Lighting Workshop

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1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficient Lighting Presented By: Ken Currie, PhD, P.E. September 19, 2013 US DOE Industrial Energy Efficiency

Transcript of Lighting Workshop

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Fundamentals of Energy Efficient Lighting

Presented By:Ken Currie, PhD, P.E.September 19, 2013

US DOE Industrial Energy Efficiency

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Building Lighting Energy

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Building Lighting Codes

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Lighting Type First Cost

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Lighting Type Life Cycle Cost

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Lighting Energy Efficiency

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Efficient Lighting

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Amount of Light

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Other Considerations

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Lighting Topics

TerminologyLight and ColorLighting Levels/StandardsLamp SourcesControlsTrendsPrinciples of Energy Management Case Studies

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Lighting Terminology

IESNALumensLamp EfficacyLamp Loss Factors

Lighting LevelsFoot-candle (Lux)Lamp Rated Life

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Cosmic Rays

Gamma Rays X-Rays UV Infra-

RedMicro-Waves TV RadioElectric

Power

.00001 nm.001 nm 1 nm 10 nm .0001 ft.. 01 ft.

1 ft.100 ft.

1 mi.3100 mi.

400300 500 600 700 1000 1500

Wavelength (Nanometers)

Visible Spectrum InfraredUltraviolet

ABC HEAT

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Violet: 380 - 450 nm*Blue: 450 - 490 nmGreen: 490 - 560 nmYellow: 560 - 590 nmOrange: 590 - 630 nmRed: 630 - 760 nm

* nm = 10-9 meters

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Solar Spectrum

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Lamp Radiation Spectrum

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Light & Color

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Color Temperature

Color Temperature is noted in degrees Kelvin* or °K

3,000°K - Warm White3,500°K - Neutral

4,100°K Cool White

* The Kelvin Scale is defined as Celsius plus 273.

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Color Temperature Definition

• the electromagnetic radiation emitted from an ideal black body

• 1,700 K Match flame• 1,850 K Candle flame, sunset/sunrise• 2,700–3,300 K Incandescent lamps• 3,000 K Soft White compact fluorescent lamps• 3,200 K Studio lamps, photofloods, etc.• 3,350 K Studio "CP" light• 4,100–4,150 K Moonlight• 5,000 K Horizon daylight• 5,000 K tubular fluorescent lamps or Cool White/Daylight CFL• 5,500–6,000 K Vertical daylight, electronic flash• 6,500 K Daylight, overcast• 5,500–10,500 K LCD or CRT screen• 15,000–27,000 K Clear blue poleward sky

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Typical Color Temperatures

Incandescent ……... 2,750°K – 3,400°K Fluorescent ……….. 2,700°K – 6,500°K

Mercury vapor ….. 3,300°K – 6,000°K Metal Halide ……… 3,000°K – 4,300°K High PressureSodium …………...... 1,900°K – 2,200°K Induction …………… 3,000°K – 4,000°K

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Color Temperature

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Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Color Rendering Index is a scale from 0-100 that indicates the accuracy with which a lighting source can reproduce colors. The higher the CRI value the more accurate the color reproduction.

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Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Typical high CRI values: 80 to 90

Typical good CRI values: 65 to 80

Typical poor CRI values: <65

Note: The CRI for standard Low Pressure Sodium lamps is extremely poor.

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Typical CRI Values

Incandescent …………….. 100 Fluorescent ………………. 60 - 90

Mercury vapor …………….15 - 30Metal Halide ……………… 60 - 90High Pressure Sodium ….. 10 - 60

Low Pressure Sodium ….. Negative Induction ………………….. 85

LEDs……………………………. 30 - 60

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Color Rendering Index - Example

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Rated Life of a Lamp

The rated life of a lamp is defined as the point at which 50% of a test sample fails.

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Rated Life of a Lamp

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Rated Life of a Lamp

For non-HID lamps (incandescent, fluorescent, etc.) the test sample operating time is 3 hours.

For HID lamps (MV, MH, & HPS) the test sample operating time is 10 hours.

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Lamp Life Comparison

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Light & Distance

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Light & Distance

The lighting level drops off as the square of the distance.

E = I/d2

Where: E = Illuminance (footcandles or lux) I = Intensity of lighting in Candelas D = Distance from the source

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Light & Distance

Therefore, even small changes in the mounting height of a luminaire can have a significant impact on the lighting level.

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100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%100%50%

Lumen Maintenance

% Rated Life(Lumen output of all light sources depreciates as they age.)

