Post-War Reconstruction

A reintegration project

Republic of Bankal

Project Document

2014

1

Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations.

Part I: Background Information.......................................................................................................6

1. LifeHouse International........................................................................................................6

2. Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration...............................................................6

3. Bankal Republic Background...............................................................................................7

4. Stakeholder Analysis..........................................................................................................13

5. Problem Tree......................................................................................................................23

6. Objectives Tree...................................................................................................................25

7. Strategy Analysis................................................................................................................27

Part 2. Reintegration of Affa Combatants Program (RACP)........................................................29

8. Background.........................................................................................................................29

9. Activities.............................................................................................................................33

10. Results.............................................................................................................................33

11. Funding...........................................................................................................................33

12. RACP Activities..............................................................................................................33

Output 1: Improved physical and mental health....................................................................33

Activity 1.1: Physical and mental assessments with referral services...................................34

Output 2: Equipped with technical and social skills for employment and social integration.................................................................................................................................................35

Output 3: Significant reconciliation between ex-combatants and the local community........37

13. Logical Framework of Analysis and the Results Based Framework..............................42

14. Budget.............................................................................................................................51

15. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).......................................................................57

16. Legal Context. Instruments and authority.......................................................................60

17. Recommendations...........................................................................................................60

18. Conclusion......................................................................................................................60

19. Bibliography....................................................................................................................61

2

Page 3. Acronyms and Abbreviations

BPWR Bureau of Post-War Reconciliation DDR Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ESS Environmental and Social Standards

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GNH Gross National Happiness

GP General Practitioner HDI Human Development Index IC International Charity ICT Information, Communication and Technology LHI LifeHouse International

MOV Means of Verification

MP Members of Parliament

MIO Million

NEPA National Environmental Protection Agency NGO Non-governmental Organization

OVI Objectively Verifiable Indicators

RACP Reintegration of Affa Combatants Programme

RNLI Reintegration to Normal Living Index TJRC Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission

OFID The Opec Fund for International Development

UN United Nations

3

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

4

Part I: Background Information

1. LifeHouse International LifeHouse International (LHI) is an independent humanitarian Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) that was founded in 2002 in Manchester, United Kingdom. With an initial focus to offer assistance to people affected by armed conflict, natural disasters, epidemics and exclusion from health care, LHI has expanded its work to a broad range of fundamental issues which include environmental protection, human rights, gender equality and the empowerment of women, and ICT for development. LHI is guided by professional humanitarian ethics and the principles of neutrality and impartiality. Its rapidly growing team consists of professionals with experiences from a broad spectrum of sectors that include health, environmental management, logistics and administrative services. LHI currently has a footprint in 34 countries worldwide with ongoing and successfully completed projects. It has worked in close partnership with various agencies of the United Nations (UN), multi-lateral development agencies and a myriad of local, regional and global private foundations.

2. Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration A key component of post-war reconstruction and peace processes is the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants. The UNDP defines the DDR process as a complex process, with political, military, security, humanitarian and socio- economic dimensions which aims to address the post-conflict security challenges by supporting ex-combatants to rebuild their livelihoods during the critical transition period from conflict to peace and development. While much of a DDR programme is focused on ex-combatants, the main beneficiaries of the programme should ultimately be the wider community. In this regard, LHI’s work in the Republic of Bankal focuses on the reintegration component of the DDR process which seeks to support the ex-combatants’ economic and social reintegration into society. The ultimate goal of LHI’s project is to contribute to post-war reconstruction by actively engaging ex-combatants in the ongoing post war and post tsunami reconstruction activities.

5

3. Bankal Republic Background

Bankal Republic is an island nation of 18 million people. With a coastline 1240 miles long, it has recently enjoyed sustained economic growth, has a high per capita income, and has made significant achievements in health, education and rural-urban and gender-equity. The main economic sectors of the country are fisheries, tourism, tea export, gems, textile, rice production and other agricultural products. For coastal communities artisanal fishing is a major source of livelihood while smallholder rice production is the major cash crop inland. At the same time, 25 per cent of the population still live below the poverty line, and the country continues to suffer from the consequences of over 25 years of a brutal civil war. The war recently ended but left 20 000 young men and women that had been involved as combatants living in demobilization camps run by an international charity (see Map 1). Most of these young persons are semi-literate and lack basic skills needed by a booming reconstruction job market. Although now disarmed and in the process of being demobilized, most of the former combatants are struggling to cope with civilian life and a recent study suggested that 80 per cent of these 16-30 year olds suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders; 46% have alcohol and drugs related problems while 18% have physical disabilities due to war injuries. Many of these were born during the war and have never known ‘normal life’ and are dislocated from their families. 5000 of these former combatants live in a holding camp five miles just out of the small town of Affa with a population of 100 000 people located in Aton District (see Map 1). Aton itself is one of the least developed districts in the country, where the poor continue to live with limited prospects for development, hampered by a harsh climate and minimal infrastructure. Youth unemployment is already running at 45% although the booming post-war construction industry has begun to reduce this rate. A recent ‘one in a millennium’ tsunami event that killed 20 000 Bankalians on the south and East Coast has made the task of reconstruction more difficult. Apart from the loss of lives, homes and livelihoods that are measurable these families have lost much more that is not measurable. Their needs are many and varied and must be considered on an individual basis and not lumped together into categories for the convenience of those who are providing assistance. In addition to the losses suffered by people, the economy and society that prevailed in the affected areas have been destroyed, - social and economic links and relationships built over decades. It would be a mistake to think that reconstructing physical structures and infrastructure would restore normalcy, as some people and government agencies seem to believe. While most of these were to meet short-term needs, some like the Trust Fund World Bank wants to establish long term support for the affected young people till they are employed / employable. With regard to the families that have lost their houses, the government has taken over the responsibility of providing houses for them. Those whose houses were within the 100 meters of

6

the shoreline which has been declared as a “vulnerable” zone, where construction will not be permitted, would be re-housed in safer areas. A 500 acre block of land has been cleared to the interior of Affa town to be developed as a settlement for those affected in and around Aton town. Some private sector organizations as well as national and international NGOs have also come forward to build houses for those who lost their houses. The picture is not clear but it is expected re-housing would be taken care of through these government and non-governmental means (see Map 1). Aid is also available to write off the loans of those who have been affected who have borrowed from local sources and to grant them soft loans to restart their livelihoods. Some funds are available for people to re-equip themselves for self-employment. A problem that some are facing is that there is no market for their goods and services as their customers have also become destitute and cannot purchase anything and the channels through which they sold their products have been destroyed. It would take time for the economy and economic systems to be restored in the affected areas. There are sufficient funds to take care of children and their needs in the short run-thanks to a massive fundraising effort by international donors. A lot of relief has flowed in from private individuals and organizations towards their nutrition, clothing and schooling needs. It is clear from what has been stated above that a lot of aid is available to help the families affected by the tsunami although sufficient funds are not available to help with the post-civil war issues that have been put on a back burner while focus is on dealing with the major climatic disaster. A recent report by a respected think tank has warned that the holding camp is a ‘powder keg’ that only needs a spark to ignite it and more attention will need to be given to dealing with the DDR issues related to the camp. Similarly, the coalition of local NGOs has warned about a looming health disaster if the monsoon season starts before people who lost homes in the tsunami are given descent shelter and sanitation. Already the incidence of water borne diseases has risen 80 per cent. The NGOs have argued that a year after the Tsunami people have still not returned to their homes and are living in temporary shelter. The local opposition party has accused the government of stalling resettlement of the Tsunami victims in order to remove them from prime tourism locations under the pretext of ‘preventing future tsunami casualties’. In a recent statement in parliament the Minister for Disaster Preparedness argued that ‘the natural disaster provided the country with an opportunity to establish a new coastal zone land use plan, and this takes time. We have to get it right’. To assist in the understanding of the dynamics of development playing out as narrated above, Map 1 below is a visual representation of the situation on the national scale. Furthermore, Table 1 below gives a snapshot of the general situation in Bankal Republic.

