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Transcript of Life substances
Life substances
The Role of Carbon in Organisms
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How many different words can you make from the letters: R T A E ?
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Think about the amount of words you could make from only 4 letters. Now explain how only 90 natural elements could form all of the different substances on Earth.
Structure of carbon 4 electrons in its outer shell = 4
covalent bonds Allows for different shapes
of structures Allows for diversity in
carbon compounds
Structure of carbon Isomers – compounds that have
the same chemical formula, but differ in three dimensional shape.
Polymers of carbon are large molecules made from many smaller carbon molecule units (sugars starches)
Carbohydrates Provide energy (esp. for nervous
system) C, H, O - 1:2:1 Simple sugars = monosaccharides Monosaccharides can link together
to form a polysaccharide – starch
Lipids Mostly carbon and hydrogen w/ very
little oxygen Fats, oils, steroids Glycerol “backbone” w/ fatty acids
attached = glyceride Functions: energy storage, insulation,
protective coverings; major component in membranes
Proteins Made of C, H, O, N, and
sometime S Monomer = amino acid (20
common ones) Combinations of amino acids can
make thousands of different 3-D proteins
Proteins Amino acids are linked together
through dehydration synthesis creating a peptide bond
Enzyme is a protein catalyst; it is used to speed up a reaction, usually by lowering its activation energy, but is not used up in the reaction
Nucleic Acids Complex molecule used to
store hereditary info Monomers = nucleotide =
sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
Made up of C, H, N, P, and O
Nucleic Acids
Found in DNA and RNA – named for the sugar found on the nucleotides
DNA is the gene sequence found in all organisms
RNA is used in protein synthesis in various ways