Lighting systems 2014
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INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SYSTEMS
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COURSE CONTENTS
Introduction to lighting engineeringBatteriesMagnetic CircuitsSingle Phase Transformer
Conventional Power PlantsRenewable Power Plants
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THE LIGHTING ENGINEERING
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
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Electromagnetic Waves
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Light at wavelengths which we seeas colors are part of awider familyof electro-magneticwaves
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A GLASS PRISM SEPARATING WHITE LIGHT
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COLOR MIXING
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• Color mixing is the process of combining various wavelengths of light to produce white or other colors
• The primary colors of LIGHT are: Red, Green, and Blue
• Color mixing of light is an additive process.
• Example: light sources
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COLOR MIXING
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• Color mixing with pigment is a subtractive process each color of pigment subtracts wavelengths until you get to black.
• Examples: object surfaces and filters.
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COLOR MIXING
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COLOR MIXING
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COLOR MIXING
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
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SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION (SPD)
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SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION (SPD)
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Continuous Spectrum light Sources
Non-Continuous Spectrum light Sources
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CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM LIGHT SOURCES
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The Sun
Incandescent Lamps/ Halogen
LED
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THE SUN
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This SPD means that most objects appear with their true colors
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INCANDESCENT LAMPS/ HALOGEN
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It emits large power from yellow to red but less power in blue and green.
This SPD means that it is difficult to distinguish between blue from black under this light
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LED
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It emits large power in blue, green and yellow but less power in red.
This SPD means that red objects will not appear with their true color under led lighting
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NON-CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM LIGHT SOURCES
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Fluorescent
Mercury vapor
Metal Halide
High pressure sodium
Low pressure sodium
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FLUORESCENT
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It emits SPIKES through several wavelengths.
It is suitable for most applications where not true colors are required.
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MERCURY VAPOR
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It emits spikes of power in some blue and green wavelengths and little else.
This light source is unsuitable for interior use.
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METAL HALIDE
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These sources emit numerous spikes of power in wavelengths across the spectrum.
It is suitable for most applications including some retail.
Ceramic metal halide has even more spikes.
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HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
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It emits spikes of power in some yellow and green wavelengths and little else.
This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is used for street lighting.
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LOW PRESSURE SODIUM
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It emits spikes of power in only yellow This light source is unsuitable for interior
use it is used for street lighting.
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SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS
Color is defined with a variety of metrics but the 2 most common are:Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Color Rendering Index (CRI)
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SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS
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CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT)
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CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT)
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CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT)
Represents the relative whiteness of a light source,
whether the source appears warm, cool or neutral.
Acceptable range of CCTs for indoor environments is between 2500°K and 5000°K, with the higher value representing a cooler source
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COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
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COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
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CRI of Selected Light SourcesSource CRI
Low Pressure Sodium <5
High Pressure Sodium 20
RGB LED (typical) 31
Mercury Vapor 43
Cool White Fluorescent 63
Metal halide 64
Cool White LED 70
Daylight Fluorescent 76
Warm White LED (YAG) 81
Tri-phosphor Fluorescent 82
F32T8 Tri-phosphor 85
BSY + R LED 93
Halogen MR16 99
Incandescent 100
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
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LIGHTING METRICS
Luminous Flux Efficacy
Luminous Intensity Luminance Illuminance
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LUMINOUS FLUX
Luminous Flux is the light output of a source measured in all directions
Defined as the flow of light, Φ
Measured in lumens A lamp receives watts
and emits lumens. The measure of success of doing this is called efficacy and is measured in lumens per watt (lm/W)
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LUMINOUS INTENSITY
Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux (Φ) in different directions and at different intensities.
The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is called luminous intensity (I).
The unit of measurement is the candela (cd).
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ILLUMINANCE (LUMINOUS LEVEL)
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As luminous flux travels outward from a source, it ultimately impinges on surfaces, where it is reflected, transmitted, and/or absorbed
Illuminance on a surface, E is the density of luminous flux incident on that surface Measured in lumens per square meter Lumen/m2 is called a lux
while lumen/ft2 is called
footcandle
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INVERSE SQUARE LAW
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LUMINANCE
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It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface, taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
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It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface, taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
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LUMINANCE
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COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
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If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle, the illuminated area will increase in size and the illuminance will drop accordingly.
