROF. LIZ BEDDOE

FOR SOME SLIDES)

MEMBER: RE-IMAGINING SOCIAL WORK COLLECTIVE

PRESENTATION TO:

SALFORD UNIVERSITY’S MAKING RESEARCH COUNT SEMINAR SERIES

CENTRE FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN HEALTH, WELFARE AND POLICY

JULY 2016

AN ISLAND PARADISE?

ANZ – THE BIG PICTURE• HIGH AND INCREASING LEVELS OF CHILD POVERTY – 29% OF CHILDREN LIVE BELOW THE 60%

MEDIAN WAGE AHC POVERTY LINE – BUT 33% OF MAORI, 28% OF PASIFIKA, 16% OF PAKEHA. 46% OF CHILDREN IN POVERTY ARE MAORI OR PACIFIC.

• 14% IN MATERIAL HARDSHIP – GOING WITHOUT THE THINGS MOST NZERS CONSIDER ESSENTIAL, 9% IN SEVERE HARDSHIP

• 16% LIVE IN CROWDED HOMES – BUT 50% OF PASIFIKA CHILDREN, 25% OF MAORI, 5% OF PAKEHA• MOST UNAFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE WORLD BASED ON INCOMES: HOUSING COST. AVE HOUSE

PRICE = 10X AVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME• VERY HIGH RATES OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND MARKED EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DEPRIVATION• BENEFIT RATES STAGNANT, WAGES LOW, FAMILY TAX CREDITS NOT INDEXED TO WAGES OR CPI

UNLESS IT EXCEEDS 5%. THRESHOLD ACTUALLY DROPPING, AND ABATEMENT INCREASING. (SEE DALE ET. AL., 2014).

• HTTP://WWW.RADIONZ.CO.NZ/NEWS/NATIONAL/307110/POVERTY-NZ'S-'NEW-NORMAL'-REPORT(DALE ET AL., 104; SIMPSON ET AL., 2015; NZ HERALD, 2014).

THE TUU’U FAMILY – VAIOPA’A AND TAMASAILAU TYPIFY THE AUCKLAND HOUSING CRISIS – IN WORK, BUT CAN’T PAY

THE RENT – LIVING IN THEIR CAR

DOXA – COMMON BELIEFS OR OPINIONS USED TO PERSUADE PEOPLE OF PARTICULAR TRUTHS

“DISCOURSES FROM THE STATE, THEREFORE, CARRY MORE WEIGHT THAN OTHERS BECAUSE THEY ARE OFFICIAL AND ARE OFTEN ACCEPTED AS BEING AUTHORISED AND LEGITIMATE ACCOUNTS…THE POWER OF THIS OFFICIAL DISCOURSE CAN CREATE WHAT BOURDIEU (1977: 169) TERMED A DOXA – A SITUATION WHERE THE ARBITRARY APPEARS NATURAL AND WHERE IMPORTANT ISSUES REMAIN UNSPOKEN AND TAKEN FOR GRANTED, IN CONTRAST TO AN ORTHODOXY OR A HETERODOXY, WHERE DISCUSSION AND CONTESTATION TAKES PLACE” (CROSSLEY, 2015:2)

WELFARE REFORMCHARGED WITH “PROMOTING BETTER WORK OUTCOMES” FOR CERTAIN GROUPS OF THOSE “AT-RISK” OF BENEFIT DEPENDENCY“THERE IS NO SIMPLE SOLUTION TO LONG-TERM WELFARE DEPENDENCY, AND THERE ARE DIFFICULT TRADE-OFFS WHICH MUST BE FACED. WE NEED TO ENSURE THAT PEOPLE ARE TREATED WITH COMPASSION WHEN THEY CANNOT SUPPORT THEMSELVES, BUT THEY ALSO HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO PREPARE FOR AND MOVE INTO PAID WORK, WHERE THAT IS POSSIBLE. WE NEED TO BE CONSCIOUS OF COSTS TO THE TAXPAYER, BUT WE SHOULD ALSO BE WILLING TO INVEST EARLY TO REDUCE AVOIDABLE WELFARE DEPENDENCY” (2011: 2).