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Lighting Standards (IESNA Handbook)

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Light Meters

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Lighting Levels

• Specific tasks to be performed• Time required for each task• Speed and accuracy• Age of occupants• Safety and security• Aesthetics• System operating cost

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Break

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Lighting Sources

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Sources Efficacy

Tungsten LEDwarm Mercury Vapor LEDcool Fluorescent Induction Metal Halide HPS LPS0

20

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Lighting Source Efficiency

Lum

ens/

Watt

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Source Efficacy

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Incandescent Lamps

Advantages1. Inexpensive2. Available in many configurations and colors3. No warm-up required4. Not temperature sensitive5. Easily controlled

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Incandescent Lamps

Disadvantages1. Inefficient (10 - 25 lumens/watt)2. Short lamp life3. Vibration sensitive4. Over-voltage sensitive

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Incandescent Upgrades

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Halogen Lamps

Advantages:1. Higher efficacy than standard lamps2. Better color rendering3. Longer life (2,000 hours)Disadvantages:1. Same as standard incandescent2. Higher price

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Ballast Functions

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Fluorescent Lamps

Lamps are available it the following configurations:

T-5 T-12 (being phased out)

T-8 T-17 (PG-17)

T-10Note: In dual pin configurations, T-8, T-10, and T-12 lamps

have the same pin spacing. Therefore, they can be used in the same fixture.

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Fluorescent Lamps T-12 Lamps

Tubular lamp 12/8 of an inch, or 1.5", in diameter.

This type lamp comes in a variety of wattages and configurations.Typical Lamp Wattages: 34W, 40W, 60W, and 95W

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Fluorescent LampsT-8 Lamps

Tubular lamp 8/8 of an inch, or 1.0", in diameter. This type lamp comes in several lengths and is typically used with electronic ballasts.Typical Lamp Wattages: 32W, 59W and 86W

2800 lumens (32 watt bulb)

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Fluorescent LampsT-5 Lamps

Tubular lamp 5/8 of an inch in diameter. This type lamp comes in several lengths and is typically used with electronic ballasts.

Typical Lamp Wattages: 24W(21.6″), 39W(33.4″) , 54W(45.2″), and 80W(57.0″)

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Low Mercury Lamps

In 1980 a four-foot T-12 fluorescent lamp typically contained approximately 100 mg of mercury. By 2000 that value has been cut by over 90%.

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Fluorescent Ballasts

Electromagnetic Ballast (no longer produced)

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Fluorescent Ballasts

Ballasts perform two basic functions: 1. Provide the higher voltage required to

start lamps

2. Stabilize the lamp current

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Fluorescent Ballasts

Solid State Electronic Ballast

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Electronic Ballast Advantages

1. Power (energy) savings2. Reduce heat generation – potentially lower

air conditioning requirement3. Longer life than electromagnetic ballasts4. Potentially fewer ballasts required per

fixture5. Additional control flexibility

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Electronic Ballasts

Input Wattage Comparison of Four-Lamp Fluorescent Fixtures

Electromagnetic Electronic 144 110 -124

Approximate wattage comparisons

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Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Typical Lamp Wattages

9W, 11W, 15W, 18W,

20W, 23W, and 28W(Larger wattages available)

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Reflectors

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Reflectors

• Reflectors allow the user to direct most of the light downward toward surfaces of interest instead of lighting the ceiling.

• Reduce electric consumption by reducing the number of lamps required for desired light output.

• 3 Types (Reflective Efficiency)– Standard Aluminum Reflector (86%)– Reflective White Paint (91%)– Enhanced Specular Aluminum (95%)

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HID Lamp Types

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HID Lamp Characteristics

All HID lamps share certain physical and operating characteristics. – All HID lamps utilize an internal arc tube and outer

envelope construction.– They all require a ballast for operation.– All HID lamps require a warm-up period.– They all require a cool-down period before they

can re-strike.– A stroboscopic effect may occur prior to lamp

failure

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Mercury Vapor Lamps

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Mercury Vapor Lamps

Mercury vapor lamps produce a bluish-green color light. Due to their lower efficacy and poor color rendition they are seldom used in new construction.Interior applications are minimal. Most current uses are for outdoor area/ parking lot lighting.

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Metal Halide Lamps

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Metal Halide Lamps

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Metal Halide Lamps

All MH lamps offer a number of advantages over MV lamps, including:

- Higher efficacy (~ 100 lumens/watt)- A crisp clear white light- Excellent color rendition (CRI 70 - 80) Also, reduced wattage lamps are available for selected sizes of standard

MH lamps.

