Lighting Technologies for 2018 IECC - National Center for ...
Transcript of Lighting Technologies for 2018 IECC - National Center for ...
Review of Lighting Technologies for 2018 IECC
Commercial Codes Training
August 11 2020
Montana
Jaya Mukhopadhyay | Sina Seyedian | Riley Wanzek
Integrated Design Laboratory
Montana State University, Bozeman Montana
Overview
REQUIREMENTS FOR LIGHTING IN THE 2018 IECC
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONTROLS TO MEET THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE 2018 IECC
INCENTIVES & BARRIERS TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES
CASE-STUDIES
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LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS IN THE 2018 ENERGY CODE▪ Interior Power Lighting Density
▪ Exterior Lighting Power Density
▪ Interior Lighting Controls
▪ Integration with Daylighting
▪ Exterior Lighting Controls
▪ Commissioning of Lighting Systems
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Lighting Requirements in the 2018 IECC
INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER DENSITY
▪ Reduction in interior lighting power
allowance (LPD W/ft2). (C405.3.2)
▪ Equation for calculating the Total
Connected Interior Lighting Power (TCLP)
is more specific. (C405.3.1)
▪ Calculation for interior lighting power
allowance for retail & sales areas has
changed. (C405.3.2.2.1)▪ Allows additional lighting power for smaller
areas.
▪ Reduces power allowance for larger areas.
▪ Additional lighting for decorative or
highlighting purposes is more stringent
(C405.3.2.2.1)▪ Additional lighting power in lobbies must
not exceed 0.9 W/ft²
▪ Cant exceed 0.75 W/ft2 for other spaces.
Table C405.3.2: Interior Lighting
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EXTERIOR LIGHTING POWER DENSITY (C405.4.2)
▪ Reduction in lighting power allowance for building exteriors
▪ Reduction in base site allowance
▪ Inclusion of categories such as loading docks, exterior dining areas,
landscaping
▪ Exceptions to lighting power allowance no longer include historic
buildings
Lighting Requirements in the 2018 IECC
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INTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROLS
▪ LLLC’s (C405.2)▪ Monitor activity and ambient space light and brighten/dim light
accordingly
▪ Dimming setpoints, timeouts, fade rates, sensor sensitivity, & wireless
zoning controls
▪ Occupancy / vacancy sensors (C405.2.1.1-3)▪ Manual on or automatic <50% on
▪ More stringent requirements for open-plan offices▪ For offices < 300ft2 need to meet requirements for general occupant sensor
control functions ▪ For offices > 300ft2 , separate zones with a maximum floor area 600 sf, multiple
light levels & daylight responsiveness required
▪ Lights turn off within 20 minutes of occupants leaving space
▪ Time-switch (C405.2.2)▪ Required in areas without occupancy sensors or light reducing manual
controls
Lighting Requirements in the 2018 IECC
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INTEGRATING WITH DAYLIGHTING
▪ Daylight harvesting (C405.2.3)▪ Required is spaces w/ >150W of lighting in top/sidelit zones.
▪ No required in side-lit zones on the first floor above grade in Group A-2
and Group M occupancies
▪ Not required in new buildings if the total connected lighting power is
less than or equal to than the adjusted interior lighting power
allowance (LPAADJ)▪ LPAADJ = [LPANORM x (1.0 – 0.4(UDZFA X TBFA))] ▪ LPANORM = Normal building lighting power allowance (watts).▪ UDZFA = Sum of all sidelit and toplit zones without daylight responsive
controls▪ TBFA = Total building floor area.
