Lighting For Residential Design

8/4/2019 Lighting For Residential Design

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LIGHTING FORRESIDENTIAL

DESIGN

Lebanese University

Faculty of Engineering (III)

Civil Department

Semester VII

brahim Elshar 3323

oseph Hamad 3324

SynopsisLighting is the application of light. What wedo with lights, where we place them, howmuch area we light with them, what colorwhite light we choose, what shadows wecast, or which artwork we accentthe

effects we createthis is lighting.As we get older we need more light, but itmust be more shielded, balanced, anduniform light.Lighting that is the most effective for anapplication while using the least amount ofenergy can be considered energy-efficient.Lighting for universal design is lighting thatgrows and shrinks as we do; it lives with us,

and adapts to our needs.


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L I G H T I N G A N D I N S T A L L A T I O N Page 2

Electric LightingI INTRODUCTION

Electric Lighting, illumination by means of any of a number of devices that convert

electrical energy into light. The types of electric lighting devices most commonly

used are the incandescent lamp, the fluorescent lamp, the various types of arc and

electric-discharge vapor lamps, and light-emitting diodes.

An important property of light fixture is the luminous efficiency, meaning the

amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually

measured in lumen or watt. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher

efficiency. Shading the light will normally decrease the efficiency but increase the

directionality and visual comfort probability.

II Lighting Designation:

Lighting designation differs with the aim functionality of the illuminated area. An

intense lighting system may be required for recreational areas that involve task

functionality operations which in turn inquire a good lighting system.

On the other hand a general and localized lighting is required in places where a dim

or weak lighting is best needed.

1) Intense lighting: is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated,for purposes such as reading or inspection materials.

2) Ornamental lighting: is mainly for decorative purposes, intended to highlight

pictures, plants or other elements of interior design.

3) General lighting: fills in between the two and is intended for general

illumination of an area.

III Methods of Lighting:

1) Direct lighting: is the most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the

ceiling casting light downward. Although it is easy to design it, it has dramaticproblems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of fitting

2) Indirect lighting: is less common, often used to bounce indirect light of the

ceiling and back down. It is commonly used in lighting application that requires

minimal glare and uniform general luminance levels. Indirect lighting can create a


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diffused and shadow free light effect. It can be regarded as uneconomical lighting

principle.

3) Front lighting: it is also quite common, but tends to make the subject looks

flat as it casts almost no visible shadows.

IVTYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS

This section describes the various types and components of lighting systems.

i. Incandescent (GLS) Lamps

An incandescent lamp acts as a grey body, selectively emitting radiation, with

most of itoccurring in the visible region. The bulb contains a vacuum or gas filling.

Although this stopsoxidation of the tungsten filament, it will not stop evaporation.

The darkening of bulbs is due toevaporated tungsten condensing on the relativelycool bulb surface. With an inert gas filling, theevaporation will be suppressed, and

the heavier the molecular weight, the more successful it willbe. For normal lamps

an argon nitrogen mixture of ratio 9/1 is used because of its low cost.Krypton or

Xenon is only used in specialized applications such as cycle lamps where the

smallbulb size helps to offset the increased cost, and where performance is

critical.Gas filling can conduct heat away from the filament, so low conductivity is

important. Gas filledlamps normally incorporate fuses in the lead wires. A small

break can cause an electricaldischarge, which can draw very high currents. As

filament fracture is the normal end of lamp lifeit would not be convenient for sub

circuits fuses to fail.

Features

Efficacy 18 lumens/Watt

Color Rendering Index 1A

Color Temperature - Warm

(2,500K 2,700K)

Lamp Life 1-2,000 hours


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ii. Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Lamps are about 3 to 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent

lamps and can lastabout 10 to 20 times longer. Passing electricity through a gas or

metallic vapour will causeelectromagnetic radiation at specific wavelengths

according to the chemical constitution and thegas pressure. The fluorescent tubehas a low pressure of mercury vapor, and will emit a smallamount of blue/green

radiation, but the majority will be in the UV at 253.7nm and 185nm.The inside of

the glass wall has a thin phosphor coating, selected to absorb the UV radiation

andtransmit it in the visible region. This process is approx. 50% efficient.

Fluorescent tubes are hotcathode lamps, since the cathodes are heated as part of

the starting process. The cathodes aretungsten filaments with a layer of barium

carbonate. When heated, this coating will provideadditional electrons to help start

the discharge. This emissive coating must not be over-heated, aslamp life will be

reduced. The lamps use a soda lime glass, which is a poor transmitter of UV.The

amount of mercury is small, typically 12mg. The latest lamps are using a mercuryamalgam,which enables doses closer to 5mg. This enables the optimum mercury

pressure to be sustainedover a wider temperature range. This is useful for exterior

lighting as well as compact recessedfittings.

Features

Halophosphate

Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF

gear increases this by 10%)

Color Rendering Index 2-3

Color Temperature Any


Tri-phosphor

Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt

Color Rendering Index 1A-1B

Color Temperature Any



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The following Table gives the performance characteristics of the commonly used

luminaries:

VDESIGN OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

The prime objectives behind the design of a lighting system are as follows:

the safety and comfort of occupants the nature of a task or process performed in a space will

dictate the illuminance level which must be provided by the lighting system (lx or lm/m2). Tasks

involving high degrees of visual acuity will require higher lighting levels.

theminimisation of energy consumption minimisation of energy consumption involves thedevelopment of the most energy efficient lighting systems which is suitable for the task, this

can be achieved by selecting high efficiency equipment and making use of available daylight.

