PERIOD 6 1865-1898

Life in the 1860s

• No indoor electric lights• No refrigeration• No indoor plumbing• Kerosene or wood to heat• Wood stoves to cook with• Horse and buggy• In 1860, most mail from the

East Coast took ten days to reach the Midwest and three weeks to get to the West Coast.

• A letter from Europe to a person on the frontier could take several months to reach its destination.

Life in the 1900s• US Govt issued 500,000

patents—electricity• Refrigerated railroad cars• Sewer systems and sanitation• Increased productivity made

life easier and comfortable.• Power stations, electricity for

lamps, fans, printing presses, appliances, typewriters, etc.

• New York to San Francisco to 10 days using railroad.

• 1.5 million telephones in use all over the country

• Western Union Telegraph was sending thousands of messages daily throughout the country.

• Natural Resources• Capital

(gold, silver and banking)• US Government support

• Desire: Creative inventors and industrialists

• Transportation System• Labor force (immigrants)

•Oil •Mining •Sugar •Steel•Meatpacking•Beef/Cattle •Construction•Telegraph•Telephone

•Railroad•Marketing•Sewing Machine•Vacuums•Typewriters•Automobile •Salt•Coal•Agricultural

• May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah

• “The Wedding of the Rails” • Central Pacific and Union

Pacific

“The Big Four” Railroad Magnates

Charles Crocker

Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford

Collis Huntington

• Financed the Central Pacific• Hired Chinese men to do the

labor• They had to cut

through the Sierra Nevada

mountain range.

Looked outside the U.S.

Asia

Europe

Latin America

Ex: Hawaii (sugar industry, fruit)

Sanford Dole

NEW MARKETS AND RESOURCES 6.1.I.B

New Business Culture 6.1.I.CLaissez Faire the ideology of the Industrial Age.

* Individual as a moral and economic ideal.

* Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.

* The market was not man-made or invented.

* No room for government in the market!

Social DarwinismBelief that in the

economic world the strongest companies

will survive“The growth of a large business is merely a

survival of the fittest.” J. Rockefeller

Social Darwinism•Social Darwinists believed that companies struggled for survival in the economic world and the government should not tamper

with this natural process.

•The fittest business leaders would survive and would improve society.

•Belief that hard work and wealth showed God’s approval and those that were poor were

lazy and naturally a lower class.

New Business Culture:“The American Dream?”

Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”

* Horatio Alger [100+ novels]

Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??6.3.II.A

FORMATION Organized by associates and legalized through state charter

OWNERSHIP Stockholders, according to number of shares

CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Through Board of Directors, elected by the stockholders (usually one vote per

share of stock held)

NET PROFITSAND LOSSES

Dividends: to stockholders = profitsLose: only the amount invested by

stockholders according to number of sharesLIMITED LIABILITY

Conglomerate

A group of unrelated business owned by a single corporation. Still used today by

companies that merge.

PoolCompeting companies that agree to fix

prices and divide regions among members so that only one company 

operates in each area. Outlawed today.

Trust(Monopoly)

Companies in related fields agree to combine under the direction of a single

board of trustees, which meant that shareholders had no say. Outlawed

today.

Holding Company

A company that buys controlling amounts of stock in related companies, thus

becoming the majority shareholder, and holding considerable say over each

company's business operations. Outlawed today.

New Type of Business EntitiesTrust:

* Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller

* Vertical Integration: A. Gustavus Swift Meat-packing

B. Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel

Coke fields

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

Steel mills

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

Steel mills

Ships

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Coke fields

Iron ore deposits

Steel mills

Ships

Railroads

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

purchased by

Carnegie

Vertical Integration You control all phases of production from the raw material to the finished

product

Horizontal Integration Buy out your competition until you have control of a

single area of industry

“Robber Barons” Business leaders built their

fortunes by stealing from the public.

They drained the country of its natural resources.

They persuaded public officials to interpret laws in their favor.

They ruthlessly drove their competitors to ruin.

They paid their workers meager wages and forced them to toil under dangerous and unhealthful conditions.

“Captains of Industry”

The business leaders served their nation in a positive way.

They increased the supply of goods by building factories.

They raised productivity and expanded markets.