Lighting Requirements in the 2018 IECC
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Figure C405.2.3.3: Daylight Zone Under a Sloped Rooftop Monitor
EXTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROLS (C405.2.6)▪ Where lighting the building façade or landscape, the lighting shall
have controls that automatically shutoff the lighting between
midnight or business / facility closing, whichever is later or business
facility opening, whichever is earlier
▪ Shutoff methods include:▪ Daylight shutoff
▪ Exterior occupancy control
▪ Exterior dimming
▪ Time-switch controls
▪ Exceptions now include lighting controlled within dwelling units
Lighting Requirements in the 2018 IECC
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Lighting Requirements in the 2018 IECC
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COMMISSIONING OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
▪ Specifications for commissioning of lighting controls provided in
Section C408.3 of the 2018 IECC
▪ Specifications are currently mandatory
▪ Also required as part of the additional energy efficiency package
of Enhanced digital lighting controls
▪ Requirements to test the functionality of the following types of
automated controls:▪ Occupant sensor controls
▪ Time switch controls
▪ Daylight responsive controls
▪ Requirements for documentation:▪ Drawings
▪ Manuals
▪ Report
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES▪ Legacy Lighting Technologies
▪ Current Lighting Technologies
▪ LED Technologies
▪ LED Replacement Lamps
▪ LED Applications
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LEGACY LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
▪ Resistive
▪ Incandescent▪ Resistance through a tungsten filament produces
light, easiest to dim.▪ Residential units, Best used where uses in infrequent,
short duration, low cost dimming.
▪ Halogen▪ Regenerative tungsten filament from halogen gas
within lamp = longer life▪ Commonly used for reflector lights & flood lights
Lighting Technologies
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Incandescent bulb
Halogen bulb
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LEGACY LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
▪ Discharge
▪ Fluorescent▪ Ballasts emit electricity which excites mercury to
produce UV light within the lamp. UV light interacts with phosphorus coating to produce glow
▪ Most common commercial lighting solution
▪ Metal Halide▪ Electric arch interacts with metal halides and
mercury vapors to produce glow.▪ Industrial areas, arenas, streetlights, gyms▪ Campus’s still using as maintenance
▪ High / low Pressure sodium▪ Electric arch interacts with xenon gas, sodium, &
mercury vapors to produce glow
▪ Mercury vapor▪ Electric arch interacts with mercury vapor to
produce glow
▪ Not used any more
Lighting Technologies
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CURRENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
▪ Solid state technologies – utilizes
semiconductors to convert electricity
to light.
▪ LED▪ Utilize small diodes.▪ 30-150 lm/W▪ 25,000-100,000 hours rated life▪ Commercial applications
▪ OLED▪ Thin, flexible panels▪ 30-50 lm/W – 150 lm/W potential▪ 14,000-100,000 hours rated life▪ Emerging commercial applications▪ Display applications▪ High cost
▪ Electroluminescent▪ Passive light source▪ Thin, flexible panels/strips/wires▪ Decorative applications, exit signs-
liability issue
Lighting Technologies
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LED technology
OLED technology
Electroluminescent technology
Lighting Technologies
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LED TECHNOLOGIES
▪ Static White vs. Dynamic White
▪ SeleCCTable products
▪ Color changing products▪ RGB, RGBA, RGBW
▪ Potentially fully dimmable
▪ Products for nearly all application types
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Lighting Technologies
ADVANTAGES OF LED TECHNOLOGY
▪ Efficacy (lumens/watt): comparable to
daylight.
▪ Directional source: efficient optics
possible
▪ CCT & CRI/TM-30 improvements,
comparable to halide lamps
▪ Very Long “useful” life
▪ Low mercury / lead
▪ No infrared or ultraviolet
▪ UV options for hospitals
▪ Better performance in cold environments
▪ Resistant to impact & vibration
▪ Instant on, digital control possible
▪ Trend toward modularity
▪ Flexible form factor
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Lighting Technologies
USEFUL LIFE OF LED LAMPS
▪ Conventional lamps rated life:▪ Rated life at 50% lamp failure point
▪ LED lamps useful life:▪ Based on lumen maintenance &
depreciation
▪ Standard: IES LM-80
▪ Uses LP maintenance measurement
where:▪ L is initial output
▪ P is percentage maintained over a
number of hours
▪ Example: L90 / 60,000 where 90% of
initial output (10% loss) reached in
60,000 hours
▪ Target: general service incandescent lamps
▪ Various Shapes
▪ Recent improvements in light output & efficacy: some now surpassing CFL performance
