LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LCA is an objective evaluation procedure of products, processes or businesses...
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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LCA is an objective evaluation procedure of products, processes or businesses energetic LCA is an objective evaluation procedure of products, processes or businesses energetic and environmental impact, carried out through the identification and quantification of energy, used materials and environmental impact, carried out through the identification and quantification of energy, used materials and wastes released into the environment. The evaluation includes the whole life cycle of the product, process and wastes released into the environment. The evaluation includes the whole life cycle of the product, process or activity, comprising extraction and the treatment of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, re-use, or activity, comprising extraction and the treatment of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, re-use, recycling, and waste treatment (SETAC,1990). The LCA phases are: 1) Goal Definition and Scope (ISO 14041); 2) recycling, and waste treatment (SETAC,1990). The LCA phases are: 1) Goal Definition and Scope (ISO 14041); 2) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (14041); 3) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14042); 4) Life Cycle Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (14041); 3) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14042); 4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement (ISO 14043) [1].The realisation of the third phase, Life Cycle Impact Interpretation and Improvement (ISO 14043) [1].The realisation of the third phase, Life Cycle Impact Assessment, is carried out by indicators of international use that allow to quantify the impacts. For the Assessment, is carried out by indicators of international use that allow to quantify the impacts. For the present study it has been used the Method of Eco-indicator 99 applied by means the code of calculation present study it has been used the Method of Eco-indicator 99 applied by means the code of calculation Sima Sima Pro 5.0 Pro 5.0 [2]. [2]. ECO-INDICATOR 99 ECO-INDICATOR 99 The Eco-indicator 99 method [3] considers three damage categories, to which some impact The Eco-indicator 99 method [3] considers three damage categories, to which some impact categories are associated. The damage categories are Human Health, Ecosystem Quality and Resources. The impact categories are associated. The damage categories are Human Health, Ecosystem Quality and Resources. The impact categories of Human Health are Carcinogens, Respiratory organics, Respiratory inorganics, Climate change, categories of Human Health are Carcinogens, Respiratory organics, Respiratory inorganics, Climate change, Radiation and Ozone layer (measured by DALY, Disability Adjusted Life Years). The impact categories of Radiation and Ozone layer (measured by DALY, Disability Adjusted Life Years). The impact categories of Ecosystem Quality are Ecotoxicity, Acidification/Eutrophication and Land-use (measured by PDF*m2y, Potentially Ecosystem Quality are Ecotoxicity, Acidification/Eutrophication and Land-use (measured by PDF*m2y, Potentially Disappeared Fraction). The impact categories of Resources are Minerals and Fossil fuels (measured by MJ Disappeared Fraction). The impact categories of Resources are Minerals and Fossil fuels (measured by MJ surplus). The Method relates the emission and the resources of the inventory data to the environmental impact surplus). The Method relates the emission and the resources of the inventory data to the environmental impact categories and calculates their potential effects by means three phases: characterisation, normalisation and categories and calculates their potential effects by means three phases: characterisation, normalisation and evaluation. In this study have been used the Eco-indicator99(E) CWE(NDP), modified for to include the water evaluation. In this study have been used the Eco-indicator99(E) CWE(NDP), modified for to include the water consumption, the energy consumption and the emissions in air and water of Ntot, Ptot, BOD, COD. consumption, the energy consumption and the emissions in air and water of Ntot, Ptot, BOD, COD. Materials and Methods Materials and Methods Conclusions Conclusions The more important problems, after this preliminary analysis of LCA in The more important problems, after this preliminary analysis of LCA in the conventional olives cultivation are : the use of fertilizers, the use the conventional olives cultivation are : the use of fertilizers, the use of pesticides for olive fly-capture and land-use. This study has been of pesticides for olive fly-capture and land-use. This study has been the goal to quantify numerically environmental damage of olives the goal to quantify numerically environmental damage of olives cultivation process and to estimate the opportunities to reduce the cultivation process and to estimate the opportunities to reduce the impacts by the comparison with the biological olives cultivation impacts by the comparison with the biological olives cultivation (sensitivity analysis). (sensitivity analysis). LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATED SYSTEM IN ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATED SYSTEM IN THE OLIVE OIL TUSCAN COMPANY THE OLIVE OIL TUSCAN COMPANY G. Olivieri G. Olivieri * * , F. Falconi , F. Falconi * * , R. Pergreffi , R. Pergreffi * * , P. Neri , P. Neri ** ** , A. , A. Romani Romani *** *** * * Spinner c/o ENEA, [email protected] Spinner c/o ENEA, [email protected] ** ** ENEA, [email protected] ENEA, [email protected] *** *** Università di Firenze, [email protected] Università di Firenze, [email protected] Abstract Abstract Life Cycle Assessment, in Tuscan company (Italy) for Life Cycle Assessment, in Tuscan company (Italy) for typical olive oil production, has been applied, particular focus in typical olive oil production, has been applied, particular focus in the analysis has been applied at cultivation olives phase. Virgin the analysis has been applied at cultivation olives phase. Virgin olive oil is an inherent part of the Mediterranean culture and diet olive oil is an inherent part of the Mediterranean culture and diet important for our nutritional properties and organoleptic quality. important for our nutritional properties and organoleptic quality. This preliminary study makes part of a wider plan for implementation This preliminary study makes part of a wider plan for