The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which the surface has been moved. Therefore the illuminance will fall by the factor of the cosine of angle. This is where Lamberts Second Law comes in, the COSINE LAW of illuminance.
COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
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If a surface is illuminated to 100 lux and is twisted through an angle of 60 degrees then the illuminance will fall to half or 50 lux, because the cosine of 60 degrees is ½.
COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
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COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
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Schneider Electric 51 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
●1 switch for one light● Can be produced with
● a "one-way – 2 poles" switch ● a two-way switch
One-way circuit> Essential Applications
L
N
Light
Switch
Breaker
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Schneider Electric 52 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Alternatives for light control:Infra red solution●Good for controlling a light from at least 2 different
locations in the same room.● Can be produced with
● An emitter (remote) + a receiver (wall-mounted), including a switch mechanism.
● With Infra-red technology, the receiver must see the emitter in order to capture the I-R beam correctly
●Application: Residential & small office●Main advantage:
● control the light(s) without moving(from the sofa, seniors, disabled people….)
> Advanced Applications
N
L
R
E
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Schneider Electric 53 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Alternatives for light control:RF system●Principle:
● One RF emitter and one (or more) RF receivers are associated
● ON/OFF, Dim Up/Down●Application:
● Residential & small offices●Main advantage:
● Control of light through walls● Control of several light circuits● Control of scenes or scenarios.● Wide range of receivers (mobile
socket outlet, receiver for ceiling,in walls)
> Advanced Applications
E
N
L
R
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Schneider Electric 54 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
TimerWhat is it? What for?●Keep the light ON for a predefined
time after switch-on
●Applications: staircases, halls,corridors
●Main advantage: ● Save energy
> Advanced Applications
PB1
L
N
MIN
Breaker
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Schneider Electric 55 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Time switchWhat is it? What for?●Switch ON every day at the same time●Switch OFF every day at the same time●Weekly/yearly program●Several time slots/day●Applications: Car park lighting, shop front windows
lighting, ●Main advantages:
● Save energy by setting the required time to switch on.
● Improve comfort and security of people (no searching for push-buttons in the dark, avoid aggression)
> Advanced Applications
L
N
IHP
Breaker
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Schneider Electric 56 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Twilight switchWhat is it? What for? ●Switch ON when the outdoor light is not
sufficient ●Switch OFF when the outdoor light increases●Applications: External lightings / Professional
buildings, parking●Main advantage:
● Save energy by adjusting the necessary time to switch on.
● Improve comfort and security of people (not to search push button in the darkness)
> Advanced Applications
Breaker
L
N
IC
Switch)Optional(
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Schneider Electric 57 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
What is a dimmer?
●It's an adjustable transformer used to vary the level of lighting from 0 to 100% of lighting power
●Fields of application
> Dimmers
0 100%
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Schneider Electric 58 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Customer benefits
●Provide comfort & energy savings in day-to-day life● Step-less adjustment of lighting level● Consumption proportional to lighting level
(Dim your light by 25% and save 20% of your energy)
●Extended lifetime of filament lamps● Soft start eliminates inrush current● Decreasing line voltage by 10% doubles lifetime
●Optimise working comfort & efficiency
> Dimmers
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Schneider Electric 59 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Movement and presence detection
●Movement detector ●Presence detector●Field of application
> What is it?
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Schneider Electric 60 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Movement detector
●2 technologies in one product● Movement detection part: based on Passive Infra-Red (PIR) technology, the
sensor detects movement in a sensing zone.● Brightness detection part: comparison of the ambient light to a predefined
minimum level● Combination of Movement detection + Insufficient Brightness = Light
automatically switched on for a set time period
+ =
> What is it?
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Schneider Electric 61 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Presence detector
●2 technologies in one product + more accuracy + more intelligence● Movement detection (PIR) + precision lens detection of very small
movements (a few cm)
Lens defines a greater number of sensing segments = Very small movements detected
Or+ =
> What is it?
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Schneider Electric 62 -Division - Name – Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
Applications> Shutters / Blind
●For Residential
Roof windows
And also sun breakers and awnings
Slat shuttersRoller blinds
Garage doorsGates
Pool covers Home video
screens
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
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PURPOSE OF THIS PART
To understand the theory of operation of the different light sources.
To recognize the advantages and disadvantages of each light source.
