Life’s Underlying Unity Life’s organization extends from the molecular level to the biosphere...
Transcript of Life’s Underlying Unity Life’s organization extends from the molecular level to the biosphere...
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Life’s Underlying Unity
• Life’s organization extends from the molecular level to the biosphere
• Shared features at the molecular level are the basis of life’s unity
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Levels of Organization
Cell
Multicelled organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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Fig. 1-1a, p.2
atomSmallest unit of an element that still retains the element’s properties. Electrons, protons, and neutrons are its building blocks. This hydrogen atom’s electron zips around a proton in a spherical volume of space
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Fig. 1-1b, p.2
moleculeTwo or more joined atoms of the same or different elements. The “molecules of life” are complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,DNA, and RNA. In today’s world only living cells make them
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Fig. 1-1c, p.2
cellSmallest unit that can liveand reproduce on its ownor as part of a multicellularorganism. It has an outermembrane, DNA, andother components
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Fig. 1-1d, p.2
tissueOrganized cells and substances that interact in a specialized activity. Many cells (white) made this bone tissue from their own secretions
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Fig. 1-1e, p.2
organTwo or more tissues interacting in some task. A parrotfish eye, for example, is a sensory organ used in vision
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Fig. 1-1f, p.2
organ systemOrgans interacting physically, chemically, or both in some task Parrotfish skin is an organ system with tissue layers, organs such as glands, and other parts
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Fig. 1-1g, p.3
multicelled organismIndividual made of different types of cellsCells of most organisms, including this Red Sea parrotfish, are organized as tissues, organs, and organ systems
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Fig. 1-1h, p.3
populationGroup of single-celled or multicelled individuals of the same species occupying a specified areaThis is a fish population in the Red Sea
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Fig. 1-1i, p.3
communityAll populations of all speciesoccupying a specified areaThis is part of a coral reefin the Gulf of Aqaba at thenorthern end of the Red Sea
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Fig. 1-1j, p.3
ecosystemA community that is interacting with its physical environmentIt has inputs and outputs of energy and materialsReef ecosystems flourish in warm, clear seawater throughout the Middle East
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Fig. 1-1k, p.3
the biosphereAll regions of the Earth’s waters, crust, and atmosphere that holdorganismsEarth is a rare planet; without its abundance of free-flowing water, there would be no life
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Nothing Lives without Energy
Energy = capacity to do work
Metabolism = processes by which cells acquire and use energy for
maintenance, growth, and reproduction
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Interdependencies among Organisms
ProducersMake their own food
ConsumersObtain energy by eating other organisms
DecomposersBreak down remains and wastes
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Energy input, from sun
NutrientCycling
Producersplants, and other
self-feeding organisms
Consumersanimals, most fungi,
many protists, many bacteria
Energy output (mainly metabolic heat)Fig. 1-3, p.5
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Homeostasis
• Organisms maintain certain conditions in their internal environment
• A defining feature of life
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Mutation: Source of Variation
• Mutation = change in structure of DNA
• Basis for variation in heritable traits
• May be harmful, neutral, or beneficial
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Evolution
• Heritable change in a line of descent over time
• Changes in populations result in diversity
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Classification Systems
• Organisms are grouped into three domains:
Eubacteria(Bacteria)
Archaebacteria(Archaea)
Eukaryotes(Eukarya)
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Origin of life
EubacteriaArchaebacteria
Eukaryotes
Protistans Plants Fungi Animals
Major Groups
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Unity of Life
All organisms
– Consist of one or more cells
– Have the capacity to reproduce based on instructions in DNA
– Engage in metabolism
– Sense and respond to the environment