Light and Temperature. LIGHT and PHYTOCHROME Pigment PHYTOCHROME Blue-green pigment Exists in two...
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Transcript of Light and Temperature. LIGHT and PHYTOCHROME Pigment PHYTOCHROME Blue-green pigment Exists in two...
Light and Temperature
LIGHT and PHYTOCHROMEPigment PHYTOCHROME
Blue-green pigmentExists in two forms Pr (660 nm) Pfr (730 nm)Amount of Pr or Pfr in tissues is determined
with the type of light present
PHYTOCHROMEPr is SYNTHESIZED by the
plant and very STABLE
Pfr is NOT STABLE Slowly reverts back to Pr
in the DARK or in SHADE
Highest CONCENTRATIONS found in the MERISTEMATIC TISSUES Apical meristems Cambium meristems
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISPlant SENSES the RATIO of Pr to Pfr which
influences HORMONES and stimulates a RESPONSE
PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS - Growth and development in response to light
SEED GERMINATION BRANCHING and STEM ELONGATION – ETIOLATION LEAF MOVEMENTS ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION FLOWERING and PHOTOPERIODISM
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISBRANCHING and STEM
ELONGATION
ETIOLATION
Leaves absorb RED & FAR RED light selectively
90% of RED LIGHT absorbed by leaf ~ 2% of FAR RED light absorbed
Higher % of Pr activates GROWTH HORMONES (Gibberelins) allows plant to REACH for light
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISLEAF MOVEMENTS
CLOSURE of LEAFLETS at night Higher % of Pfr increases closure Cells at attachment points to midrib
(pulvini) gain turgor pressure due to water and potassium ions and leaflets open
Loss of turgor leaflets close
PHYTOCHROME thought to affect permeability of the cellular membrane and ion movement across it.
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION
During SUNNY DAYS and COLD NIGHTS in fall
Pigments form from high concentrations of SUGARS in CELL
FAR RED light stimulates Anthocyanin production SHORTENING DAYLIGHT increases more time in
FAR RED light (or DARKNESS) which increases more Pr in plant (Pr 97% - Pfr 3%)
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISFLOWERING and PHOTOPERIODISM
PHOTOPERIODISM is the RESPONSE of plants to CHANGING LENGTH of DAYS and NIGHT DAYLENGTH is important, but plants happen to be
more responsive to PERIODS of DARKNESS
% of Pfr which depletes during darkness is primary factor
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISPHOTOPERIODISM is CUMULATIVE
Called CRITICAL DAYLENGTH (CDL) and is species dependent SHORT DAY – daylength < CDL LONG DAY - daylength > CDL DAY NEUTRAL – NOT DAYLENGTH dependent
Also SD or LD plants can be grouped by: OBLIGATE – must have DAYLENGTH requirement to
flower QUANTITATIVE – plant will FLOWER FASTER or
MORE if exposed to proper DAYLENGTH
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISPHOTOPERIODISM
PHOTOMORPHOGENESISPHOTOPERIODISM related to many
PROCESSES
Mostly related to FLOWER INITIATION, but also related to:
FORMATION of STORAGE ORGANS STEM ELONGATION FALL COLOR, LEAF AGING, & ABSCISSION BUD DORMANCY
TEMPERATUREPlants EVOLVED with the earth’s various
TEMPERATURE regimesLimited to 0° – 50° C (32° – 122° F)
@ 0° C (32° F) biological ACTIVITY SLOWS or STOPS @ > 50° C (122° F) PROTEINS destroyed, PLANT
INJURY or DEATH
BEST GROWTH @ 10° - 30° C (50° – 85° F) As TEMPERATURE RISES every 10° GROWTH can
increase 1.3 – 5 X’s (2 X’s average) Growers use this fact to INCREASE or DECREASE
GROWTH
TEMPERATURETHERMOPERIODICITY
Is the FLUCTUATION of DAY and NIGHT TEMPERATURES
Most plant GROWTH occurs at NIGHT
Plants from GROW BETTER with THERMOPERIODICITY Important to TEMPERATE CLIMATE plants Not so important to tropical plants
TEMPERATUREVERNALIZATION
The INITIATION of FLOWERING in plants by exposure to EXTENDED COLD PERIODS CHILLING REQUIREMENTS