7

8

WHO WHAT WHERE HOW WHY

1. Bankalians -18 million people

Sustained economic growth

Republic of Bankal Main economic sectors: fisheries, tourism, tea export, gems, textile, rice production and other agricultural products.

Major source of livelihood for coastal communities: artisanal fishing. Smallholder rice production is the major cash crop inland.

Has a high per capita income

significant achievements in health, education and rural-urban and gender-equity

2. 4.5 million Bankalians

Population living below the poverty line

Bankal 25 years of a brutal civil war ravaged the entire country.

Unemployment Lack of alternative sources of

income

Political upheaval Low development

prospects. Poor infrastructure. High illiteracy levels.

3. 20,000 young men and women ex-combatants

Dislocated from their families

80% suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders;

46% have alcohol and drugs related problems 18% have physical disabilities

Demobilization camps scattered across the country

25 years of a brutal civil war ravaged the entire country.

Aton is one of the least developed districts in the country.

The poor live with limited prospects for development.

Development hampered by harsh climate and minimal infrastructure.

Youth unemployment running at 45%.

Sufficient funds are not available

Political upheaval Born during the war and

have never known ‘normal life’.

Dislocated from their families.

Disarmed and in the process of being demobilized.

Most are semi-literate and lack basic skills needed by a booming reconstruction job market.

DDR efforts put on a back

Small town of Affa in Aton District, South and East Coast of Bankal

4. 5,000 ex-combatants

9

WHO WHAT WHERE HOW WHY

to help with the post-civil war issues

burner while focus is on dealing with the major climatic disaster.

5. Post-tsunami victims

Loss of measurable(lives-20,000 people dead, livelihoods) and immeasurable(social structures) assets

Debt-no market for their goods and services

sufficient funds available to take care of children and

looming health disaster(Already the incidence of water borne diseases has risen 80 per cent)

South and East Coast of Bankal

Tsunami struck the South and East Coast

Destitute customers who cannot purchase anything and the channels through which they sold their products have been destroyed

massive fundraising effort by international donors plus private individuals and organizations

Monsoon season

Delayed reconstruction of descent shelter and sanitation

Geographically prone to natural hazards.

Borrowed money from local sources(Aid is also available to write off the loans/ Some funds are available for people to re-equip themselves for self-employment)

Handle needs in the short run(their nutrition, clothing and schooling needs)

New coastal zone land use plan which as stated by the government, ‘takes time’ to implement.

6. Multiple stakeholders Bankalians, government, local and international NGOs, Donors, private individuals and organizations.

Various interests BankalAton District

DDR programmes Reconstruction of infrastructure Fund raising for temporary relief Provision of short term basic

needs

Humanitarian aid Political control Economic gains

10

11

As part of the situation analysis, the key elements of the problem situation which were identified include but are not limited to:

1. Infrastructure.

The lack or loss of infrastructure is a major impediment to improving the welfare of the population. Without basic infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, markets, roads, telecommunications et cetera, Bankalians are denied the bare minimums which are essential to uplift themselves out of destitution.

2. Lack of income.

The lack of employment and alternative sources of income among the population of Bankal has resulted to abject poverty ranking. Bankal is one of the poorest states in the world according to the Human Development Index (HDI).

3. Illiteracy.

The lack of education denies the population the ability to develop skills necessary to obtain employment.

4. Governance.

The government has centralized the distribution of resources towards post-tsunami problems. The recent civil-war reflects potential divisions in the population which need to be addressed.

5. Geographic position.

The location of the island makes it vulnerable to natural disasters, in this case tsunamis.

6. Loss/lack of social structure.

Bankalians have lost social and economic links and relationships built over decades which facilitated the sustenance of their livelihoods. As such, reconstruction efforts should go beyond rebuilding the physical structures and infrastructure if normalcy is to be restored.

7. Multiple stakeholders.

Stakeholders’ resources must be better coordinated and aimed at addressing the needs of the population in the best possible way (efficiency and effectiveness).

12

4. Stakeholder Analysis

In this process, the people who are affected by the proposed intervention mechanism are identified. The stakeholders in Bankal Republic range from user groups, interest groups, individuals and institutions. Further, the stakeholders are classified between primary stakeholders (those with a direct stake in the interventions) and secondary stakeholders (those with an indirect stake). The table also includes the needs of the stakeholders alongside the type of capacities that could be employed to meet the various needs of this multidimensional problem.

13

Stakeholders Description Needs Capacity

PRIMARY Direct stake in the interventions Varied Varied

1. Bankals 18 million constituting the entire population

Post-civil war population

Infrastructural development

post-civil war needs (the adequate mental & social healthcare)

Human resources

2. Poor Bankals 4.5 million (25%) living below poverty line

capacity building

jobs

Human

Social

Economic

3. Young former combatants

20,000 distressed post conflict ex-combatants.

Disarmed and in the process of being demobilized

Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration. (Reintegration in this case would be the process by which the ex-combatants acquire civilian status and gain sustainable employment and income).

Human

Social

Economic

4. Population of the Aton District holding camp (5000)

5000 ex-combatants living in a holding camps.

One of the least developed districts in the country with limited prospects for development

Harsh climate

Minimal infrastructure

Youth unemployment at 45%

Infrastructure

DDR

Employment or alternative means of getting an income.

Human

Economic

Social

14

Stakeholders Description Needs Capacity

5. South and East Coast of Bankal- affected by tsunami event

Death of 20 000 Bankalians

Infrastructural damage

Economy and society prevailed before incident

Social and economic links built over decades destroyed.

Construction will not be permitted within 100 meters of the shoreline (“vulnerable” zone)

Area has the most attention “focus is on dealing with the major climatic disaster”

Basic needs that include food, housing, clothing etc.

Compensation for deaths?

“needs are many and varied and must be considered on an individual basis and not lumped together into categories for the convenience of those who are providing assistance”

Investigate social and economic links to start re-building them.

-need a more rapid rehabilitation process “people have still not returned to their homes and are living in temporary shelter”

Social

Human

Physical

6. Government Various ministries such as the Ministry of Disaster preparedness

Responsibility of providing houses for the families who are homeless along with international and national NGOs

Clearing 500 acre block of land to the interior of Affa town for resettlement of those affected in and around Aton town

National Recovery Strategy

Early warning system

DDR strategy

Economic

Financial

Physical

15

Stakeholders Description Needs Capacity

Providing soft loans for those affected in order to restart their livelihoods?

SECONDARY Indirect stake in the interventions Varied Varied

7. Trust Fund World Bank

Development and financial support partner - directly involved in the project implementation

“wants to establish long term support for the affected young people till they are employed / employable “

Functioning counterpart structures Financial

8. International Charity

Development Partners

Focus on running demobilization camps for the 20 000 ex-combatants

Needs better coordination with other donors to increase capacity-building

-Financial-Social-Human

9. Private Sector Local traders (Economic Operators)

Build houses for the homeless

Need better coordination with local and international NGOs as well as government “the picture is not clear”

Financial

10. NGO Local and International

building houses for those who are homeless (along with the government)

Preparing for a possible health disaster in conjunction with building houses. This might mean building temporary houses faster for a short term period rather than more long-term houses which would take

Financial

Social

Human

16

Stakeholders Description Needs Capacity

warning about a looming health disaster if the monsoon season starts Needs to focus on building local capacity making sure they respect the “many and varied” needs of the victims

up too much time. “water borne diseases has risen 80%”

Need descent shelter and sanitation in the long-run

11. International Donors

Financial Development Partners

massive fundraising effort: funds to take care of children and their needs in the short-run

long term approach Financial

Human

12. Private individuals and organizations

Organizations and individual seeking to contribute towards reversing the fate of those affected by the tsunami( restoration of human dignity)

Relief towards nutrition, clothing and schooling needs

Strong co-ordination with sectoral specific stakeholders.