WWG PRINCIPLES:• RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS • A LONGTERM VIEW – AN ACTUARIAL VIEW OF FORWARD LIABILITY • COMMITTING TO TARGETS – BOTH GOVT AND COMMUNITIES • IMPROVING OUTCOMES FOR MAORI – 31% OF WORKING AGE MAORI ON WELFARE• IMPROVING OUTCOMES FOR CHILDREN – 220 000 CHILDREN IN BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS –

NEED TO REDUCE CHILD POVERTY THROUGH FOCUS ON ‘AT-RISK JOBLESS HOUSEHOLDS’• A CROSS-GOVERNMENT APPROACH – SOLUTIONS LIE ‘OUTSIDE THE WELFARE SYSTEM…NEEDS

CROSS GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP’• MORE EFFECTIVE DELIVERY – OUTCOMES FOCUSED – ENGAGE COMMUNITY AGENCIES TO

DELIVER TO SPECIFIC POPULATION EGS MAORI, YOUTH ETC.MAIN AGENCY SHOULD:“…BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR IMPROVING WORK OUTCOMES FOR PEOPLE OF WORKING AGE AT RISK OF LONG-TERM WELFARE DEPENDENCY AND REDUCING THE LONG-TERM COSTS OF WELFARE DEPENDENCY (AS MEASURED BY THE FORWARD LIABILITY) (WWG, 2011: 10).

CHILD PROTECTION REFORMS: TWO WAVES

• WAVE ONE: VULNERABLE CHILDREN’S ACT 2014, CHILDREN’S ACTION PLAN• WAVE TWO: CHILD YOUTH AND FAMILY REVIEW 2015 – 2016 (FINAL REPORT) AND

ONGOING• WAVE ONE – SURVEILLANCE, SAFETY CHECKING, BROADENING RESPONSIBILITY,

COLLABORATION, RISK MODELLING• WAVE TWO – RECONSTRUCTING THE CHILD PROTECTION AGENCY, SOCIAL

INVESTMENT, INFORMATION AND DATA SHARING, SINGLE POINT OF ACCOUNTABILITY, (SERVICE PURCHASER) MORE RESOURCES FOR CHILDREN IN CARE, MORE CONTRACTING OF SERVICES, LANGUAGE OF TRAUMA.

COMMON DOXA IN THE WELFARE REFORMS• WELFARE DEPENDENCE IS ‘RISKY’, AND PEOPLE NEED INCENTIVES AND PUNISHMENTS TO GET INTO WORK.• PROMOTES THE UNSPOKEN PRESUMPTION THAT JOBS EXIST, THAT POVERTY IS RELATED TO WORK STATUS

(NOT BENEFIT RATES, WAGE RATES AND FAMILY TAX CREDIT RATES) AND THAT PEOPLE DON’T WANT TO WORK• RESULTS BASED ACCOUNTABILITY FOR WORKERS – THE ONLY RESULT THAT MATTERS IS FEWER PEOPLE ON

BENEFITS – FUTURE FINANCIAL SAVINGS AND PERSONAL INDEPENDENCE IS WHAT MATTERS• RESULT = INDIVIDUALISATION AND RESPONSIBILISATION IN POLICY = SANCTIONS, DRUG TESTING, SOCIAL

OBLIGATIONS, ACTIVE CASE MANAGEMENT AND FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES A FOCUS ON “WHAT PEOPLE CAN DO, NOT WHAT THEY CAN’T DO”

• CONSEQUENCE: CREATES ANTAGONISM AND STIGMA FOR THOSE IN THE WELFARE SYSTEM,POVERTY CAN BE INDIVIDUALISED AND IGNORED

DOXA: INDIVIDUALISATION• INDIVIDUALISATION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS – BENEFICIARIES AND PROFESSIONALS

AND PARENTS ARE EACH INDIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR POOR OUTCOMES• INCREASING THE LANGUAGE OF SOCIAL OBLIGATION, (BEYOND SOCIAL

CONTRACT) RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY AS MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING BEST PRACTICE AND BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE

• “THOUGH I ACKNOWLEDGE THE PRESSURE THAT FINANCIAL HARDSHIP PUTS ON FAMILIES, THAT IS NEVER AN EXCUSE TO NEGLECT, BEAT, OR ABUSE CHILDREN. MOST PEOPLE IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES DO NOT ABUSE THEIR CHILDREN, AND I CANNOT TOLERATE IT BEING USED AS A JUSTIFICATION FOR THOSE WHO DO (NZMSD 2012A, 2)

• “WHILE MANY RISK FACTORS, OR CONFLUENCE OF FACTORS, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE, THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS ARE PARENTAL BEHAVIOR, ACTION AND FAILURE TO ACT” (BENNETT, 2012, P.3).