ABSOLUTE – specific number of DAYS BELOW a certain TEMPERATURE
QUANTITATIVE – flower EARLIER and MORE with exposure to COLD
Stimulus is perceived in the APICAL MERISTEM
HIGH TEMPS can REVERSE or DEVERNALIZE plants
TEMPERATUREDORMANCY
DORMANCY is state of INACTIVE GROWTH due to INTERNAL and EXTERNAL FACTORS
KEY to SURVIVAL of PERENNIAL plants growing in TEMPERATE or COLD CLIMATES
Plants BREAK DORMANCY when ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS are FAVORABLE for GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT
TEMPERATURE DORMANCY is a gradual process that STARTS as GROWTH
TAPERS in SUMMER TRIGGERED by:
SHORTENING DAYS LOWER TEMPS DROUGHT
STEPS to PLANT DORMANCY: PHOTOSYNTHESIS SLOWS or STOPS GROWTH STOPS TRANSLOCATION of FLUIDS reduced Decreased ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
PROGRESSION through plant AXILLARY buds >> TERMINAL buds >> BRANCHES >> TRUNK
>> BARK last ROOTS never become truly dormant, they CONTINUE to GROW as
long as SOIL TEMPS > 40 degrees
TEMPERATUREHARDINESS and ACCLIMATION
HARDINESS - The ability of a DORMANT plant to withstand COLD TEMPS without severe TISSUE DAMAGE
ACCLIMATION - the ability to DEVELOP HARDINESS
DEGREE of HARDINESS changes in RESPONSE to the ENVIRONMENT, and the responsiveness of the plant DEPENDS on it’s GROWTH STAGE (see handout)
TEMPERATUREDEGREE of COLD HARDINESS DEPENDS
on: GENETICS of the plant and the HABITAT and
CLIMATE it originally ADAPTED to GROWTH STAGE FOOD STORED in the plant
LOW RESERVES in the plant will LOWER COLD HARDINESS Poor nutrition Heavy foliage, flower, fruit production Shortened growing period Excessive forced growth from high N fertilization
TEMPERATUREPHYSIOLOGY of ACCLIMATION
The FORMATION of ICE CRYSTALS damages cells
Plant have a variety of WAYS to KEEP SAP from FREEZING CONVERSION of STARCH to SUGARS in CELLS Increased VISCOSITY or THICKNESS of CELL CYTOPLASM
ICE CRYSTALS form in the INTERCELLULAR SPACES DEHYDRATES CELL - draws more water out of cell due to
osmosis Makes content of cell MORE VISCOUS
“SUPERCOOLING” sap Some plants have the ability to “SUPERCOOL” fluids below
the freezing point without freezing their tissues
WINTER INJURIESWINTER DESICCATION
DRYING out of TISSUES
PREVENTION: WATER when ground thawed MULCHING to retain
moisture WINDBREAKS to decrease
transpiration ANTI – DESICCANTS sprays
reduce transpiration for a few days, good for transplanting
WINTER INJURIESFREEZE INJURY
SUDDEN DROP in TEMP or EXTREME TEMP CHANGE
PREVENTION: MULCH WHOLE plant SPRAYING ORCHARDS
with WATER As water freezes HEAT
is released, continually freezing water protects tissues
@ 32 degrees F
WINTER INJURIESFROST HEAVING (roots)
PREVENTION: MULCHING Better DRAINAGE
ONCE HAPPENS - PRESS plants DOWN into ground
FREEZING of CONTAINER PLANTS (roots)
PREVENTION: GROUP together HEAL into MULCH
WINTER INJURIESICE DAMAGE
SNOW DAMAGE
PREVENTION: STAKE or PROP small
trees and shrubs Proper PRUNING and
THINNING SLOW GROWING
TREES
WINTER INJURIESBARK SPLITTING or FROST
CRACKING
SUDDEN FREEZE before the tree attains HARDINESS causes the BARK to SPLIT along the CAMBIUM LAYER
PREVENTION: Protect by WRAPPING with burlap, tree guards,
white paint Plant more RESISTANT, THICKER BARK SPECIES
ONCE HAPPENS – WRAP TRUNK or TACK BARK BACK to protect as much cambium and phloem tissue from drying out
WINTER INJURIESWINTER SUNSCALD or SW
INJURYSunny winter day, with a cold
nightsCauses bark to deacclimatize
and become susceptible to freezing
PREVENTION: Protect by WRAPPING with
burlap, tree guards, white paint Plant more RESISTANT,
THICKER BARK SPECIES
SUMMER INJURIESWATER and HEAT
STRESS
SUMMER SUNSCALD
SUMMER INJURIESWATER and HEAT
STRESS
SUMMER SUNSCALD
PREVENTION Adequate WATER in soil MISTING plants