Human

13. Aton District Population of about 100,000

17

LHI has observed different dynamics between the stakeholders through this analysis. The young former combatants and the population of the poverty-stricken Aton district, which also holds ex-combatants, have emerged as a result of a 25-year brutal civil war. This prolonged deep division of the population needs to be examined. The cause and the prolonged exclusion of these combatants needs to be investigated. What were these combatants fighting for? Are they all from the same District? Who were they fighting? The Government? A religious group? What is the current level of peace? Can this level be maintained or improved?What is clear is that there needs to be a strong reconciliation process with the population of Bankal (See Matrix for further info). In response to the tsunami victims, we have noticed cooperation between the Government, the Trust Fund World, the private sector as well as national and international NGOs.The Government has taken responsibility of providing houses for the victims as well granting soft loans to restart their livelihoods. The Trust Fund World provides it in the form of long-term financial support until the victims are employed. Whether the Fund is working with the Government on this process is unclear.The private sector, as well as the national and international NGOs are also contributing to the rehousing process, the amount of coordination with the Government remains unclear.International donors have directed their aid to the children. Additional aid from private individuals and organizations has been directed towards basic needs: nutrition, clothing and schooling needs. The scale of resources directed to the tsunami victims needs to be replicated in the case of the ex-combatants from a bottom-up approach. International institutions have the capacity to shine light on these issues. Based on the stakeholders identified in Table 2 above, a Stakeholder Matrix (Figure.1) was developed in order to define more clearly the project beneficiaries (in this case stated as interest levels) as well as give a better understanding of the potential project power balance.

18

Figure 1. Stakeholder MatrixHigh

Group 1: High Importance / Low influence Stakeholders

2 34

Poor Bankals [4.5 million (25%) living below poverty line]

Young former combatants [20,000 distressed post conflict ex-combatants]

Population of the Aton District holding camp [5000]

Group 2: High Importance / High influence Stakeholders

10 7 8 11

Trust Fund World Bank International Charity NGO [local and International] International Donors

Group 3: Low Importance / Low influence Stakeholders

9512 South and East Coast of Bankal

[affected by tsunami event] Private Sector Private individuals and

organizations

Group 4: Low Importance / High influence Stakeholders

6 13 Government Aton District

Low High

19

IMPO

RTA

NC

E

INFLUENCE

Stakeholders Importance (Scale of 1 to 5. 5=highest)

Influence(Scale of 1 to 5. 5=highest)

PRIMARY

1. Bankals - -

2. Poor Bankals 5 2

3. Young former combatants 5 2

4. Population of the Aton District holding camp (5000) 5 2

5. South and East Coast of Bankal- affected by tsunami event 2 1

6. Government 1 3

SECONDARY

7. Trust Fund World Bank 3 4

8. International Charity 3 4

9. Private Sector 2 1

10. NGO 4 5

11. International Donors 3 4

12. Private individuals and organizations 2 1

13. Aton District 1 3

20

The table below presents an assessment of the available capacities within Bankal as well as those coming in from potential intervening partners.

Asset Type Capacity

Internal External

1. Human Achievements in education Rich in human capital (18

million people)

Skilled human resources

2. Social Achievements in the Health sector and Gender - equity,

Networks with the international community provides aid for:o childreno post-tsunami victimso rehabilitation

3. Natural 1,240 miles coast line (an island nation)

Fertile arable land

4. Physical 500 acre block of land for resettlement

holding camp of 5000 ex-combatants

5. Economic high per capita income: sustained economic growth

“booming post-war construction industry”

”booming reconstruction job market”

Financial resources

6. Political Democratic governance with parliamentary system

Disarmament of young people has been achieved

Demobilization is in the process

Financial? Development Policy papers

For the young combatants to achieve a higher standard of socioeconomic development there needs to be a focus and continued follow-up on reintegration into society.

21

The booming economic sector present in Bankal has a lot of potential for employment that people cannot take advantage of due to their lack of skills. An evaluation on whether this economy has been affected by the tsunami is needed.Rich human capital can be integrated into the booming economic sector.Through the present democratic system, the Government has the capacity to allow people and groups in Bankal to voice their opinions.From a political stance, the Government has provided institutional structures for successful disarmament with the capacity for subsequent demobilization. It remains unclear as to why reintegration has not been tackled. Equal investment must be made in developing and implementing coherent plans for the reintegration of ex-combatants into their communities.

22

5. Problem Tree

To understand the dynamics that would play in a reintegration programme in Affa Town, a problem tree was constructed to provide an overview of all the known causes and effects of a persisting marginalized ex-combatant population. This step is important in planning a community engagement or behaviour change project such as a reintegration programme for young ex-combatants because it establishes the context in which the project will occur and helps reveal the complexity of life that surrounds the problem at hand. Essentially, the problem tree helps to gain a deeper understanding of the cause-effect relationship of various factors that sustain a problem and in the process, specific interventions options begin to emerge.

The problem tree below was constructed during LHI’s advance mission to Bankal in the premier stages of data collection exercises required for project development. The stakeholders involved in construction this problem tree included various government officials from relevant ministries, local and international NGOs working on selected DDR projects as well as few chosen opinion leaders from amongst the ex-combatants.

23

Problem Tree:

24

INFORMATION COUNSELLING SERVICES AND TRAINING WITH SUITABLE SOCIAL SKILLS

LACK OF TECHNICAL & SOCIAL SKILLS REQUIRED FOR EMPLOYMENT AND

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

WAR INJURIES (AMPUTATIONS)

MENTAL & PHYSICAL HEALTH

ILLNESS

EX-COMBATANTS NOT REINTEGRATED

DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE

UNINFORMED PUBLIC

PERSISTING POLITICAL INSTABILI

UNRECONCILED COMMUNITY DUE TO LACK OF SOCIAL COHESION

LACK OF TRAINING, EDUCATION AND MICRO PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES

LACK OF SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE EACH OTHER

LACK OF TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCONCILIATION FORUM

UNEMPLOYMENT

POST-WAR INSTABILITY

From the problem tree above, it is observed that the reintegration of ex-combatants in Affa town is intimately linked to a myriad of past, current and looming issues. The most apparent problem amongst the ex-combatants and which also provides an avenue for intervention is unemployment. Unemployment constitutes the core problem which, upon disentangling, reveals deeper problems that range from mental and physical illnesses, to the lack of technical and social skills and also persisting socio-political dynamics of community reconciliation. The problem tree above therefore provides a guide to the complexity of a successful reintegration problem by identifying the multiple causes of a bigger problem. This in turn helps in the planning of the project by identifying particular lines of intervention and other factors that may need to be tackled with complementary projects. The problem tree also serves as to identify the goal, objectives and the outcomes of the project including the activities that need to be undertaken.

6. Objectives Tree

The objectives tree demonstrates the means-end relationship between objectives in the reintegration programme. From the objectives tree, LHI is able to select and focus an intervention on a preferred strategy. The objectives tree below provides information which feeds into a strategy analysis and helps to select a preferred line of intervention that could either be ex-combatant based or community

25

26

- SOCIAL WORKERS - VOLUNTEERS- CLASSROOMS

SPECIFIC OUTPUT

PURPOSE

4. INFORMATION COUNSELLING SERVICES and TRAINING WITH SUITABLE SOCIAL SKILLS

EQUIPED WITH TECHNICAL & SOCIAL SKILLS FOR EMPLOYMENT AND

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

1. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL ASSESSMENTS WITH REFERRAL SERVICES.