They created jobs that enabled many Americans to buy new goods and raise their standard of living.

They also created museums, libraries, and universities, many of which still serve the public today.

Captain of Industry

• Monopolized the steel industry

• Rags to riches story---came from Scotland very poor.

• Used scientific ideas (Bessemer Process) to

develop a better way to produce steel and sell a quality a product for an

inexpensive price.

•Used Horizontal and Vertical integration.

Captain of Industry• Came from a wealthy family

• Bought a substitute during the Civil War.

•Formed the first modern corporations in the oil industry Standard Oil

• Was the first billionaire in the U.S. by 1900.

• Used Vertical Integration and Horizontal Integration to gain a monopoly in the oil business.

The wealthy would manifest itself in an elite class of Americans who lived extravagant lifestyles. Many common

people resented their snobbish attitudes and wealth. In some respects, there was a caste system in the U.S.

1861---------3 millionaires----------1900--------3,800

By 1900, 90% of the wealth in the U.S. was controlled by 10% of population.

¨ Poor working conditions¨ Unfriendliness/impersonalization

¨ Immigrants taking jobs¨ Decrease work day

¨ Machines replacing workers¨ Child labor

¨ Job security

OLD VS. NEW IMMIGRATION

In the 1880s, children made up more than 5

percent of the industrial labor force.

Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to work.

Girls sometimes took factory jobs so that their

brothers could stay in school.

If an adult became too ill to work, children as young as

6 or 7 had to work.

Rarely did the government provide

public assistance, and unemployment insurance

didn’t exist.The theory of Social Darwinism held that

poverty resulted from personal weakness.

Many thought that offering relief to the unemployed

would encourage idleness.

Division of Labor Some owners viewed

workers as parts of the machinery.

Unlike smaller and older businesses, most owners never interacted with workers. impersonalization

Work Environment Factory workers worked

by the clock. Workers could be fired

for being late, talking, or refusing to do a task.

Workplaces were not safe.

Children performed unsafe work and worked in dangerously unhealthy conditions.

In the 1890s and early 1900s states began legislating child labor.

National Labor Union

• William Sylvis, 1866• Skilled, unskilled, farmers but excluded

Chinese…• Cooperatives, 8 hr.

work day, against labor strikes

• Founded a political party in 1872

• Involved in the Chinese Exclusion Act.• Lost election, faded

away

• Replaced by Knights of Labor.

Knights of Labor• Terrence Powderly• All workers except

Chinese• 8 hr. day, cooperatives,

prohibition, end child labor

• Several strikes won some wage gains 1885

to 1886• Unrealistic and vague

goals •Loss of important strikes

and failure of cooperatives

• Haymarket Riot—1886

American Federation of Labor or AFL

• Samuel Gompers, 1881

• Skilled workers in separate unions.

• Work within political system for change.

• Closed shop and collective bargaining

•Over 1 million workers joined and won several

strikes• Small part of work force eligible to join.

Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.

ù Workers’ cooperatives.

ù Worker-owned factories.

ù Abolition of child and prison labor.

ù Increased circulation of greenbacks.

ù Equal pay for men and women.

ù Safety codes in the workplace.

ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

ù Abolition of the National Bank.

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.

ù Represented workers in matters of national legislation.

ù Maintained a national strike fund.

ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.

ù Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.

ù Mediated disputes between management and labor.

ù Pushed for closed shops.

Railroad Workers OrganizeThe Great Railroad

Strike of 1877– Railway workers

protested unfair wage cuts and unsafe working

conditions.– The strike was violent and

unorganized.– President Hayes sent

federal troops to put down the strikes.

−From then on, employers relied on federal and state troops to repress labor unrest.

Debs and the American Railway

Union–At the time of the 1877 strike,

railroad workers mainly organized into various

“brotherhoods,” which were basically craft unions.

–Eugene V. Debs proposed a new industrial union for all railway workers called the American Railway Union

(A.R.U.).–The A.R.U. would replace all of

the brotherhoods and unite all railroad workers, skilled and

unskilled.

Railroad Workers Organize

•May 3, 1886, joining a nation wide strike for an 8 work day Chicago

workers protested against the McCormick Reaper plant.