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LIGHT SOURCES
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Incandescent LampsFluorescent LampsHigh Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps Light Emitting Diodes
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CHARACTERISTICS
Efficacy efficiency in lumens per watt Color color temperature and color rendering Lamp Life average hours of life Temperature Sensitivity applicability issues Starting and Warm Up ranges from instant to
several seconds Restarting ranges from immediate to ten minutes Dimming some do, some don’t, some have issues Cost ranges from 10¢ to $5.00 per million lumen
hours
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COMPONENTS (INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
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ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES (INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
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Efficacy: Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
Quality of light rendition: High Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%) Warm color appearance
Average rated life: Short Incandescent lamp loses filament material by
evaporation Typical 1000 hours
Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp Operating cost: High
Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W) Light control
dimmable
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TUNGESTEN
Efficacy poor, most less than 30 lumens per watt Color excellent color rendering at 2700‐3100K Lamp Life short (500 hours) to medium (6000
hours) Temperature Sensitivity none Starting and Warm Up instant Restarting instant Dimming dims well with color temperature shift Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours
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(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
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The tungsten halogen lamp is another type of incandescent lamp.
The halogen gas combines with the evaporated tungsten, re-depositing it on the filament. This process extends the life of the filament and keeps the bulb wall from blackening and reducing light output
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ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES (TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
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Efficacy: Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
Quality of light rendition: High Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%) Warm color appearance
Average rated life: Short Incandescent lamp loses filament material by
evaporation Typical 3000 hours
Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp Operating cost: High
Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W) Light control
dimmable
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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HOW IT WORKS(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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When a suitable lighting voltage is applied across the electrodes, an electric arc discharge is initiated and the resulting current ionizes the vaporized mercury in the tube
The ionized mercury emits ultra-violet (UV) radiation that strikes and excites the phosphor coating on the inside surface of the tube, causing it to glow or fluoresce and produce visible light
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HOW IT WORKS (LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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The exact makeup of the phosphors coating the tube determines the color temperature of the light produced by the lamp
A ballast is required to regulate the electric current through the lamp
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START UP CIRCUIT
http://home.howstuffworks.com/81
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HOW IT WORKS (LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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Preheat (“Switch Start)A switch or starter establishes a complete
circuit through the ballast to preheat the filaments
When the filaments heat up, the starter opens and the ballast provides a suitable voltage to light the lamp and limits the current flow to the proper value
Several seconds may be required to complete the starting operation
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STARTER SWITCH
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HOW IT WORKS (LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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Rapid Starttransformers are introduced to pre-heat the
cathodesthey are connected across the lamp pins so the
cathode voltage and resultant watts loss remain part of the circuit while the lamp is operating
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HOW IT WORKS (LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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Trigger Starta term used for ballasts, which operate pre-
heat start lamps in a rapid start mannerThey supply higher filament voltages to heat
the electrodes to start pre-heat lamps and simulate the rapid start system
Modified Rapid StartBallasts start the lamps in a rapid start mode,
but then, turn off or reduce the filament heat after the lamps have started
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HOW IT WORKS (LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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Instant StartBallasts deliver an initial high voltage to light
specifically designed Instant Start LampsThe arc current heats the filament by
bombardment to provide easy electron emission
No preheating of the filament is required to light the lamp
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FLUORESCENT
Efficacy good to superior, up to over 100 lumens per watt
Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI 80‐90
Lamp Life very long with some versions now 42,000 hours
Temperature Sensitivity significant, varies with product
Starting and Warm Up instant or rapid, some warm up
Restarting instant Dimming expensive, but dims well with color
quality shift Cost 10¢ (non dimming) to $1.00 (dimming) per
million lumen hours
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
Consists of a lamp (often with a starter integrated into the base), a lamp holder, and a ballast
Based on the principle of the fluorescent tube in which a phosphor coating transforms some of the UV energy generated by the discharge into light
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
Lamp TypesT4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have
a starter built into the lamp plug base; operate on an inexpensive reactor magnetic ballasts (~ 5-13 W) and are available for both modular and dedicated systems
T4 and T5 diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps with plug bases and built-in starters (up to 27 W)
Both T4 and T5 diameter twin-tube and quad lamps now available in four-pin versions that do not contain a starter in the base and designed for use with electronic ballasts
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION (HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS)
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High intensity discharge (HID) lamps Metal halide (MH) High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps high-pressure mercury vapor lamps
Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require ballasts to: provide proper starting and operating voltages, and they
produce light through the discharge of an electric arc through a mixture of gases
HID lamps utilize a compact “arc tube” in which very high temperature and pressure exist; this small arc tube closely resembles a point source of light, making HID lamps and their luminaires both compact and powerful
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR
LAMP(HPL)
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR
LAMP(HPL)
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR
LAMP(HPL)
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A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light.