IMPROVED MENTAL & PHYSICAL HEALTH

EX-COMBATANTS REINTERGRATED

2. REHABILITATION FROM DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE.

6. CONDUCT MEDIA CAMPAIGNS

7. CARRY OUT COMMUNITY PROJECTS THAT INVOLVE ALL SOCIAL ACTORS (SPORT EVENTS, SOCI-CULTURAL

8. IMPLEMENT TRUTH JUSTICE & RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TJRC)

- CLASSROOM / HALLS- SOCIAL WORKERS- TEACHERS- BUSES

SIGNIFICANT RECONCILIATION WITH COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL COHESION

- GP, MEDICAL STAFF- SCREENING EQUIPMENT- OFFICE MATERIAL- VOLUNTEERS- TENTS

- TV/RADIO SPOTS- ADVERTS, ROAD SHOWS- NEWS PAPERS- YOUTH VOLUNTEERS- BUSES, TRUCKS

INPUTS

GOALS- EXPERT- OFFICE-

5. MAP RECONCI-LIATION INITIATIVE of existing local/inter. Organizations

3. TRAINING AND EDUCATION AND MICRO PROJECT MANAGEME

- SPORT EQUIPMENT- TOOLS FOR BLDG HOUSES- LOCAL MUSICIANS- YOUTH VOLUNTEERS- MUSIC INSTRUMENTS

- YOUTH LEADERS- WOMEN LEADERS- CIVIL STY. LEADERS- POLITICIANS- OPINION LEADERS- LOCAL EXPERTS- MEDICAL EXPERTS- OFFICE MATERIAL- WORK AREA- COMMUNAL HALL /

CITY COUNCIL

ACTIVITIES

EMPLOYMENT

OVERALL

7. Strategy Analysis

LHI’s project aims to contribute to specifically design sustainable assistance towards the resettlement and reintegration of Bankal Republics ex-combatants into civil society. It will implement an ex-combatant and community based reintegration approach outlined below (Strategy 3). Alternative strategies have also been evaluated and weighed according to the project objective.

FACTORS Weight

Strategy 1

Ex-combatant focused reintegration

Strategy 2

Community based reintegration

Strategy 3

Ex-combatantand Communitybased reintegration

Strategy 4

Resource Mobilisation

Strategy 5

Strengthening Institutional Objectives

Income Generation(Employment)

15 +(15) +(15) +(15) -(15) -(15)

Reconciliation 30 -(30) +(30) +(30) -(30) +(30)Local Security 5 +(5) +(5) +(5) -(5) +(5)Capacity Building 20 +(20) -(20) +(20) +(20) -(20)Physical and Mental Health

30 +(30) +(30) +(30) +(30) -(30)

TOTAL 100 +(70) +(60) +(100) 0 -(30)

27

Strategy 1 - Weight + (70)

The ex-combatants focused approach is specifically designed and focused on sustainable solutions for long-term reintegration. It aims to engage individuals into sustainable micro projects to reduce the long-term security risks they present. Activities include; information, counselling and referral services, micro project development through grants, training, technical advisory and support services. As substantial focus is drawn directly to a specific group, this approach can create feelings of unfairness within the community. Considering that the principal objective of LHI’s project is reconciliation, this strategy might slow down the reintegration process by creating an even larger divide.

Strategy 2 – Weight + (60)

The community based reintegration approach provides communities with the tools and capacities to support the reintegration of ex-combatants with other groups of individuals. This support is a component of wider community focused reconciliation and recovery programs. Its activities include community projects with greater inclusion of all social actors, peacebuilding and reconciliation activities and activities to increase local security. This approach may not deal with the ex-combatants needs directly and since we lack information on whether or not they present a high level security threat to communities, this approach has not been deemed appropriate for this particular project.

Strategy 3 - Weight + (100)

A strategy taking components from both of the above strategies is the most adequate approach for contributing to the sustainable reintegration of ex-combatants. Not only will it tackle social and cultural civil-war attitudes still rooted in the community, it will also focus on the long-term support of ex-combatants transition into civilian life.

Strategy 4 - Weight 0

Resource mobilization focuses on fundraising and collecting money from potential donors such as individuals, international and NGOs. It is an inherently financial strategy. This approach is appropriate as part of large-scale and long-term project. The precise and short-term nature of the Reintegration Project requires more than only financial support.

Strategy 5 - Weight - (30)

By strengthening the institutional objectives of Government institutions, this strategy would directly contribute to building reconciliation between the ex-combatants and civil society thus improving local security. This approach would only indirectly have an effect on the key principals of the reintegration project: capacity building, income generation and health.

28

Part 2. Reintegration of Affa Combatants Program (RACP)

8. Background

The goal of LHI’s Reintegration of Affa Camp Program (RACP) is to contribute to sustainable post-war reconstruction in Bankal through the reintegration of ex-combatants into civil society. 20 000 ex-combatants are currently living in demobilization camps located around the country and run by IC (Map 1). LHI aims to focus on their reintegration through an ex-combatant and community based approach as stated above.

To guarantee the success of the RACP, LHI has confined its activity to the North-Eastern region of the Southern district of Aton. As one of the least developed districts in the country, it has a population of 100 000 in which 5000 are ex-combatants living in the demobilization camp on the outskirt of the town of Affa. Map 2 illustrates its location just five miles from the city.

29

FACTORS Weight

Strategy 1

Ex-combatant focused reintegration

Strategy 2

Community based reintegration

Strategy 3

Ex-combatantand Communitybased reintegration

Strategy 4

Resource Mobilisation

Strategy 5

Strengthening Institutional Objectives

Income Generation(Employment)

15 +(15) +(15) +(15) -(15) -(15)

Reconciliation 30 -(30) +(30) +(30) -(30) +(30)Local Security 5 +(5) +(5) +(5) -(5) +(5)Capacity Building 20 +(20) -(20) +(20) +(20) -(20)Physical and Mental Health

30 +(30) +(30) +(30) +(30) -(30)

TOTAL 100 +(70) +(60) +(100) 0 -(30)

30

[Insert Photo Holding camp 1&2]RACP Holding camp - January 2015

31

32

9. Activities

It aims to implement seven activities in order to provide sustainable support and opportunities for ex-combatants as well as building trust between ex-combatants and the civil society of Aton.

10. Results

The majority of the 5000 ex-combatants should be employed and working in institutions that contribute to the development of the country. This will contribute to the social and professional development of individuals and to the conversion of ex-combatants into citizens of Bankal.

By working together on projects, the ex-combatants and citizens of Affa municipality have built up confidence and set aside their differences. This will inevitably contribute to sustained reintegration.

11. Funding

LHI recognizes the importance of acquiring sufficient funding to complete its activities. Not only may the lack of funding limit the success of the project but it may also result in the ex-combatants losing their faith in reintegration and returning to old habits of violence. This could not only jeopardize LHI’s activities but also the other development organizations working on the ground.

RACP has been funded by acquiring sponsors in the UK. Conferences and fundraising were held in Manchester, UK. Furthermore, LHI applied for and secured a 3 year grant provided by the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID). LHI succeeded in collecting around USD 2 MIO to implement the program. For more details, please see the budget cost breakdown below.

12. RACP Activities

Output 1: Improved physical and mental health. The conflict in Bankal during the past 25 years has resulted in a large number of disabled ex-combatants undergoing profound physical and mental health problems. As already noted, a recent study showed that 80 per cent of these 16-30 year olds suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders while 18% have physical disabilities due to war injuries. These physical and mental health problems are further worsened by the rampant abuse of drugs and alcohol which is particularly chronic amongst most of the ex-combatants - standing at 46% of the population.Further, it can be observed that both the physical and psychological issues faced by the ex-combatants are exacerbated by the looming poverty situation that is widespread across the country but more so on the ex-combatants. Most of these ex-combatants lack the physical and psychological capacity, which is crucial to the development of human capital necessary for employment. As a result, they possess a vulnerability to alcohol and drug abuse and an overall

33

susceptibility to poverty. This scenario points to the existence of a positive feedback loop between the mental and physical condition of the ex-combatants and poverty.There are two main activities targeted by LHI which are aimed at improving the physical and mental health of the ex-combatants:

Activity 1.1: Physical and mental assessments with referral services.