DOXA: SEPARATE LIVES• NEITHER ISSUE VIEWED AS CONNECTED TO THE OTHER, EVEN THOUGH WE

KNOW THAT 85% OF THOSE COMING TO ATTENTION IN THE CYFS SYSTEM ARE IN RECEIPT OF A BENEFIT (VAITHIANATHAN, 2012).

• HIGH AND PERSISTENT RATES OF POVERTY ARE DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTING TO THE 157 000 FAMILIES CURRENTLY REFERRED TO CYFS. WE KNOW THERE IS A STRONG ASSOCIATION, YET THIS IS IGNORED: “POVERTY IS NO EXCUSE FOR CHILD ABUSE” (PAULA BENNET, MINISTER FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT).

• NO NEW PREVENTIVE SERVICES FUNDED, NOR LOW INCOMES INCREASED. DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF THOSE ON BENEFITS REMAINS, AND THIS CONTRIBUTES TO CHILD POVERTY.

• WE KNOW THAT FAMILIES ARE MULTIPLY DISADVANTAGED, AND THAT INEQUALITIES ARE EXPRESSED IN THE PATTERNS OF CHILD PROTECTION REFERRALS AND SERVICE NEEDS (SPRATT, 2011; FEATHERSTONE ET AL, 2014; BYWATERS, 2013; WYND, 2012)

DOXA: POINTED NEO-LIBERALISM?• SOCIAL GOVERNMENT RESTRUCTURED ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC LOGIC, AND ECONOMIC GOVERNMENT MUST CREATE THE CENTRAL ELEMENTS OF ECONOMIC WELL-BEING (ROSE, 1999: 141).• INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM IS EMPHASIZED, WELFARE VIEWED AS OFFERING PERVERSE INCENTIVES VIA

DEPENDENCY ON THE STATE. WELFARE STATE AS A THREAT TO FREEDOM (ROGOWSKI 2013: 37). • THE MARGINALIZED AND DISADVANTAGED ARE SO BECAUSE OF THEIR OWN CHOICE, AND THEY ARE

“PEOPLE WHOSE SELF-RESPONSIBILITY AND SELF FULFILLING ASPIRATIONS HAVE BEEN DEFORMED BY THE DEPENDENCY CULTURE” (CULPITT (1999: 36, BASED ON ROSE 1996).

• GARRETT STATES THAT IN SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL SERVICE PROVISION, THAT WHILE THE STATE SEEMS TO PROMOTE FREEDOM, IS “IN FACT INTERVENTIONIST IN ENSURING AN INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT A COMPETITIVE MARKET OF SERVICE PROVIDERS AND AN ACTIVE APPROACH TO PUBLIC MANAGEMENT DESPITE ITS CLAIMS OF FREE MARKET ORIENTATION” (GARRETT, 2010)

• AN INCREASE IN THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO BOTH SURVEIL CLIENTS AND RETAIN CONTROL OF PRACTITIONERS IS ANOTHER KEY ASPECT OF SERVICE PROVISION IN NEOLIBERAL TIMES (GARRETT, 2010)

• TO HAVE A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC VIEW OF THE INTERCONNECTED NATURE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS OR SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE AND ANATHEMA TO PERSONAL FREEDOM.

YES!• LANGUAGE OF INVESTMENT AND THE PRIORITISATION OF PAID WORK OVERTLY STATED IN

WELFARE REFORM = ECONOMIC LOGIC INHERENT• ACCESSING PAID WORK AND AVOIDING ABUSE IS VIEWED AS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE

INDIVIDUAL, AND ENSURING SURVEILLANCE AND COMPLIANCE, THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PROFESSIONALS. THE STATE?