▪ Distribution: spot, flood, wide flood
▪ Doe “caliper” testing: LED PAR30 & PAR38 exceed halogen in light output & efficacy with improved CBCP
LED INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENTS
Courtesy of GE
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Lighting Technologies
▪ Linear fluorescent replacement lamps:
▪ Target: T5, T8, & T12 in existing troffers▪ Type A, Type B TLEDs
▪ Advantages:▪ Energy savings: 2-18w about 40% (check light output)▪ Maintenance savings: few spot replacements over
life▪ Low mercury or lead▪ Cold starting (which may improve life)▪ Shock & vibration resistant
▪ Disadvantages:▪ Poor light output: may need to add lamps to
maintain levels▪ Strong directionality: poor uniformity▪ Cost of bypassing ballast (or reduced efficacy if using
the ballast)▪ Some fluorescent lamps rated at 55,000 hours so
maintenance benefit may not exist
LED FLUORESCENT REPLACEMENTS
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Lighting Technologies
LED APPLICATIONS
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Lighting Technologies
Courtesy of Phillips LEDALIGHT
LED APPLICATIONS
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Lighting Technologies
Courtesy of Phillips LUMIBLADE
LED APPLICATIONS
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Trends in Lighting Technologies
Courtesy of Intense Lighting
LED APPLICATIONS
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Lighting Technologies
Courtesy of Yarnell Associates
Courtesy of GE
LED APPLICATIONS
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Lighting Technologies
LIGHTING CONTROLS▪ Control Technologies
▪ Lighting Control Applications
▪ Potential Savings
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WHY USE LIGHTING CONTROLS?
▪ Flexibility▪ Change luminance & patterns in space
▪ Savings▪ Reduction in energy & monetary resources
▪ A properly design lighting system can:▪ Reduce energy usage by 60% over on-off system
▪ Reduced air-conditioning load (less heat gain)
▪ Longer lamp & ballast life
▪ Productivity & user satisfaction▪ Provision of adequate lighting levels for different tasks
▪ Provision of appropriate lighting conditions
▪ Aesthetics▪ Capable of changing the mood & function of spaces
▪ Maintenance▪ Increase lamp life & reduce stocking of replacement lamps
▪ Compliance with energy code & rating programs▪ Compliance with IECC, ASHRAE 90.1 Standards
▪ Compliance with LEED / WELL / LBC
Trends in Lighting TechnologiesLighting Controls
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Lighting Controls
LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Typical lighting control strategies▪ Manual switching
▪ Dimming
▪ Scene controls
▪ Timer controls
▪ Daylight integrated controls
▪ Occupancy / vacancy sensors
▪ Latest lighting control strategies▪ Color temperature tuning
▪ Task tuning / High-end Trim
▪ Luminaire level lighting control (LLLC)
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Schematic diagram of switching arrangements to achieve multiple
discreet lighting levels with three‐lamp fluorescent lighting fixtures.
TYPICAL LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Manual Switching - Provides lighting levels
to accommodate occupants visual needs.
▪ On-off function▪ Relatively inexpensive▪ Provides occupants with total control▪ Switching not a reliable conservation tactic▪ Limited flexibility▪ Multi-level switching required by some codes▪ Switching entire fixtures or lamps within fixture▪ Step switching of individual lamp output▪ Not code compliant for most general spaces
unless to override with automatic controls
Lighting Controls
Control Mechanism Illumination
Level
All ballasts on 100%
Two-lamped ballast on 66%
Half of two-lamp ballast
on
33%
All ballasts off 0%
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TYPICAL LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Manual Dimming - The ability to fine-tune
illuminance levels through manual control.
▪ More expensive than simple switching
▪ Increased flexibility in controlling the output
▪ Smooth & slow transitions are desired – fade rate
▪ For LEDs, associated with increased efficacies &
life
▪ Cost of dimming hardware▪ High for fluorescent, additional costs for dimming
ballasts▪ Low for LEDs, most have 0-10V dimming drivers
native
▪ Dimming rates are different for different lamps▪ Fluorescent: maintains efficacy down to 40%
output▪ 10% - 100% dimming most practical with
combination of dimming & switching controls▪ Wide variation in LED source and dimmer
characteristics leads to wide variation in dimming performance and compatibility
Lighting Controls
Typical dimming curves for generic light source types.
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TYPICAL LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Preset Scene Controls - Preset lighting scenes adapted to space
function and ambiance.