The most common physical disabilities exhibited by the ex-combatants were limb amputations and nerve injuries. While these can be directly attributed to injuries sustained during the war, most of the other physical disorders witnessed came about as a result of the deplorable conditions which these ex-combatants have had to put up with while at the demobilization camps as well as the limited access to health facilities. Such diseases include malnutrition, skin ailments, and diarrhea. The mental disorders may be directly attributed to the traumatic experience of fighting in a war coupled with the stress linked to the physical incapacitations which they experience. Moreover, the alienation of these ex-combatants by the community of Affa has sufficiently degraded their likelihood of recovery particularly to those whose initial condition was not as severe, which then lead to a further degeneration of their mental health.The reintegration programme therefore includes a sub-program, which will build a temporary medical camp for preliminary screening and assessments by a team of medical experts who include local general practitioners, physiotherapist, and psychiatrists. Based on the results of these assessments, the ex-combatants will then be placed into specialized treatment programs depending on the degree of affliction to their mental and physical health. Various studies have shown that women ex-combatants are more vulnerable to physical and mental disorders and their conditions more severe. The screening and referral processes will consider this aspect accordingly.

Activity 1.2: Rehabilitation from drug and alcohol abuse.

At first glance drugs and alcohol abuse do not seem to be the main problem affecting the Bankal Republic as 70% of the population are Buddhist and another 15% Hindus. However, almost half of former combatants (46%) face drug and alcohol related problems which aggravates their physical and mental health and as well making them a threat other community members.RACP will be open to both ex-combatants and the community with a specific component tailored to cater to individuals, and another for special groups such families, women and minors. Services will range from clinical and psychosocial therapy to mutual aid groups (peer support). Mutual aid groups are particularly important as they enable individuals to develop a positive network of peers who support each other to ensure long-lasting behavioural change, sharing experiences and learning to help prevent relapse into drug/alcohol use.

34

This activity aims at significantly reducing the high rate of alcohol and substance abuse among former combatants and the wider community but also seeks to mitigate the adverse related social effects that distress the community such as domestic violence, sexual assault, unlawful activities and financial related aspects such as misappropriation of funds and debt.An emphasis needs to be placed on the role of society and culture; this is not a consequence of war traumas only but of other underlying factors such as poverty, unemployment and social exclusion. To effectively improve this situation, it is pivotal to achieve the overall goals and purpose of employment, social cohesion and reintegration.

Output 2: Equipped with technical and social skills for employment and social integration.

The tsunami and the end of the 25 years civil war pushed Bankal’s young population (16-30 year olds) into a particularly vulnerable situation. 20,000 young former combatants have a crucial need to be empowered since they lack the ability to cope in civilian life. They lack the basic skills to meet the expectations of the job market and are semi-literate. In order to achieve the overall output consisting of the employment of the young population, LHI plan to strategize its intervention with the following activities:

Activity 2.1: Education, training and micro project development.

Education

Ex-combatants especially women and individuals below of the age of 18, should be reintegrated into formal education. This will be done through the set up of meetings between ex-combatants and teachers of Bankal who will raise awareness on the importance and benefits of education. Two general meetings will be held in the local school per week until all ex-combatants are enrolled in education. The school curriculum will focus on filling the gaps between their current level of education and the average Bankalian level of education. Resources such as school materials, teachers, classrooms, food and drink will be available during the entirety of ex-combatants education.

Training

The training project will focus on breaking down the military attitudes and behaviour of the ex-combatants. After evaluating IC’s demobilization activities, LHI will identify where additional training aspects of these activities can be enhanced or introduced.Due to current circumstances, there is no outlet for their goods and services. LHI will focus on enhancing their initial skills and equip them with new talents in line with the existing job-market. Firstly, we are going to examine the existing job opportunities in order to forecast the job-market in Bankal Republic. Furthermore, the appropriate training and education will be listed with

35

relevant local trainers selected to conduct these apprenticeships. Training will be established through partnership building with the local authority. In view of the recent devastation caused by the tsunami, training will be focused on teaching construction skills and the maintenance of infrastructure skills. For instance, one apprenticeship program will focus on the construction of a school. Finally, interviews will be undertaken in order to align trainings with the needs of each young person. The training process will last 6-9 months.

Micro project development

The market and customers are quasi inexistent in order for very small enterprises to trade goods and services. Potential customers are also affected by the post-tsunami damage. Therefore, LHI will avoid to design small business start-ups in accordance with local needs. However, more attention will be given to education and training in order to generate skilled manpower ready to be absorbed by factories and the tertiary sector still available and waiting for qualified staff.

36

Activity 2.2: Information counseling services and training with suitable social skills

On the ground, development organizations are playing a pivotal role in the post-war reconstruction process by providing financial resources, essentially soft loans, to help young ex-combatants improve their livelihoods.LHI is also focused on delivering sustainable livelihoods for the demobilized young people. This objective cannot be achieved if the first primary stakeholders lack the basic skills and information to not only spur on empowerment, but to also live harmoniously with the rest of the community. Therefore, a set of public documents related to civilian life, Human Rights, public liberty and social behavior will be established. In summary, booklets summarizing all information collected will be printed in an illustrated user-friendly format and dispatched among young people during training sessions. As long as the counseling and referral services are in use, they will remain this way. LHI will also work heavily with the Church in order to develop and spread the message of peace. It will also work with local government officials in order to introduce the notion of democracy. Through the partnership with the Government and Church, LHI will be available to provide various venues for counselling. For instance, the Affa town hall and the Affa Church (see Map 2 above). Training will be provided over the period of 6-12 months.

Output 3: Significant reconciliation between ex-combatants and the local community.

37

Since the demise of the former regime, Bankal is a divided country. Scars of the 25 years of civil war still run deep within the population, both for the people who were engaged in the war and those who were subjected to it.The diaspora communities consist of 20 000 men and women in which 5000 are living in the Affa holding camp. IC has conducted the disarmament stage successfully and is in the process of terminating the demobilization phase. However, the living conditions of the environment as well as the recent tsunami present multiple problems in achieving reconciliation and reintegration. LHI aims to overcome these difficulties through:

Activity 3.1 Map reconciliation Initiatives of the International CharityIn order to assess the status quo of Bankal, LHI will place an advisor seconded from its Bureau of Post-War Reconciliation (BPWR) alongside IC for a period of 5 months. The advisor will examine current demobilization initiatives being conducted by IC. This will determine entry points for LHI to provide additional assistance to current reconciliation initiatives. The advisor’s report should at least include:1) An assessment of the current capacity of the IC relating to national reconciliation;2) Identification of the most conducive entry points within the IC to enhance reconciliation activities; and3) Consideration of reconciliation activities being conducted by the IC and other actors and the extent to which LHI has the capacity of complementing such activities.

Activity 3.2 Conduct media campaignsLHI will advertise reconciliation activities via multiple methods of communication: television, newspaper, radio and roadshows. LHI will advertise reconciliation projects to begin the process of engaging Bankalians and in particular the citizens of Affa town into social events. This will be done by 300 minutes of television broadcasts, 1 newspaper advert per week and roadshows once a week.

38

Activity 3.3 Carry out community projects that involve all community membersThe media campaign discussed above will essentially encourage dialogue between the diaspora and the local community. LHI has organised that socio-cultural events be organised along the 3 year programme. This will encourage a unification of the two cultures which have been in conflict. It is an opportunity to put the past behind and start building new relationships founded on common ground to both cultures: dancing and music. Projects include but is not limited to concerts, dances and theatre.

39

All LHI activities have been carefully designed and planned over a 3 year period from January 5th 2015 to January 5th 2018.The Gantt Chart below demonstrates the RACP timeframe:

40

[Figure 4: Insert Gantt Chart]

41

13. Logical Framework of Analysis and the Results Based Framework A complex scenario like the one present in Bankal Republic needs a concise document where the key features of the project are clearly outlined. After having completed an exhaustive stakeholder analysis and problem/solution tree, LHI worked on the Logical Framework of Analysis (LFA) and the Results Based Framework (RBF) in order to ensure that RACP had the best possible project evaluation.