• A riot broke out and Chicago police officers killed several

protesters• To protest the killing, protesters

planned a rally for May 4

• 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square• During the protest, a bomb exploded

• 7 police officers were killed and civilians killed and injured • Chicago police hunt down murderers

• 7 anarchists were convicted of conspiracy to murder

• 1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts

• Management locks out workers and hires scab

workers.• Violence erupted between strikers and scab workers.

•Pinkerton Security called in to settle violence

• Strikers ambush them and forced Pinkerton’s to walk the gauntlet between striking families.• Some killed and many injured

• National Guard was called in by the governor of Pennsylvania to stop violence and reopen plant

•Carnegie successfully broke up the attempt to organize a union.•No labor unions in steel industry

until the 1920’s.•Carnegie would be remembered

for events at Homestead.•His public image suffered

Pullman Strike• George Pullman-

Pullman Palace Car Co.

• Eugene Debs-American Railway Union

Birmingham-SteelMemphis-Lumber

Conservation Movement 6.1.III.A

John Muir

With President Theodore Roosevelt

• Conflict between corporations and conservationists

• Department of Interior-federal lands

• U.S. Forestry Service created- Pinchot• Forest Reserve Act 1891

Yellowstone National Park

First national park established in 1872.

Rainier will be the third

6.1.III.B and 6.1.III.D

New AgriculturalTechnology

6.1.III.B

“Prairie Fan”Water Pump

Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

Allowed farmers to cut through dense, root-choked sod.

Steel Plow

Reduced labor force needed for harvest. Allows farmers to maintain larger farms.

Mechanized Reaper

Barbed Wire

Joseph Glidden

Farm Organization 6.1.III.B• Grange

– Kelley– Laws

• Greenback-Labor– Weaver– Butler

• Alliance Movements– Southern and

Northern– Colored Farmer’s– National

Populists (People’s Party) 6.1.III.C

• Ignatius Donnelly• Mary Elizabeth Lease• Tom Watson• “Sockless” Jerry Simpson• William Peffer

Issues:

1. Coinage

2. Income tax

3. Sub-treasury plan

4. Regulation

5. 8-hour day

6. Immigration restrictions

7. Direct elections

8. Initiative, referendum, recall

Populist Organization• Founded 1890

• National 1892– Weaver

• 1896-Bryan– Cross of Gold

Coxey’s Army, 1894

Jacob Coxey & his “Army of the Commonwealth of Christ.”

March on Washington “hayseed socialists!”

Migration increased 6.2.I.A• Chinese

– Burlingame Treaty– Chinese Exclusion

Act

Black“Exoduster”

Homesteaders

The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains

African American & ChinesePopulations:

1880-1900

Northern cities-industry

West-agriculture and mining

WHERE DID IMMIGRANTS GO?

Mining (“Boom”) Towns--

Now Ghost Towns

Calico, CA

Ethnic neighborhoods

Jewish, Italian, Irish

Saloons

Newspapers

Sports

Recreational

Tennis and croquet

Spectator sports

Boxing

Baseball (Cincinnati Red Stockings)

Health

Water and sewer systems

Parks (Central Park-Olmstead)

Amusement Parks-Coney Island

STRATIFIED SOCIETY 6.2.I.B

Assimilation

Ethnic neighborhoods

Little Italy

Jewish Lower East end

Chinatown

Transplants

“AMERICANIZATION” VS. ETHNICITY 6.2.I.C

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

Political Machines

Settlement Houses-Hull House

ORGANIZATIONS TO ASSIMILATE 6.2.I.D

• To provide a center for higher civic and

social life; to institute and maintain

educational and philanthropic enterprises.

• To investigate and improve the

conditions in the industrial districts of

Chicago.•To help assimilate the immigrant population

• To provide a center for higher civic and

social life; to institute and maintain

educational and philanthropic enterprises.

• To investigate and improve the

conditions in the industrial districts of

Chicago.•To help assimilate the immigrant population

RUN BY COLLEGE EDUCATED WOMEN

provide educational, cultural, social services

send visiting nurses to the sickhelp with personal, job, financial

problems

Most successful work was in alerting the nation of the evils of alcohol and promoting legislation to

outlaw it. • Passage of the 18th Amendment in 1919 to outlaw

alcohol.• Led by Frances Willard

Homestead Act 1862

Morrill Land-Grant Act 1862

Oklahoma Land Rush

CONTINUED WESTERN SETTLEMENT 6.2.II.A

This opened the Indian Territory to the settlers.

