Life in the Colonies
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Transcript of Life in the Colonies
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Life in the ColoniesChapter 4
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Facts about the colonies• Higher birth rate, lower death rate• Larger populations from immigration• Farming was main economic activity, followed
by small businesses, and ship building• Major trade routes throughout the Atlantic
ocean
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Colonial TradeTriangular Trade Route
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Colonial TradeExports (goods leaving):
England: Iron, Cloth, Weapons, Luxuries
Colonies: Tobacco, Furs, Whale oil/bone, Rice, Silk, Indigo
West Indies: Molasses, Sugar, Wood
Africa: Slaves, Ivory, Gold, Spices
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Middle Passage• Refers to part of the trade
route from Africa to the West Indies
• African Diaspora• Environment was
inhumane, disease infested, and death nearby
• Many slaves were captured and trade by African tribal leaders for English luxury goods
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Slavery• Most lived on
plantations• Worked under an
overseer• Slaves Codes– Punishments for crimes
-ex. reading or writing, leaving plantation without permission, running away
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Comparison of Middle and Southern Colonies
Middle Colonies• Fertile Soil, large cash crops• Industries: lumbering,
mining, carpentry, flour milling
• Plantations not as common• More small scale farmers,
subsistence farming
Southern Colonies• Rich soil, warm climate• Industries: primarily farming• Plantation owners switched
to slaves• Tobacco main cash crop. Rice
main cash crop in GA & SC. • Plantation owners controlled
the economic and political life of the region
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Government, Religion, & CultureChapter 4.2
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English Rule over the Colonies• Government– England viewed the Colonies as an economic resource
• Used raw materials to produce finished goods• Mercantilism: theory that a nation’s power depends on
their wealth– Exports > Imports
• Navigation Acts (1657-1673): directed flow of goods between England and the Colonies– Ships had to belong to England– Certain products could not be sold outside of English Empire
» Result: Illegal smuggling
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Religion• Great Awakening– John Edwards and
George Whitfield• Encouraged people to
express themselves more overtly
• Taught people that they could break away from their church if it wasn’t living up to it’s expectations
• Prepared them for the War of Independence
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Culture• Family Roles– Farms: home and
workplace• Women: cooked, wove
clothing, tended cows and chicken
• Men: worked farmland, represented family in community affairs
• Sons: typically worked as indentured servant to a tradesman in order to learn the trade
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Culture• Education
– Strong emphasis on education• parents often taught their
children to read and write– Public Education Law
(1647): MA: communities with 50 + households had to have a tax funded schoolhouse
– 1st college were founded to train ministers (Harvard)
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The English and French RivalryChapter 4.3
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Reasons for Rivalry• Competition for wealth• Competition to be the strongest world power• Disputes along British/French territory in
Americas– Ohio River Valley
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History 0f the Ohio River Valley• French established fur
trade throughout Ohio Country
• British built fort within this land area, and were forced out
• As a result, the French built many forts along the rivers of the upper Ohio, which brought them closer than ever to the British colonists
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Indians Choose SIdes• Native Americans often
aided the French• They would raid English
settlements and steal supplies for French
• The French were mainly interested in trading fur, not land, which is why the Indians helped the French
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Iroquois Confederacy• Most powerful group of Native Americans• Based out of New York, includes many other
tribes• Skillfully remained neutral with both British
and French when it came to trade or areas that benefited them
• Eventually were forced to become allied with British
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The First Step• Virginians had made plans
to expand land into Ohio River Valley
• Informed French they were trespassing on British lands
• George Washington led militia at Fort Necessity
• Washington and militia made first attack on French
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The Albany Plan• June 1754, representatives met to draft a plan for
colonists to defend themselves against the French and to get the Iroquois Confederacy to join their side
• “Albany Plan of Union”– Created by Benjamin Franklin
• Power to collect taxes• Raise troops• Regulate trade
• The Plan Failed, the colonies did not approve
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THE FRENCH AND Indian War
Chapter 4.4
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Beginning of the War
• Late 1750’s-early 1760’s• 1754- British government intervened– General Edward Braddock in Command• Washington is his aid
– 1st battle at Fort Duquesne- British defeated, Braddock killed, Washington led survivors back to Virginia
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Beginning of War• 1st years were
disastrous– French captured Forts– Indians allied with the
French raided settlements, killed colonists
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William Pitt• William Pitt– Englishman who
becomes Prime minister of England and in charge of the affairs of the war with the French and colonists
– Under his command: • Fort Quebec falls• Captures Montreal• Treaty of Paris is signed
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Treaty of Paris• Signed in 1763• France is allowed to keep some it’s sugar
producing lands in the west indies, must give up Canada and most of land east of the Mississippi river
• Spain gives up Florida, but gains Louisiana and Port of New Orleans
• Mississippi River becomes new boundary between the Spanish and British territories
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Pontiac’s war• Native Americans were
threatened by the British colonies
• Had lost trading partners in the French
• Created a small alliance with other Indian tribes and attacked settlements and Forts
• Their failure to capture major forts eventually leads to their surrender.
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Proclamation of 1763• King George the III
declared the Appalachian mountains the temporary boundary of the colonies – This created friction for
many colonies who has set their eyes on westward expansion