The first framework is the LFA below:

42

Project Description

Summary Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVI)

Means of verification (MOV) Assumptions/Risks

Goal Post-War Reconstruction A cohesive community and peaceful environment

*Growth increment*the rehabilitation of the economy with a balanced offer/demand market

Purpose Ex-Combatant Reintegration Ex-combatants employed and harmoniously inserted into a reconciled community

* Surveys* Interviews* Semi-structured discussions.TJRC Report

* acceptance of the ex-combatants by the community* Ex-combatant now on duty

Overall Output Employment 90% of skilled combatants employed90% of skilled ex-combatants employed

* survey* feedback report

The booming reconstruction job market will absorb the trained ex combatants.* Corruption`* Nepotism* Gender-based discrimination* Favoritism

Specific Outputs 1. Improved physical and mental health

2. Equipped with technical and social skills for employment and social integration

3. Significant reconciliation between ex-combatants and the local community.

1.1. At least ¾ of 80% consulted people have been Healed from their illness2.1. le majority of ex-combatants attending the workshops have been skilled with new talent in line with the job-market needs3.1. at least one workshop a week is conducted with regards to civics and citizenship.

* Medical Reports* Number of combatants that have received transplants, prosthesis and surgical procedures.* State recognized certification.* Standarized test to asses mental health.* Interviews* Standarized test to assess social skills.* discussions* Community participation

* Risk of relapse* high level of attendance* success of the TJRC

43

* Key informant interviews (KIIs)* Semi-structured discussions.

Activities 1.1. Physical and mental assessments with referral services.1.2. Rehabilita-tion from drug and alcohol abuse.2.1. Education, training and micro project development.2.2 Information counselling services and training with suitable social skills3.1. Map reconciliation Initiatives of existing Local/Inter. Organizations3.2. Conduct media campaigns3.3. Carry out community projects that involve all community members3.4. Implement Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC)

1.1.1. 80% of targeted individuals have access to physical & mental health facilities1.2.1. decrease the rates of drug and alcohol abdiction about 20rates of alcohol and drugs comsumption2.1.1. 60% of ex-combatant are trained2.2.1. 70% of ex-combatants have been referred to the counselling servicesOutside Bankal3.1.1. Conference held in Manchester in order to attract sponsors for fundingInside Bankal3.2.1. 30 min. of media TV/Radio spots are dedicated to promote reconciliation3.2.2. At least 200 volunteers involved in the media campaign3.2.3. At least one roadshow conducted a week3.2.4.Daily sms sent to community people3.3.1. One social and cultural event held monthly3.4.1. all the 5 members of each s/committees identified (a least 1 representative from each stakeholders)

* Medical reports* Monitoring & Evaluation report*Regular attendance to support group meetings* attendance of training sessionsProgress report (6 months)* Surveys* Training records* Attendance report· Interviews*Speeches, minutes of conference, funding documents*Adverts running on radio,tv and newspaper*Billboards erected*Daily sms received

* Injured and mentally affected ex-combatants are willing to engage these services.

* Medical facilities will be accessible for all individuals

* Risk of relapse

* venues available and accessible by the targeted people* Counselling services automatically lead to social skillEx-combatants are willing to attend the sessionsThe ex-combatants will attend the sessions inconsistently.* Willingness of sponsors to engage with the project* Positive reception of the media messages.* Barriers raised by technical Companies/partners and by Political leaders

44

Inputs 1.1 GPs, Screening Equipment, Office material, Volunteers, Tents, Hospitals.

1.2 Social workers, Volunteers

2.1 & 2.2 Classrooms, halls, tutors, social workers, Volunteers, Buses.

3.1 Expert, Offices

3.2 TV/Radio airtime, Roadshows, Billboards, Newspapers, Volunteers, Buses/trucks, PA systems.

3.3 Sports equipment, Clean-up tools, Local musicians, Media equipment (speakers, amplifiers)

3.4 Women and Youth leaders, politicians, judicial experts, civil societies, medical experts opinion, leaders, halls, office material.

The next evaluation framework LHI worked on for the RACP is the RBF below:

45

The RBF is a strategic management approach. LHI believes that when dealing with this type of large scale, complex type of project the RBF encourages a contribution to a larger chain of logical results at every stage of the project. It also strengthens accountability and engages stakeholders in the process which is essential for the RACP as reintegration is the main focus.

Regardless of the efficiency of the LFA as an evaluation tool, it is not correspondent with the management principles of LHI. Although both frameworks are based on linking the lower order objectives to the higher order objectives through the given assumptions, LHI believes the LFA presents weaknesses. It is outdated and parochial as it neglects significant processes and effects which LHI believe are crucial to project evaluation.

46

RBFObjectives Expected Impact & Results Reach Performance Indicator(MOV) Assumption & RisksStrategic goal:

Post war reconstruction: Improve theprospects of lasting peace to accompanyeconomic growth

Impact

An economically developed nation build on the basis of a peaceful and active society to ensure its sustainability

Beneficiaries:

Bankal Republic GDP HDI GNH

Assumptions:

All medical and training institutions are successfully setup

The TJRC achieve its mandate

Risks:

Absorption capacity of the job marketPurposes:

Effective Ex combatant reintegration

Outcome

Employed Ex Combatants as a basis to achieved their social reintegration and subsequent social cohesion

Beneficiaries:

Ex-combatant Community

Number of ex-combatant skilled with technical and professional ready to be employed

Number of ex-combatant who have left the camp and joining the community

Specific objectives:1. Improved

physical and mental health

2. Equipped with technical and social skills for employment and social integration

3. Significant reconciliation between ex-combatants and

1.1. At least ¾ of 80% consulted people have been Healed from their illness2.1. le majority of ex-combatants attending the workshops have been skilled with new talent in line with the job-market needs3.1. At least one workshop a week is conducted with regards to civics and

Beneficiaries:

Ex-combatant

Medical Reports RNLI (Reintegration to

normal living index). Number of combatants that

have received transplants, prosthesis and surgical procedures.

State recognized certification.

Standarized test to asses mental health.

Interviews Standarized test to assess

Assumptions:

High level of attendance Success of the TJRC

Risks:

Possible relapse in drugs and alcohol use

47

RESULT-BASED FRAMEWORK

Objectives Expected Impact & Results Reach Performance Indicator(MOV) Assumption & Risksthe local community.

citizenship social skills. Discussions Community participation Key informant interviews

(KIIs) * Semi-structured

discussions.Activities

1.1. Physical and mental assessments with referral services.1.2. Rehabilita-tion from drug and alcohol abuse.2.1. Education, training and micro project development.2.2 Information counselling services and training with suitable social skills3.1. Map reconciliation Initiatives of existing Local/Inter. Organizations3.2. Conduct media campaigns3.3. Carry out community projects that involve all community members3.4. Implement Truth, Justice and

Outputs:1.1.1. 80% of targeted individuals have access to physical & mental health facilities1.2.1. decrease the rates of drug and alcohol abdiction about 20rates of alcohol and drugs comsumption2.1.1. 60% of ex-combatant are trained2.2.1. 70% of ex-combatants have been referred to the counselling servicesOutside Bankal3.1.1. Conference held in Manchester in order to attract sponsors for fundingInside Bankal3.2.1. 30 min. of media TV/Radio spots are dedicated to promote reconciliation3.2.2. At least 200 volunteers involved in the media campaign

Medical reports Monitoring & Evaluation

report Regular attendance to

support group meetings attendance of training

sessions Progress report (6 months) Surveys Training records Attendance report·

Interviews Speeches, minutes of

conference, funding documents

Adverts running on radio, tv and newspaper

Billboards erected Daily sms received

Assumptions:

Injured and mentally affected ex-combatants are willing to engage these services.

Medical facilities will be accessible for all individuals

Risk of relapse

venues available and accessible by the targeted people

Counselling services automatically lead to social skill

Ex-combatants are willing to attend the sessions

The ex-combatants will attend the sessions inconsistently.