What used to be Indian Territory out west was opened to Americans once Indians are finally on the reservation.

State of Oklahoma would be formed.

Sand CreekINDIAN WARS 6.2.II.B

Colonel John Chivington

Kill and scalp all, big and little!

Sandy Creek, CO Massacre

November 29, 1864

Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever!Nez Percé

tribal retreat (1877)

•Refused to recognize the authority of a 2nd treaty with the US Government reducing his tribal land.•Refusing to go to the reservation, he led his tribe on a 1,400 march trying to get to Canada. Trying to meet up with Sitting Bull.•Eventually surrendered.•In 3 months, the band of about 700, 200 of whom were warriors, fought 2,000 U.S. soldiers in 4 major battles and skirmishes

He was heavily outnumbered and trapped.Custer & all 220 of his men died.“Custer’s Last Stand” outraged Americans and led to govt. retribution.The Sioux and Cheyenne were crushed within a year.

The Battle of Little Big Horn1876

Chief Sitting Bull

Gen. GeorgeArmstrong

Custer

PROBLEMS AND RESISTANCE 6.2.II.C

Treaty of Medicine

Lodge Creek (1867)

2nd Treaty of

Ft. Laramie (1868)

ReservationPolicy

Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)

• Take away the food source from the Native American and they will be forced to submit and go to the reservations.

• 1871 to 1875, the US supported the extermination of 11 million

buffalo.

Helen Hunt Jackson (1830-1885), activist for Native American rights and author of Century of Dishonor was published in 1881. Jackson also began work on a book condemning the government’s Indian policy and its record of broken treaties. When Jackson sent a copy to every member of Congress with the following admonition printed in red on the cover: "Look upon your hands: they are stained with the blood of your relations."  To her disappointment, the book had little impact.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887):

Assimilation Policy

Carlisle Indian School, PA

The Ghost Dance Movement -1890

Paiute medicine man Wovoka promised the return of the buffalo and Indian way of life.

The religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of whites and a return of Indian land.

Spread to Sioux Sitting Bull killed Leads to Wounded Knee

Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890

Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites

lay dead. This is the last of the

Indian conflicts.

Chief Big Foot

1. A Two-Party Stalemate

Presidents-Republican

Senate-Republican

House-Democrat

2. Intense

Voter Loyalty to the

Two MajorPolitical Parties

3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs

DemocraticBloc

RepublicanBloc

White southerners(preservation ofwhite supremacy)

Catholics

Recent immigrants(esp. Jews)

Urban working poor (pro-labor)

Most farmers

Northern whites(pro-business)

African Americans

Northern Protestants

Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)

Most of the middleclass

4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.

From 1870-1900 Govt. did verylittle domestically.

Main duties of the federal govt.:

Deliver the mail.

Maintain a national military.

Collect taxes & tariffs.

Conduct a foreign policy.

Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office

Party bosses ruled.

Presidents should avoid offending anyfactions within theirown party.

The President justdoled out federal jobs.

1865 53,000 people worked for the federal govt.

1890 166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “

Senator Roscoe Conkling

CORRUPTION LEADS TO DEMAND FOR CHANGES

1880 Presidential Election: Republicans

Half Breeds Stalwarts

Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York)

James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)

compromise

Mugwumps

1884

Pendleton Act (1883)

Civil Service Act.

The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.

1883 14,000 out of 117,000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions.

1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

These are the first laws to regulate industry and big

business.Congress passed Interstate

Commerce Commission (ICC).  U.S. government regulated interstate trade within the country. (Wabash case)

End railroad corruption of charging high prices to ship goods

and Rockefeller’s illegal deals.Rebates/kickbacks/drawbacks

were illegal.

In 1890, Congress passed a law which made trusts/monopolies

illegal or any business that prevented fair

competition.

Interstate Commerce

Act(1887)

ShermanAntitrust Act

(1890)

To regulate means the US Government would make laws to oversee, adjust,

fine tune and correct the unfair business tactics in industry and big business. Not take over or control it because that would violate laissez

faire.