• CHILD PROTECTION – THE CHILD IS TO BE PROTECTED AND SAVED, AND INVESTMENT MADE IN THE POST-CARE PERIOD, BUT SERVICES IN THE PRE-CARE PERIOD INVOLVE SURVEILLANCE, RISK MANAGEMENT AND PREFERENTIAL ACCESS TO EXISTING SERVICES, AND THE ULTIMATE ACCOUNTABILITY OF PROFESSIONALS.

• ACCEPTANCE OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILDREN ALREADY IN CARE, AND CHILDREN WHO HAVE BEEN ABUSED, NOT FOR PREVENTING SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES CONTRIBUTING TO ABUSE

• NO NEW PREVENTION RESOURCES OR COMMITMENT TO RESOURCING UNIVERSAL FAMILY SUPPORT SERVICES

• RISK A PRIMARY CONCERN IN BOTH WELFARE AND CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEMS – ACTUARIAL APPROACHES PREFERRED.

DOXA: RESPONSIBILISATION?THIS AFFECTS BOTH INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS AND THE INDIVIDUAL:• INSTITUTIONS: THE MOVEMENT OF THE ‘SOCIAL STATE’ TO THE ‘FACILITATING STATE’THE STATE IS NO LONGER EXPECTED TO “…ANSWER ALL SOCIETIES NEEDS FOR ORDER, SECURITY, HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY. INDIVIDUALS, FIRMS, ORGANISATIONS…SCHOOLS, PARENTS, HOSPITALS…MUST TAKE ON THEMSELVES – AS ‘PARTNERS’ – A PORTION OF THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR RESOLVING THESE ISSUES …ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER ACTORS ARE.. TO BE SET FREE TO FIND THEIR OWN DESTINY BUT, AT THE SAME TIME, THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THAT DESTINY AND FOR THE DESTINY OF SOCIETY AS A WHOLE” (ROSE, 1999: 174).=MORE AUTONOMOUS BUT ALSO MORE RESPONSIBLE

• INDIVIDUALS: “THROUGH THIS ‘RESPONSIBILISATION’, THE SELF IS MADE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS OR HER RISK CHOICES, AND ONLY ‘GOOD’ CHOICES ARE REWARDED BY INCLUSION IN SOCIETY; (PRUDENTIAL CITIZENS) THOSE WHO MAKE ‘BAD’ OR RISKY CHOICES ARE EXCLUDED” (KEMSHALL, 2010: 1250).

ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE CYF REVIEW AND THE BIRTH OF REIMAGINING SOCIAL WORK

• ON APRIL 12015 THE NEW ZEALAND MINISTER OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, ANNE TOLLEY, ANNOUNCED THE CREATION OF A NEW REVIEW OF CHILD YOUTH AND FAMILY, OUR NATIONAL CHILD PROTECTION AGENCY.

• BOTH THE TERMS OF REFERENCE AND THE MAKEUP OF THE REVIEW PANEL FILLED MANY SOCIAL WORKERS WITH ANGER AND DREAD

• PUBLIC CRITICISM OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION BY THE COMMISSIONER FOR CHILDREN (OCC) IN APRIL

• VIRTUAL SECRECY FOR THE REVIEW PANEL- NO PUBLIC CONSULTATION • PANEL LEAD BY SAME RIGHT-WING ECONOMIST WHO LED THE EARLIER REFORM OF THE WELFARE

SYSTEM• RELEASE OF HISTORICAL REPORTS ON ABUSE IN STATE CARE AND IN THE SAME WEEK…• THE OCC STATE OF CARE REPORT WAS PUBLISHED “THE STATE OF CARE”

WHO CAN SPEAK?• CHIEF SOCIAL WORKER – EXCLUDED FROM THE REVIEW PANEL• SWRB – SILENCED• SOCIAL WORK ASSOCIATION – SPOKE UP BUT VERY SMALL AND UNDERRESOURCED• PSA – ISSUING GOOD STUFF• POLITICIANS – SOME, ESP MAORI PARTY, LABOUR, GREEN• SOCIAL WORKERS IN THE CP SYSTEM – GAG CLAUSE• SOCIAL WORKERS FOR NGOS – GAG CLAUSE• LARGE CHARITIES? NO• CHILDREN’S COMMISSIONER? • ACADEMICS – YES!