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Metal Halide Lamps

Disadvantages for MH lamps include: - Shorter lamp life for equivalent sizes, when compared to other HID sources (6,000 to 16,000+ hours) - Higher lamp cost - Orientation sensitive

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Metal Halide Lamps

Disadvantages for MH lamps include:

- Color shift near the end of lamp life - NEC 2005 requirements: The use of metal

halide lamps must be- enclosed to provide contamination barrier (Type S lamps) or- used in a lamp holder that will only accept ANSI Type O (shrouded) lamps

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Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps

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Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps

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Electronic-Start MH Lamps

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Metal Halide Lamps

• UV Protection

• Can Explode

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HPS Lamps

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HPS Lamps

High pressure sodium lamps have been used extensively for both interior and exterior applications. Due to their high efficacy (~120 lumens per watt).

Since the mid 70’s HPS fixtures have been used extensively for street lighting.

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HPS Lamps

High pressure sodium lamps provide a golden-yellowish color light. This is due to the fact that they do not produce light in the blue spectrum (450 - 490 nm). While not a concern in exterior applications, some find the resulting color unacceptable for interior use, especially if color is a consideration.

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HPS Lamps

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HPS Lamps

In many applications high pressure sodium lamps are being changed to fluorescent. Often, a 460 Watt HPS lamp can be replaced with a 210 Watt T-5 fluorescent fixture or a 220 Watt T-8 fixture

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LPS Lamps

Typical LPS Lamp Design

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LPS Lamps

Low Pressure Sodium is not an HID source. It is a gaseous discharge type lamp, similar in operation to fluorescent lamps.

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LPS Lamps

While very efficient, (producing about 160 lumens/watt), LPS lamps are a monochromatic light source. They produce only one color of light, a dirty yellow.

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LPS Color

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LPS Color

Color reproduction is so poor that under the Coloring Rendering Index scale the CRI for low pressure sodium is Negative.

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Induction Lamps• Electromagnetic transformers create a field around a glass

tube containing a gas• The high frequency ballast creates a flow of free electrons

which collide with mercury atoms and increase their energy state

• When the mercury atoms return to their lower energy state they emit ultraviolet radiation

• The UV radiation is converted to visible light as it passes through a phosphor coating on the surface of the tube

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Induction Lamps• Induction lamps are basically electrodeless fluorescent

lamps• Without electrodes the life of the lamp can be extended to

100,000 hours• Efficacy is 85 lumens/watt• CRI is 85

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Induction Lamps

Advantages:1. Efficient (~50% less energy consumption)2. CRI of 853. Longer life (100,000 hours)4. Instant On & Off5. 85+ Lumens per Watt

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Induction Lamps

Disadvantages:1. Contains Mercury2. Slow Start in the Cold3. Cannot be dimmed or focused4. Produces UV Light

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Induction Lamps

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Break

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LED Lamps

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LED Lamps

LEDs are made from semi-conductor materials on a die

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LED Lamps

An Individual LED Die is Very Small

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LED Lamps

Making White Light with LEDs

- Can mix light from Red, Blue and Green LEDs

- Can use phosphor conversion

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LED Lamps – Mix RBG Light

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LED Lamps – Phosphor Conversion

Blue LED Excites the Phosphor

Excited Phosphor

Emits White Light

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LED Lamps

Phosphor Conversion is Similar to Fluorescent Lamp Operation

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LED Lamps – White Light with Phosphor Conversion

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LED Lamps – Efficacy

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LED Lamps – Packaging

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LED Lamps – Packaging

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LED Lamps – Packaging

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LED Lamps – Packaging

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LED Lamps – Lamp Life

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LED Lamps

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LED Lamps

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LED Lamps

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LED Lamps - Applications

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LED Lamps - Applications

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Lamp Comparison

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Lamp Comparison

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Exit Signs

Types of Illuminated Exit Signs- Incandescent- Fluorescent- LED- Tritium- Photoluminescent

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Illuminated Exit Signs

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Incandescent Exit Signs

Incandescent signs typically utilize two 20 or 25 watt tubular lamps.

Inefficient and short lamp life (2,000 hours).

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Fluorescent Exit Signs

Fluorescent signs typically utilize one or two lamps.

More efficient that incandescent with longer lamp life (6,000 -10,000 hours).

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LED Exit Signs

In new or retrofit applications two lamps are typically used.

Very efficient (4-8 W/fixture), excellent lamp life

(20 years).