▪ Common control solution in spaces that are best served by pre-
established settings of lighting control zones
▪ Involve dimming and/or switching of groups of lighting control zones to
alter room luminance or illuminance distribution
▪ User selects a preset lighting configuration by pressing a single button
▪ Fade rates have to be considered
▪ Add to the costs of lighting systems but greatly simplify user interaction
with controls to get established lighting levels
Lighting Controls
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TYPICAL LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Timer Controls- Scheduling adjusts the output of the lighting system
based on a time event implemented using a time-clock.
▪ Time schedule control useful in spaces that have well known &
consistent operating schedule
▪ Can be mechanical, electronic or computer controlled
▪ Override capability is necessary when a space is to be occupied
outside normally scheduled hours
▪ For exterior or interior applications where controls configured to sunrise
/ sunset times – astronomical clock can be used
▪ Astronomical clocks require input of site location, time of day and time
of year
Lighting Controls
Example of an auto-off timer Tork A530.The switch contacts are made when the knob is rotated, which then break the circuit at the end of a timed cycle, thereby turning off the load.
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TYPICAL LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Daylight Integrated Controls - Uses a light
sensor (also called a photosensor or
photocell) with a power controller to switch or
dim lighting in response to available daylight.
▪ Need to respond to rapidly changing conditions▪ Can respond with either switching or dimming
▪ Switching is undesirable, annoying
▪ Use of automatic dimming is preferred
▪ Fade Rate and Dead Band must be considered
▪ Photosensors & computer based algorithms control electric lighting & shading devices on daylighting apertures to provide adequate task illuminance
▪ Establish daylight zones is crucial:▪ Latitude has to be accounted for
▪ South most likely candidates for dimming & may have
two perimeter zones based on latitude
▪ Northern daylight zone is very narrow
▪ Savings potential up to 60% energy use in some spaces
▪ Payback period is short: makes daylight harvesting strategies very attractive
Lighting Controls
Typical graph of energy
savings with daylight control
Photocells
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TYPICAL LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Occupancy/Vacancy Sensors ▪ Occupancy sensors automatically turns lights
both on and off
▪ Vacancy sensors require manual on input
▪ Common occupancy control technique
involves switching lighting off after a set period
of time has elapsed during which no
occupancy is detected
▪ Common control strategy “return to dim level”
▪ Can also turn off other devices: fan-coils, AC,
fans
▪ Types of occupancy sensors:▪ PIR – Passive Infrared - Detect major movement▪ Ultrasonic - Detects fine movement▪ Dual-Technology - Utilizes both technologies
Lighting Controls
Passive infrared detector
Ultrasonic detector
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ADVANCED LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Task Tuning - allows for adjustable illuminance levels at the working
plane for a variety of tasks
Lighting Controls
▪ High-end trim sets maximum light level
for each space
▪ Compatible with dimmable lighting
▪ Dimmable lighting can still be controlled
to implement other strategies
▪ With High-end trim the upper light level is
capped
▪ Can be integrated with centralized
controls or at fixture in some cases
▪ Requires commissioning
▪ These tuning features provide energy
efficiency without a decreasing lighting
performance
▪ Lighting electricity usage can be
reduced by > 20%
▪ Can be utilized for lumen maintainence
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LATEST LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Dynamic White - LED luminaires with the ability to deliver varying
white light color temperature.
▪ Applicable to LED fixtures:▪ By separately dimming arrays of diodes with different phosphor coatings▪ White LED luminaire’s CCT can be adjusted across a range
▪ Examples of tunable-white general lighting includes:▪ Adjust CCT to accommodate for changing space use, displays, interior finishes
and user preference▪ Automatically adjust the CCT to produce idealized daylight cycle or optimally
blend with daylight ▪ Play a potential role in circadian lighting, as light rich in blue wavelengths acts
as a circadian stimulus
Lighting Controls
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LATEST LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Wireless controls- utilize wireless technologies
to install, setup & monitor lighting system.