REIMAGININGSOCIALWORK.NZ

• THE RSW COLLECTIVE LAUNCHED THE RE-IMAGINING SOCIAL WORK BLOG ON 6TH APRIL 2015 AND TO DATE HAS PUBLISHED 83 POSTS HAD OVER 54,000 VIEWS,257 COMMENTS AND HAS 236 SUBSCRIBERS. THE TWITTER ACCOUNT HAS 308 FOLLOWERS.

• THE PURPOSE OF THE BLOG SPACE IS TO:‘DISCUSS, DEBATE AND DELIBERATE ON THE FUTURE OF MODERN AND PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL WORK SERVICES IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND’.

• ALL ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY AND SELF-SUPPORTING

WHO ARE WE?

• NEIL BALLANTYNE, SENIOR LECTURER IN SOCIAL WORK, OPEN POLYTECHNIC OF NEW ZEALAND.

• LIZ BEDDOE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN SOCIAL WORK, UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND.

• IAN HYSLOP, LECTURER IN SOCIAL WORK, UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND.• EMILY KEDDELL, SENIOR LECTURER IN SOCIAL WORK, UNIVERSITY OF

OTAGO.• SIMON LOWE, SENIOR TUTOR IN SOCIAL WORK, UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO.• DEB STANFIELD, SOCIAL WORK ACADEMIC, WINTEC.

WHAT’S THE POINT? SICK OF MOANING ON THE SIDELINES

•  TO RESIST THE SILENCING OF OUR VOICE BY CREATING A SPACE TO DISCUSS AND DEBATE THE FUTURE OF MODERN AND PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL WORK SERVICES 

• TO USE PUBLIC FACING SOCIAL MEDIA FOR LONGER DIALOGUES AS WE BELIEVE THAT THE CYF REVIEW HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR ALL SOCIAL WORK SERVICES AND IS PART OF AN BIGGER AGENDA – PRIVATISATION, INFORMATION SHARING, SURVEILLANCE, TARGETTING.

• FAST AND ACCESSIBLE• BUILDS ALLIANCES WITH COLLEAGUES -EDUCATORS, ACTIVISTS, MPS, SOCIAL WORKERS, SOCIAL

WORK MANAGERS- WHO SHARE OUR CONCERNS. • WE POST SERIOUS LONG PIECES, VIDEOS, A POEM, SHORT PIECES AND LINKS TO MAJOR

BROADCAST INTERVIEWS (SEE STANFIELD, 2015 [BLOG POST] FOR A GOOD SUMMARY)• WE EVEN GAVE SPACE TO THE CHILDREN’S COMMISSIONER TO POST!

WHAT KINDS OF TOPICS?

•HTTP://WWW.REIMAGININGSOCIALWORK.NZ

• AIM: DISPUTE THE DOXA!

WHAT HAVE WE ACHIEVED? • FACE TO FACE MEETINGS WITH POLITICIANS, DRAFTING PARLIAMENTARY QUESTIONS• THROUGH INTENSIVE LOBBYING WITH ANZASW/ PSA UNION AND NETWORKING HAVE MADE SOME

CONTACT WITH THE PANEL• SUPPORTED UNION TO RUN A ONE DAY CONFERENCE • ONE TO ONE CONTACT WITH THE OFFICE CHILDREN’S COMMISSIONER • MEDIA COMMENTS INVITED• INVITATIONS TO SPEAK AND WRITE• INVITATIONS TO MAKE SUBMISSIONS AND COMMENT ON POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CHANGES• PEOPLE SAYING TO US ‘YOU ARE SAYING WHAT OTHERS CAN’T’• OFFERS OF ALLIANCES – FAMILY RIGHTS GROUPS, SWAN, PSA• REFERENCED AND CITED BY OTHERS: HTTP://WEREWOLF.CO.NZ/2016/06/GORDON-CAMPBELL-ON-

THE-OMBUDSMANS-VERDICT-ON-PAULA-REBSTOCK-AND-IAN-RENNIE/COMMENT-PAGE-1/

CHALLENGES OF USING SOCIAL MEDIA

• RELATIVELY SLOW UPTAKE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY SOCIAL WORKERS (SUBJECT OF CURRENT RESEARCH BY A COLLECTIVE MEMBER)

• UNEASY RELATIONSHIPS – WHO SHOULD SPEAK AND WHO DO WE SPEAK FOR?