The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb.
The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from the ultraviolet radiation the light produces, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube.
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR
LAMP(HPL)
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Mercury vapor lamps are coated on the inside of the outer bulb with a phosphor that converts some portion of the ultraviolet emissions into red light.
This helps to fill in the otherwise very-deficient red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
These lamps are generally called "color corrected" lamps.
Most modern mercury vapor lamps have this coating.
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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Light-producing element is the same as high-pressure mercury lamp.
Halide salts are added as additional additives inside arc tube to improve color rendition.
The CRI is improved to 90%.
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps (CDM) : Master ColorThe use of a ceramic burner instead of quartz
has several advantages:High efficacy (90 lm/W)Very good color rendering (80 to 95%)Stable color temperature over lifeAvailable in low wattages: 20, 35 and 50W
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CERAMIC METAL HALIDE Efficacy good to superior, up to over 80 lumens per
watt Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI
80‐90+ Lamp Life Long, 12,000‐25,000 hours Temperature Sensitivity None significant Starting and Warm Up Slow start and warm up Restarting must wait 3‐5 minutes to restrike Dimming not recommended, can be used for
energy management purposes Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION SODIUM PRESSURE LAMPS
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Arc tube compared with MH lamps has small diameter to maintain high temperature.
Light is produced by arc discharge through sodium vapor (yellow mono color appearance).
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ADVANTAGESLED
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LEDs don't have filaments that will burn out, so they last much longer.
Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits.
But the main advantage is efficiency. In conventional incandescent bulbs, the light-
production process involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must be warmed).
This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the lamp as a heater, because a huge portion of the available electricity isn't going toward producing visible light.
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ADVANTAGESLED
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LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs; this is useful in battery powered or energy-saving devices.
LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.
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ADVANTAGESLED
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When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs do not change their color tint as the current passing through them is lowered, unlike incandescent lamps, which turn yellow.
LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off operation, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before restarting.
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ADVANTAGESLED
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LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock. Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are easily broken if dropped on the ground.
LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator
LED will achieve full brightness in microseconds LEDs can be very small and are easily populated
onto printed circuit boards. LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact
fluorescent lamps.
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DISADVANTAGESLED
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LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than more conventional lighting technologies. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive circuitry and power supplies needed. However, when considering the total cost of ownership (including energy and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent or halogen sources and begin to threaten compact fluorescent lamps.
LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving the LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to device failure.
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DISADVANTAGESLED
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LEDs must be supplied with the correct current. This can involve series resistors or current-regulated power supplies.
The spectrum of some white LEDs differs significantly from a black body radiator, such as the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at 500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived differently under LED illumination than sunlight or
incandescent sources.
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTIONBALLASTS
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Lamp Ballasts:A lamp ballast is part of the control gear in a
fluorescent fixture which is inserted between the supply and one or more discharge lamps which, by means of inductance, capacitance, or a combination of both to:
provide correct starting voltage match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction
(because once the arc is struck the lamp impedance decreases
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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTIONBALLASTS
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Types of FL Lamp BallastsElectromagnetic BallastHigh Frequency Electronic Ballasts
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HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
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High Frequency Electronic BallastsAlso called “solid-state ballasts” which operate
at 20 kHz using electronic switching power supply circuits Increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating costs
They operate lamps using electronic switching power supply circuits; take incoming 60 Hz power (230 V) and convert it to high frequency AC (usually 20 to 40 kHz)
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HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
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High Frequency Electronic BallastsEnd losses are reduced resulting to overall
lamp-ballast system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%
More expensive than other ballasts
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ELECTRONIC BALLASTS VS MAGNETIC BALLASTS
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Electronic Ballasts vs Magnetic BallastsElectronic ballasts are readily available that
operate 3 or 4 lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast, reducing both installation and field wiring labor costs
Reduced weight Quieter operationReduced lamp flicker
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COLOR MIXING
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COLOR MIXING
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COLOR MIXING
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COLOR MIXING
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LUMINAIRES
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LUMINAIRES
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