Limitation: U.S. vs. E.C. Knight

Recall

Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from

office.

InitiativeAllows voters to petition state

legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.

ReferendumAllows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be

passed.

Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party

bosses.

State Reforms

Secret BallotPrivacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.

Direct Primary

The Socialists

Eugene V. Debs

Founder of the Socialist Party in the U.S.

Overthrow the existing laissez faire and

capitalisticBelieves in government ownership of business and

capital (money, natural resources)

Government controls production, sets wages,

prices and distributes the goods. No profit or

competition. Runs for the presidency

several times.

Labor Unions

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

American Protective Association

Anti-Catholic

Social Darwinism

American society best

RACIST AND NATIVIST THEORIES 6.3.I.B

social reality

Supreme Court decision which legalized segregation

throughout the nation.•“Separate but Equal” as long

as public facilities were equal

•Problem: Black facilities would never be equal to

White facilities•Our nation would be

segregated until the 1960’s.

“On Wealth”

Andrew Carnegie

$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.

$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).

$ Inequality is inevitable and good.

$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL ARGUMENTS 6.3.II.A

Philanthropist• Gave millions to colleges

and libraries.

• It was the sacred duty of the wealthy to give back to

society who has given to him.

• Stressed education as a means to better one’s self.

• Carnegie Hall

• Carnegie-Mellon

Philanthropist•Gave millions of his money to hospitals and colleges.•University of Chicago

•Spellman College•National Parks•United Nations•Williamsburg•Cancer Research

Henry George

Edward Bellamy

Social Gospel

Socialists

CRITICS OF CORPORATE ETHIC 6.3.II.B

RACE AND GENDER CHANGES 6.3.II.CWomen: Preparing the Way for

SuffrageAmerican women activists first demanded the right to vote in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York.The movement eventually split into two groups:

The National Woman Suffrage Association fought for a constitutional amendment for suffrage.The American Woman Suffrage Association worked to win voting rights on the state level.

In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first state to grant women the right to vote.In 1872, in an act of civil disobedience, a suffrage leader, Susan B. Anthony, insisted on voting in Rochester, New York. She was arrested for this act.

Suffragist Strategies

Constitutional AmendmentWinning suffrage by a

constitutional amendmentThe first federal

amendment was introduced in Congress in 1868 and

stalled.In 1878, suffragists introduced a new

amendment.Stalled again, the bill was

not debated again until 1887. It was defeated by

the Senate.The bill was not debated

again until 1913.

Individual State SuffrageWinning suffrage state by

stateState suffrage seemed more

successful than a constitutional amendment.

Survival on the frontier required the combined

efforts of men and women and encouraged a greater

sense of equality.Western states were more likely to allow women the

right to vote.

NWSA AWSA

Booker T. WashingtonHow do Black Americans overcome

segregation?Southern Perspective• Former slave

• Wrote a book/ Up From Slavery• Don’t confront segregation head on• Before you are considered equal in

society--must be self sufficient like most Americans

• Stressed vocational education for Black Americans

•Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency

• Founder of Tuskegee Institute

Speech given by Booker T. Washington in Atlanta, Sept.

18, 1895, at the Atlanta World Exposition. Booker T. Washington, founder of

Tuskegee Institute, was a black leader in education in the South.

Many of those who viewed this speech saw it as a willingness on the part of Washington to accept social inequality in return for

economic equality and security for the southern blacks.

W.E.B. DuboisHow do Black Americans overcome

segregation?Northern Perspective• Fought for immediate Black equality in

society• Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10%

of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions”

• Gain equality by breaking into power structure

• Founder of NAACP* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Begins in 1906 in a meeting at Niagara Falls, Canada in opposition

to Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of accepting segregation.

1. Encourage of Black pride2. Uncompromising demand for full political and

civil equality3. No acceptance of segregation----opposed

Booker T. Washington’s “gradualism”.4. Gain acceptance of white reformers. 5. Formation of the NAACP in 1909 with Dubois

as the editor of the NAACP’s journal, The Crisis

6. Other Black groups formed to support Dubois, National Urban League in 1911