LED retrofit lamp

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Tritium Exit Signs

No energy required, rated life 10 -20 years

However, disposal problems exit

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Photoluminescent Exit Signs

No energy required, glow in the dark (non-tritium) exit signs

Rated life 5 -25 years depending on model

Should comply with UL924 for exit signs

Courtesy of American Permalight

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Exterior Lighting

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Exterior Lighting

• LED Street Lights• Wall Packs– High Pressure Sodium– Mercury Vapor– Metal Halide– Induction

• Controls– Photocells– Timers

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Lighting Controls

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Occupancy Sensors

Most sensors in commercial applications utilize either passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic technology. There are hybrid sensors employing both technologies.

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Occupancy Sensors

Typical sensor fields of view

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Timeclocks

Timeclocks can be effectively utilized for basic on/off operation of lighting fixtures. By utilizing low voltage relays, large numbers of fixtures can be controlled by a single timeclock, thereby making it very cost effective.

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Timed Switches

Timed Switches are switches that incorporate a timed function, to ensure that the fixtures are turned off after a preset interval of time, typically one to two hours.

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Timed Switches

They are available in both standard toggle switch and programmable models.

Prior to the controlled fixtures being turned off, these switches will provide a warning; in the form of blinking lights or an audible beeping sound (or both on some models).

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Scheduling Controls

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Centrailzed Controls

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Photocells

Photocells are low cost reliable controls that utilize a photo-sensitive element to control on/off operation of a fixture or fixtures. While primarily used in outdoor applications they can also used in building atriums.

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Light Control Panels

Typical Industrial Lighting Panel

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Lighting Control Panels

Today, control panels have become very sophisticated, with control capabilities far beyond basic on/off operation, i.e. “smart panels”.

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Daylight Harvesting

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Building Automation Systems

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Twilight Switch

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HVAC Impact

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Basic Principles of Lighting Energy Management

1. If you don’t need it, turn it off - Employee Awareness, Sensors,

Timers, Photocells, Timed Switches, Energy Management Systems, etc.

2. Proper maintenance - Group cleaning and relamping

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Basic Principles of Lighting Energy Management

3. Enhanced lighting control- Photocells and occupancy sensors

4. More efficient sources- Electronically ballasted fluorescent fixtures,- Compact fluorescents- Induction lamps- Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

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Case 1: Manufacturer

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Case 1: Manufacturer

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Case 1: Manufacturer

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Case 2: Dairy Product Processor

Electric Rates: Usage: $.0400/kWh Demand: $0.0/kW

Operating Hours of Fixtures: 8,760 hours/yr

Background: Portions of the production area are lit with (125) 2x4 T12 fixtures

(4 – 4’ T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts)Power Rating: 144-watts

Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $17.11

Recommendation: Replace with (125) 2-lamp T8 fixtures with (1) parallel-wired

electronic ballast and reflectors.Power Rating: 55-watts

Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $6.63

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Savings:Usage: 97,455 kWh/yr $3,898 / yr

Demand: 134 kW/yr $0 / yrMaintenance: $1,310 / yrTotal Savings: $5,208 / yr

Implementation Cost: $11,100

TVA Rebate: $9,746

Simple Payback Period: 2.13 years (0.26 yrs)

Case 2: Dairy Product Processor

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Case 3: Automotive Components Manufacturer

Electric Rates: Usage: $.040/kWh Demand: $0.0/kW

Operating Hours of Fixtures: 8,760 hours/yr

Background: (31) Exit fixtures are equipped with (2) 20-watt lamps each

Power Rating: 40-wattsAnnualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $25.81

Recommendation: Replace with (31) LED exit fixtures, each with (2) 2-watt LED lamps

Power Rating: 4-wattsAnnualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $9.32

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Savings:Usage: 9,776 kWh/yr $391 / yr

Demand: 13 kW/yr $0 / yrMaintenance: $511 / yrTotal Savings: 902 / yr

Implementation Cost: $1,513

TVA Rebate: $978

Simple Payback Period: 1.68 years (0.59 yrs)

Case 3: Automotive Components Manufacturer

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Case 4: Auto Parts Manufacturer

Electric Rates: Usage: $.065/kWh Demand: $12.47/kW

Operating Hours of Fixtures: 8,736 hours/yr

Background: There are (114) 400-watt metal halide fixtures throughout the facility

Power Rating: 450-watts/fixtureAnnualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $19.71

Recommendation: Replace with (114) 220-watt T8 fluorescent fixtures

Power Rating: 220-wattsAnnualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $11.76

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Savings:Usage: 229,058 kWh/yr $14,889 / yrDemand: 314.6 kW/yr $3,924 / yrMaintenance: $906 / yrTotal Savings: $19,719 / yr

Implementation Cost: $45,326

TVA Rebate: $22,906

Simple Payback Period: 2.30 years (1.14 yrs)

Case 4: Auto Parts Manufacturer

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Questions ???????????