• LACK OF MANY MODELS FOR SOCIAL WORK ACTIVISM ON LINE • HOSTING A BLOG AND KEEPING IT ACTIVE DOES REQUIRE TIME• WE’RE NOT SURE HOW MOST ACADEMIC COLLEAGUES VIEW THIS WORK BUT

WE HAVE SOME THEORIES…

WHERE DOES THIS FIT IN ACADEMIC LIFE?

• DOESN’T GET RESEARCH ‘BROWNIE POINTS’ IN PBRF/REF• IT’S MAYBE SEEN AS ECCENTRIC… OR IRRELEVANT• MAYBE WE DON’T HAVE ENOUGH REAL WORK TO DO• PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL ENGAGEMENT IS VIRTUALLY NON-EXISTENT IN NZ

SOCIAL WORK• WE LET ECONOMISTS AND LAWYERS AND DOCTORS DO THE PUBLIC TALKING

ON THESE ISSUES. WHY?

• CONTACT US THROUGH THE BLOG OR ANY OF US AS INDIVIDUALS

• WRITE FOR THE BLOG• CARTOONS, PHOTOS, POETRY,

VIDEOS, AUDIO INTERVIEWS ALL WELCOME

EMILY.KEDDELL@OTAGO.AC.NZ

WE ARE ALWAYS OPEN TO BLOGGING

OFFERS

REFERENCES• BENNETT, P. (2012). WHITE PAPER ON VULNERABLE CHILDREN. PAPER TO CABINET SOCIAL POLICY COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 2012. RETRIEVED FROM

HTTP://WWW.MSD.GOVT.NZ/DOCUMENTS/ABOUT-MSD-AND-OUR-WORK/WORK-PROGRAMMES/POLICY-DEVELOPMENT/WHITE-PAPER-VULNERABLE-CHILDREN/WHITE-PAPER-CABINET-PAPER.PDF

• BYWATERS, P. (2013). INEQUALITIES IN CHILD WELFARE: TOWARDS A NEW POLICY, RESEARCH AND ACTION AGENDA. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK. DOI: 10.1093/BJSW/BCT079

• BYWATERS, P., BRADY, G., SPARKS, T., & BOS, E. (2014). CHILD WELFARE INEQUALITIES: NEW EVIDENCE, FURTHER QUESTIONS. CHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK, N/A-N/A. DOI: 10.1111/CFS.12154

• CROSSLEY, S. (2015). REALISING THE (TROUBLED) FAMILY’, ‘CRAFTING THE NEOLIBERAL STATE’ FAMILIES, RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIETIES. DOI: .DOI.ORG/10.1332/204674315X14326465757666

• CULPITT, I. (1999). SOCIAL POLICY AND RISK. LONDON: SAGE.• DALE, C., O'BRIEN, M., & ST JOHN, S. (2014). OUR CHILDREN, OUR CHOICE: PRIORITIES FOR POLICY. AUCKLAND, NZ: CHILD POVERTY ACTION GROUP.• FEATHERSTONE, B., WHITE, S., & MORRIS, K. (2014). RE-IMAGINING CHILD PROTECTION: TOWARDS HUMANE SOCIAL WORK WITH FAMILIES. BRISTOL,

UK: POLICY PRESS.• GARRETT, P. M. (2010). EXAMINING THE ‘CONSERVATIVE REVOLUTION’: NEOLIBERALISM AND SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION. SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION,

29(4), 340 - 355. • KEDDELL, E. (2014). THE WHITE PAPER ON VULNERABLE CHILDREN AND WELFARE REFORM IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME

COIN? . PAPER PRESENTED AT THE SOCIAL WORK SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA. • KEDDELL, E. (2016). CHILD PROTECTION REFORM AND WELFARE REFORM IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN? IN J.

MAIDMENT & E. BEDDOE (EDS.), SOCIAL POLICY FOR SOCIAL WORK AND HUMAN SERVICES IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND: DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES. CHRISTCHURCH: CANTERBURY UNIVERSITY PRESS.

• KEMSHALL, H. (2010). RISK RATIONALITIES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK, 40, 1247 - 1262.