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colour rendering or the creation of a specific atmosphere the colour characteristics of a

lighting scheme will affects tasks performed when the lighting system is on. For example tasks

which require the accurate representation of colour require a light with the spectral

characteristics of daylight. Alternatively,.to create a warm atmosphere in a restaurant

requires the selection of lights skewed to the red end of the spectrum.

A lighting design has several stages. These are as follows:

1) Identification of the requirements for the lighting system, illuminance levels, colour

requirements, available space, etc;

2) Selection of equipment, lamps, luminaires: lighting systems consist of numerous

components, the two most important of which are: lamps, which influence the lighting

level, colour characteristics and efficiency of the lighting system; luminaires affect the

efficiency with which the light is distributed and so affect lighting efficiency and uniformity

3) Design of the lighting system: lighting systems are designed to achieve a reasonably uniform

distribution of light on a particular plane (usually horizontal), avoidance of glare with a

minimum expenditure of energy. The most rudimentary form of lighting design is done

using a manual calculation the lumen method.

4) System control: once a lighting system has been designed it can be controlled in such a way

as to make maximum use of available daylight, through selection of appropriate switching

mechanisms and daylight responsive controls.

Method Of Calculation:

A simple means of designing lighting systems is achieved by means of the lumen

method; this is a simplified design approach to enable the designer to achieve an

even light distribution in spaces of reasonably simple geometry (i.e. rectangular).

The basis of the lumen method is the following equation:

(1)

E - is the required luminance (lux) its value is related to the place to be lit;A - is the area to be lit;

(%)-MF is known as the maintenance factor, which is a combination of three factors;.Its values are between 0.65 and 0.85.

(%)- UF is the utilisation and is a function of the luminaire properties and roomgeometry. It is the efficiency

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v

v!

AElum


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Special tables are used in order to determine the utilization factor which requires us

to find the following parameters:

(%): it represents the average factor of reflection of any surface (wall or

ceiling).it mainly depends on the color of the surface and its intensity.

K:Room Index. It can be determined by the following formula:

W=width of surface L=length of surface

hsis the height of luminaire above the working plane;

u= E x S (lum)

The First Floor Salon (Living) will be studied as an example:

y Length L = 9.95m, width W = 4.83m

y Surface area of kitchen=48m2

y E (kitchen) =65 lux

y hs= 3-0.9 = 2.1m

y K= (0.8*4.83 + 0.2*9.95)/ 2.1 =2.79

y =0.75

y (ceiling)=70 % &(walls)=50 %

y Method of lighting: direct.

y Form of lighting: incandescence.

y From given table we read = 0.39

y u=E*S=75*23.5=3123.8lum

y lum= ( E.S)/ ( . ) =10679

Use2 incandescent lamps of 200W & 2 of 100W of =18 (lum/watt)

(2x200+2x100) x18 =10800 ( lum ) 10800>10679 OK

hs

WLK

8.02.0 v!

).....(lu

lu

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v

v!


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Installation

Circuit Breaker panel

Calculation Method

Design Procedure for the Lamps Wiring

For a given lighting circuit in each floor the loads of the lamps are calculated as

follows:

P = power of the lamps in a given circuit

I = Power/ (220x0.8) = Load in A.

I x Diminishing Factor (0.75) = Diminished Load A.

LGF

circuit # Power w Load A

1 1246 7.079545

3 1210 6.875

5 520 2.954545

11 350 1.988636

GF

circuit # Power w Load A1 846 4.806818

3 1200 6.818182

5 1370 7.784091

7 2000 11.36364

FF

circuit # Power w Load A

1 100 0.568182

9 1240 7.045455

11 1148 6.522727

13 618 3.511364


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ALL Floors

circuit # power load in A

Diminishing

factor

Diminished

Load A

circuit

Breaker

wire size

mm2

1 2192 12.45455 0.75 9.34 10A 2.5

3 2410 13.69318 0.7 9.58 10A 2.5

5 1890 10.73864 0.75 8.05 10A 2.57 2000 11.36364 0.75 8.52 10A 2.5

9 1240 7.045455 0.7 4.93 6A 1.5

11 1498 8.511364 0.7 5.95 6A 1.5

13 618 3.511364 0.75 2.63 6A 1.5


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Circuit Breaker panel

Calculation Method

Design Procedure for the SocketWiring

For a given Socket circuit in each floor the loads of the Sockets are calculated as

follows:

P = power on the sockets in a given circuit

I = Power/ (220x0.8) = Load in A.

I x Diminishing Factor (0.75) = Diminished Load A.

LGF GF FF

Circuit

#

Power

watt

Circuit

#

Power

watt

Circuit

#

Power

watt

0 5000 2 1000 10 1650

2 6030 4 1850 12 2250

4 1450 6 1450 14 2000

6 2230 8 5950 16 1650

10 1000 22 2000 22 600

12 500 18 1000

14 630

20 1000

ALLFLS

Circuit #

Power

watt Load in A

Diminishing

factor

Diminished

Load A

circuit

Breaker

wire

sizemm2

0 5000 28.40909 0.3 8.522727 10 4

2 7030 39.94318 0.25 9.985795 10 4

4 3300 18.75 0.3 5.625 5 2.5

6 3680 20.90909 0.3 6.272727 5 2.5

8 5950 33.80682 0.25 8.451705 10 4

10 2650 15.05682 0.3 4.517045 5 2.5

12 2750 15.625 0.3 4.6875 5 2.5

14 2630 14.94318 0.3 4.482955 5 2.5

16 1650 9.375 0.3 2.8125 5 2.5

20 1000 5.681818 0.8 4.545455 5 2.5

18 1000 5.681818 0.8 4.545455 5 2.5

22 2600 14.77273 0.3 4.431818 5 2.5


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A main circuit breaker of 50A will be used.

Lighting For Residential Design

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