Willingness of sponsors to engage with the project

48

RESULT-BASED FRAMEWORKRESULT-BASED FRAMEWORK

Objectives Expected Impact & Results Reach Performance Indicator(MOV) Assumption & RisksReconciliation Commission (TJRC)

3.2.3. At least one roadshow conducted a week3.2.4.Daily sms sent to community people3.3.1. One social and cultural event held monthly3.4.1. all the 5 members of each s/committees identified (a least 1 representative from each stakeholders)

Positive reception of the media messages.

* Barriers raised by technical Companies/partners and by Political leaders

49

RESULT-BASED FRAMEWORKRESULT-BASED FRAMEWORK

LHI adopted the RBF to be the principal guide their programming which focuses on a results driven performance.

Assumptions

The successful performance of RACP is premised on given assumptions:

● The implementation of a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC)

LHI assumes that the Government will engage with stakeholders to set up a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC). The TJRC presents a dialogue platform that can be described as an incubation chamber for national healing, reconciliation and forgiveness. In its work, the Commission would recognize the continuous nature of a reconciliation process over time as opposed to it being an event. Accordingly, the Commission will work towards ensuring that its activities in the course of its life and the result of its work would substantially contribute to the process of reconciliation.

● The existence of efficient doctors (GPs, physiotherapists and psychiatrists)

LHI assumes there are sufficient qualified doctors to carry out the physical and mental assessments and monitoring. Considering Aton District has not been affected by the damage of the tsunami in the south and East Coast, Affa’s hospitals and medical centres are still operational. The question remains on whether the doctors will effectively and efficiently carry out the activities designed in the RACP.

● Facilities accessible for all individuals

The quality of the roads and the issue of transportation needs to be investigated. LHI assumes that there is a local bus that can transport ex-combatants to medical centres and cultural fairs in and around Affa. LHI ensures that there is at least one point of contact with medical practitioners with the presence of its medical camp in the holding camp.

● High level of attendance

The level of attendance to the RACP activities is central to it’s purpose of reintegration through employment of ex-combatants.

● Ill and mentally affected ex-combatants are willing to engage in activities

● Counselling services systematically to acquiring social skills

● Positive reception of the media messages

50

Risks

● Absorption capacity of the job market

Although Bankal has enjoyed sustained economic growth, the economy and society that prevailed in the areas impacted by the tsunami has been destroyed. LHI assumes that this will not affect the job market and that it is still possible to find employment in the region. The risk however remains on whether the job market will be able to receive newly educated and trained ex-combatants.

● Possible relapse in drugs and alcohol use

Considering the fragile state of the country, LHI cannot deny the possibility of ex-combatants returning to their old habits of drugs and alcohol use. This could potentially result during their training as much as it could after. The severe trauma ex-combatants have and still experiencing needs to be treated needs to be dealt with serious care. This is why the RACP essentially focuses on medical assessments and continues to do so throughout it’s 3 year programme.

14. Budget

51

52

53

54

As most of the humanitarian and socio-economic development assistance along with or after natural disaster and human crisis as well, LHI intervention in Bankal crisis will require consistent funds. LHI, benefiting from its professional networks of development, fundraising and a 3 year grant provided by OFID as stated above. In total, LHI has collected almost US 2 MIO dollars in order to implement the RACP. Thus, a budget cost breakdown has been drafted taking into account different phases of implementation of the project namely (i) preparedness phase, (ii) implementation phase and (iii) monitoring and evaluation phase.

i. Preparedness Phase This phase consists of setting the scene by mapping reconciliation initiatives of existing local/international organizations already working on the ground in view of avoiding redundancy in assistance. Thus recruitment of various development agents will be done as well as building basic infrastructure such as medical camp. On the other hand, a first media campaign will be conducted to raise awareness of the ex-combatants status quo and the RACP. This preparedness phase will cost USD 327,600.We shall notice that Preparedness Phase is inclusive of year 1.

ii. Implementation Phase: Years 1 – 2 and 3 This is the core phase of LHI intervention. This phase consists of implementing LHI activities according to the project Gantt chart designed. For transparency and accountability purposes as well as efficiency and effectiveness, LHI has divided cost per year of intervention. Year 1 –Consequently, during the first year, activities in accordance to the budget cost breakdown below will be carried out with a total of USD 462,540. By considering the preparedness phase cost, LHI will have a total budget for the first year as follows: (327,600 + 468,340 = USD 795,940) Year 2 –Second year will see the certain activities continuing to be implemented (activities from 0.5 to 1.1 from the budget table), except 0.7 that remains a group of activities to be handled during the first year only. For the year 2, the total cost planned is USD 468,340 – 174,340 = USD 294,000) Year 3 –The final year of LHI intervention should not diverge from the second year since all group of activities will be repeated. Thus the total cost planned is USD 468,340 – 174,340 = USD 294,000)The grand total cost for the 3 years of implementation is

55

iii. Monitoring and Evaluation LHI has planned to monitor the project during the last quarter of each year. For that purpose, the LHI 4 staff members will conduct the activities monitoring for a total cost of (72,000 x 3 = USD 216,000). Evaluation will be process along with the final year quarter for no additional cost. The budget cost summary herewith sum up the different phases and related costs:

i. Year 1:iv. Preparedness Phasev. + Implementation phase 1

vi. Year 2:vii. Implementation Phase 2

viii. Year 3:ix. Implementation Phase 3x. + Monitoring and Evaluation

(0) Map reconciliation Initiatives of existing Local/Inter. Organizations(1) Physical and mental assessments with referral services.(2) Medical Camp setting up(3) Conduct physical and mental health assessments.(4) Conduct media campaigns

(5) Conduct media campaigns(6) Carry out community projects that involve all community members - 3 days Socio-Cultural Fair(7) Rehabilitation from drug and alcohol abuse(8) BATCH-1 Education, training on professional & technical skills development.(9) BATCH-2 Education, training on professional & technical skills development.(10) BATCH-1 Information counselling services and training with suitable social skills(11) BATCH-2 Information counselling services and training with suitable social skills

(12) Monitoring of activities

USD 795,940 USD 294,000 U USD 294,000

USD 1,383,940

56

15. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

The underlying purpose of EIA as proposed by the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) seeks to restore and maintain environmental quality (NEPA, Section 101 (a)). LHI strives to go beyond this purpose with the systematic application of its Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) which are the foundation for its commitment to Environmental and Social Sustainability. The ESS requires that all LHI projects encourage beneficial environmental and social change as well as reducing and mitigating environmental risks during the four stages of its intervention: Pre-Construction Phase, Construction Phase, Operational Phase and Closure Phase.

The EIA is adapted to Bankal’s current situation taking into consideration public attitudes, its degree of poverty, it’s climate as well as economic and national policy. It provides information on the direct and indirect environmental consequences which might arise from all the projects activities. The following analysis has been done using the EIA Matrix.

57

Project Activities

Components

1.1 Liaise with local health centres to

ascertain availability of facilities for post

assessment (hire local staff and medical

practitioners)

1.2 Medical Camp setting up (recruit volunteers & set

up physical camp)

1.3. Conduct physical and

mental health assessments

2.1 Consult local media centers in

Bankal & 2.2 Consult local stakeholders

2.3 Film, record, interview enough

broadcast footage of

activities taking place in Bankal.

2.4 Monitoring of Media activities

3.1 Socio-Cultural

Fair Days (once every 6

months)

3.1.1 Recruit volunteers &

3.1.2 Find groups, bands and various

artists

3.1.3 Get business sponsors

3.1.7 Clean up the site

3.1.8 -3 days

Socio-Cultural

Fair

4.1 Hire local medical practitioners

(Psychiatrists and psychologists) to run assessments

4.2 Hire locals with the relevant skills to provide administrative

services.

4.3 Partner with local

rehabilitation centers to ascertain

availability of facilities for

post assessment

4.4 conduct

the referral services

5.1 Hire locals with

the relevant skills to provide

teaching and practical services.