▪ Can be used for all lighting control scenarios
▪ Advantages:▪ Flexibility▪ Integration with central Building Management
System▪ Access from any PC or mobile device▪ Simplifies installation, setup, and commissioning▪ Convenient maintenance
▪ Disadvantages▪ Battery replacement
▪ Usually in ten years
▪ Can be avoided with kinetic system
▪ Software required▪ For centralized systems
Lighting Controls
An example of a wireless system
RESOURCE: http://www.lutron.com/en-US/Products/Pages/WholeBuildingSystems/Vive/Maintain.aspx
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LATEST LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
▪ Luminaire Level Lighting Control -
incorporates a complete set of sensors
(occupancy, daylight, user tuning, and
even air temperature) into each
luminaire.
▪ Each fixture becomes a semi-
autonomous zone, capable of
responding to small changes in the area
under each luminaire
▪ Some of these systems use innovative
methods of communicating and self-
commissioning such as wireless radio or
even infrared signals to create
connectivity within the system
▪ This level of granularity can yield
significant savings!!!
▪ Part of building based IoT & data
gathering
Lighting Controls
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LIGHTING CONTROL APPLICATIONS
▪ Private Office
Lighting Controls
RESOURCES: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/fupwg_fall2015_matour.pdf
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LIGHTING CONTROL APPLICATIONS
▪ Classroom
Lighting Controls
RESOURCES: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/fupwg_fall2015_matour.pdf
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INCENTIVES▪ Overview of Incentives for Commercial Construction in
Montana
▪ Incentives from NorthWestern Energy
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OVERVIEW OF INCENTIVES FOR LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES IN
MONTANA
▪ Energy-Efficient Commercial Buildings Tax Deductionhttp://www.efficientbuildings.org
▪ Deduction For Energy-Conserving Investmenthttps://revenue.mt.gov/home/individuals/taxrelief_energy#Other-Energy-Related-Tax-Relief-777
▪ Flathead Electric Cooperative - Commercial Lighting Rebate
Programhttps://www.flatheadelectric.com/commercial/business-energy-savings/
▪ Montana-Dakota Utilities - Commercial Energy Efficiency Incentive
Programhttp://www.montana-dakota.com/conservation/savings-for-your-business
▪ NorthWestern Energy (Electric) - Commercial Energy Efficiency
Rebate Programhttp://www.northwesternenergy.com/Eplus
Incentives
SOURCE: https://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?fromSir=0&state=MT
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CASE-STUDIES▪ Walgreens, Evanston, IL
▪ Pacific Tower, Seattle, WA
▪ Puget Sound Energy, Bothell, WA
▪ South Lander Business Park, Seattle, WA.
▪ NorthBay VacaValley Hospital, Vacaville, CA.
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Case-studies
WALGREENS,Evanston, IL
Location: Evanston, IL
Building Type: Grocery
Total Area: 15,270 ft2
Lighting Design: Walgreen Co.
Certification: LEED Platinum
▪ Lighting power density is set based on
providing brand-required foot-candle
levels on shelving units.
▪ By using customized optics &
directionalized lighting patterns
overhead linear LED fixtures were able
to achieve these levels eliminating the
need for 4 kW of undershelf lighting
▪ LPD – 0.89 W/ft2 as compared to
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 values for
retail occupancies of 1.4 W/ft2
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PACIFIC TOWERSeattle, WA
Location: Seattle, WA
Building Type: Renovation
Total Area: 274,010 ft2
Lighting Design: McKinstry
Certification: LEED Gold
▪ 2,000 LED fixtures w/ LLLC
▪ LLLC integrated light levels &
HVAC system
▪ Each fixture individually tunable
▪ One system – Various tenants
▪ 80% energy savings that originally
expected
▪ 27% better energy savings than
required by Seattle’s code
▪ Real-time feedback
Case-studies
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SOURCE: https://betterbricks.com/uploads/resources/LLLC-Case_Study-Pacific_Tower.pdf
PUGET SOUND ENERGYBothell, WA
Location: Bothell, WA
Building Type: Renovation
Total Area: 11, 000 ft2
Lighting Design: PSE
▪ Original system: T8 & inconsistent
lighting levels
▪ 100 LED fixtures w/ LLLC
▪ 72% energy savings ▪ 34% savings just from LED retrofit
▪ 2 week installation – Wireless controls
▪ Increased occupant comfort
Case-studies
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SOURCE: https://betterbricks.com/uploads/resources/LLLC-PSE-Case-Study.pdf
THANK YOU!QUESTIONS?
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