5.2 & 6.1 Traning on Professional skills (in various

technical skills as per the demand of

the job market)

5.3 & 6.2 Apprentic

eship

7.1 Hire local agents

with relevant prof. skills to

provide teaching and

services

7.2 & 8.1 conduct one-to-one counselling

service with adviser

7.3 & 8.2 Workshops on Human Rights

and Civil litberties (monthly)

8.3 monitoring

of acttivities

*Modification of habitat*Alteration of ground cover

*Site clearing &earthworks

*Establishment of a temporary building*Construction of access roads

*Transportation of Materials and Equipment

*Waste emplacement and treatment

*Changes in traffic (cars,

trucks)*Waste*Traffic

*Waste*Traffic *Traffic *Traffic

Also a mitigation

method *Waste*Traffic *Traffic

Water N/A S N/A N/A S L S S S S S L L L S L S S L LAir N/A S N/A S S L S S S S S L L L S L S S L L

Soil N/AS

N/A S S L S S S S S L L L S L S S L LGenderPopulation density S L L N/A N/A LSocial inequality S L SCohesion/Community StructureIncomesLivelihoods

Jobs

Structures

Transportation network

Waste disposal N/A S N/A N/A S N/A S N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/APublic & local community health N/A N/A N/ANoise N/A S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S SWorkers health & safety N/A

Large negative impact S= Short TermSmall negative impact L= Long TermLarge positive impactSmall positive impact

Hum

an H

ealth

5 & 6. Batch 1 & 2- Education, training on professional & technical skills development

7 & 8. BATCH-1 & 2. Information counselling services and training with suitable social skills

4. Rehabilitation from drug& alcohol abuse

Actions of the components

Man

-mad

e fa

ciliti

es a

nd a

ctivi

ties

Biop

hysic

alSo

cial

Econ

omic

1. Physical and mental assessments with referral services3. Carry out community

projects that involve all community members2. Conduct media campaigns

58

Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) in BankalThe ESS are upheld by three fundamental pillars:

1- Understanding the local, regional and national environmental standards & consultation of the public

LHI has undertaken substantial mapping of Bankal’s social and environmental needs during the Pre-Construction Phase. This has been carried out with the help of current organisations working on the ground today (see Map 1 & 2). Furthermore, it has been achieved with public participation and consultation which LHI believes is essential in developing an environmentally sustainable project as well as encouraging educational, democratic and ethical practices. The needs and priorities of the Bankalians are at the forefront of LHI’s activities. Participatory workshops and meetings have been held in order to determine the views of the local stakeholders on how RACP might impact their lives personally. This process seeks to empower and emancipate ex-combatants as well as the Affa community. These views have been evaluated against our project design and discussed in the meetings. LHI will annually report on the project’s environmental, health and safety impacts.

2- Consideration of alternativesRACP was designed around the concept of sustainability. LHI intends to give ownership of the project to stakeholders by using local amenities and practitioners. On environmental grounds, it is also the most preferable alternative. Other alternatives that were considered included: the construction of buildings (a school and a hospital), creating a transport system to relay projects and flying in more LHI medical practitioners. By choosing the first alternative, LHI avoids potential environmental damage which may follow as a result of the former alternatives.

3- MitigationAs a developing region, Bankal does not benefit from the luxury of a systematic waste removal programme. In order to avoid waste during RACP, no permanent constructions have been implemented in the project design. The only constructions are temporary: the medical camp and stages for the Socio-Cultural Fairs.Activities have been predicted to have short-term (S) and long-term (L) negative effects on the biophysical environment. Although the short-term effects substantially outweigh the long-term ones, LHI has predicted that the traffic flow created during the Construction and Operational Phases of the project will be the primary causes of those negative impacts. LHI has incorporated mitigation of the traffic flow in the design of its activities. The construction of roads will be encouraged as a major community development activity. Not only will it contribute to sustainable post-tsunami reconstruction, it will also contribute to ex-combatant development and community reconciliation through the partnership with local institutions.

59

16. Legal Context. Instruments and authority

As an international organization LHI operates in compliance with international law and the basic principles that guide relations among nations. Respecting the legal framework and traditions of the region in which intervenes.LHI function is that of providing humanitarian and development assistance and would require further legal arrangements to engage in activities outside its natural competence jurisdiction or activities that are exclusively monopoly of the state.

17. Recommendations

LHI recommends that the state create a TRJC to protect former combatants of being victims of further injustice.

18. Conclusion

LHI designed the RACP to provide humanitarian assistance to Bankal Republic in the field of post conflict reconstruction to promote peace building in the aftermath of the 25 year civil war. The strategy was guided by the organization principles of neutrality and impartiality with an humanitarian approach.After completing a situation analysis a wide range of problem were identified. After a carefully thought strategy it was decided biggest contributions could be done by assisting in the post-conflict reconstruction of the country and the RACP was designed. The project, seeks to achieve effective former combatants reintegration trough employment. It involves a number of activities aimed at improving ex-combatants standards of living to allow them to make their contributions to Bankal’s development and create a better sustainable place for all society.

     It has contributed to:

Empowerment through learning

Through the technical and social training of the RACP, LHI believes x percent of the 5000 ex-combatants will have the skills necessary to reintegrate into Affa’s community. Furthermore, the new acquire abilities will boost former combatants confidence and encourage them to make contributions to society.

Stability, cooperation and engagement with civil society

The main goal of rehabilitation and mental health assessment is to drop the rate of abduction to substances and violent behaviour. Improvements in their personal lives will improve former combatants’ self-confidence and interaction with others. Another positive aspect of involvement

60

in the programme is that it will create confidence in the institutions and civil society in general, hence, fostering stability and cooperation.

Economic growth of Bankal Republic

The reintegration of former combatants is not only a moral imperative but also an economic one. Providing them with the necessary skills to enter the job market will enhance Bankals Republic economic performance by increasing the overall impact human capital plays in productivity.

By not making former combatants a political priority Bankal Republic has failed at its basic function of providing wellbeing and safety for the most vulnerable. Furthermore, it has been failing to capture the full benefits that could potentially derive of healthy, well trained ex combatants by sub utilizing the nation’s most valuable asset, its people.

Evaluation reports will be disclosed on the 7th of January every year until the end of the grant in 2018. Post-evaluation report will be available during March 2018.

19. Bibliography

African Development Group (2008) Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Transitional Support Program (MDRTSP) Program Appraisal Report

Blackman, R (2003) Project Cycle Management. Roots. Tearfund

Dale, R. (2004) Development Planning: Concepts and Tools for Planners, Managers and Facilitators, London, Zed

Gasper, D. (2000) Evaluating the ‘Logical Framework Approach’ Towards Learning-orientated Development Evaluation. Public Administration and Development 20 (1) 17-28

GFDRR (2008) Disaster, Damage, Loss and Needs Assessment: Training Guidelines.

Glucker et al (2013) Public participation in environmental impact assessment: why, who and how? In: Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 443, pp.104-111

Hatton, M. J. (2007) Result Based Management: Friend or Foe? Development in Practice, Vol 17(4) pp 426-432

ICRC (2008) Guidelines for assessment in emergencies.

61

Molloy, D (2011) DDR: Niger Delta and Sri Lanka: Smoke and Mirrors? Journal of Conflict Transformation and Security, Vol.1, No.1

NEPA (1969) Section 101 Congressional declaration of national environmental policy. Available at: http://montereybay.noaa.gov/sac/2008/081508/nepa101.pdf

OFID (2015) The Opec Fund for International Development. Available at: http://www.ofid.org/PROJECTSOPERATIONS/Grants/GrantApplication.aspx

UN (2010) Operational Guide to the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and ReintegrationStandards (IDDRS)

UNEP (2004) Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment: Towards an Integrated Approach. Available at: http://www.unep.ch/etu/publications/textONUbr.pdf

UNDP (2011) Reconciliation and DDR Preparatory Assistance Project. Available at: http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/documents/projects/IRQ/procurement99.doc

UNDP. (2014). Practice Note: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2795101D27F8E4EBC125742800328C0F-undp_dec2005.pdf

UNDP (2011) Harmonizing RBM concepts and approaches for improved development results at country level. Results-Based Management Handbook.

62

63

[Text required]

[Insert Gantt Chart]

64