implementation of an integrated system environment-quality to realize some of an integrated system environment-quality to realize some guidelines useful for the acquisition of product mark (Agriquality, guidelines useful for the acquisition of product mark (Agriquality, Regional Law 4/04/99 n. 25) and for the realization of an Regional Law 4/04/99 n. 25) and for the realization of an Environmental Certification ISO 14000. The plan involves OTA (an Environmental Certification ISO 14000. The plan involves OTA (an association that works in the olive-sector in Tuscany), ENEA and association that works in the olive-sector in Tuscany), ENEA and University of Florence. University of Florence. Introduction Introduction The aims are to consent that the typical agricultural The aims are to consent that the typical agricultural and gastronomic tradition of Region Tuscany emerged and to guarantee and gastronomic tradition of Region Tuscany emerged and to guarantee a “clean” feeding. In fact, the agricultural and food-systems are a “clean” feeding. In fact, the agricultural and food-systems are the fulcrum of a production interested to Environment and Territory. the fulcrum of a production interested to Environment and Territory. The use of appropriated agricultural techniques and the maintenance The use of appropriated agricultural techniques and the maintenance of the resources are fundamental to a corrected management of the resources are fundamental to a corrected management companies. Through LCA it has been attempted to characterize companies. Through LCA it has been attempted to characterize environmental critical states in cultivation and production of environmental critical states in cultivation and production of rendering traceable the origin and end-life of virgin oil. rendering traceable the origin and end-life of virgin oil. Results and discussions Results and discussions 1) Goal Definition and Scope 1) Goal Definition and Scope The goal of this study is the determination of the environmental damage due The goal of this study is the determination of the environmental damage due to the olives cultivation in the conventional Tuscan company; the function of to the olives cultivation in the conventional Tuscan company; the function of the system is the olive oil production for food field; the functional unit is the system is the olive oil production for food field; the functional unit is 1 kg of olives produced; the system boundaries are the cultivation of a plot 1 kg of olives produced; the system boundaries are the cultivation of a plot of ground until harvesting and storage olives. of ground until harvesting and storage olives. 2 2 ) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis ) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis The olives cultivation process is created by using the data supplied by The olives cultivation process is created by using the data supplied by Tuscan company, by OTA, by SimaPro 5.0 database (standard, IVAMLCA3) and Tuscan company, by OTA, by SimaPro 5.0 database (standard, IVAMLCA3) and Ecoinvent database. The inventory data are resumed by Tab.1. Ecoinvent database. The inventory data are resumed by Tab.1. Tab.1 Qualitative synthesis of inventory data system Resources Resources - Dung: organic fertilizer Dung: organic fertilizer - P 2 O 5 : %organic fertilizer : %organic fertilizer - N: %organic fertilizer N: %organic fertilizer - C organic: %organic fertilizer C organic: %organic fertilizer - Water Water Materials/fuels Materials/fuels - Fertiliser NKP (15/15/12): inorganic fertilizer Fertiliser NKP (15/15/12): inorganic fertilizer - Cu(OH)2: treatment for fungicide defence Cu(OH)2: treatment for fungicide defence - X5CrNi18 (304) I: material of mechanical Cu vaporizer X5CrNi18 (304) I: material of mechanical Cu vaporizer - Pesticide unspecified storehouse: pesticides for olive Pesticide unspecified storehouse: pesticides for olive fly-capture fly-capture Electricity/heat Electricity/heat - Tillage harrowing Tillage harrowing - Mechanical spreading of organic Mechanical spreading of organic fertilizers fertilizers - Mechanical spreading of pesticides Mechanical spreading of pesticides - Mechanical spreading of Mechanical spreading of fertilizers fertilizers - Mechanical spreading of Cu(OH)2 Mechanical spreading of Cu(OH)2 - Electric motor for mechanical Cu Electric motor for mechanical Cu vaporizer vaporizer - Harvesting olives process Harvesting olives process - Storage olives process Storage olives process Emissions to air Emissions to air - CO2 (non-fossil) CO2 (non-fossil) - ethofumesate ethofumesate Emissions to water Emissions to water - K: fertilizer inorganic K: fertilizer inorganic emission emission - N-tot: fertilizer inorganic N-tot: fertilizer inorganic emission emission - N-tot: fertilizer organic N-tot: fertilizer organic emission emission - Ptot: fertilizer inorganic Ptot: fertilizer inorganic emission emission - P-tot: fertilizer organic P-tot: fertilizer organic emission emission - Cu: fungicide defence emission Cu: fungicide defence emission - Ethofumesate: pesticide Ethofumesate: pesticide emission emission Emissions to soil Emissions to soil - Ethofumesate: pesticide Ethofumesate: pesticide emission emission Non materia Non materia l emission l emission - Occupation land of Occupation land of cultivation cultivation Waste to treatment Waste to treatment Solid wood Solid wood Recycling wood (sub): treatment of plants end life Recycling wood (sub): treatment of plants end life Solid wood Solid wood incineration wood (sub): treatment of trimmings end life incineration wood (sub): treatment of trimmings end life Solid steel scrap Solid steel scrap Recycling ECCS steel B250: treatment of mechanical Cu vaporizer end life Recycling ECCS steel B250: treatment of mechanical Cu vaporizer end life 3) Life Cycle Impact Analysis 3) Life Cycle Impact Analysis Figure 1 represents the characterisation analysis of olives cultivation Figure 1 represents the characterisation analysis of olives cultivation process. The principal results are: in Human Health the total damage is 4,51E-6 process. The principal results are: in Human Health the total damage is 4,51E-6 DALY due to emissions of pesticides employ (79,43%); in Ecosystem Quality the DALY due to emissions of pesticides employ (79,43%); in Ecosystem Quality the total damage is 1,71 PDFm2y due to occupation land of cultivation (47,86%); in total damage is 1,71 PDFm2y due to occupation land of cultivation (47,86%); in Resources the total damage is 0,197 MJ surplus due to Fertiliser NKP(15/15/12) Resources the total damage is 0,197 MJ surplus due to Fertiliser NKP(15/15/12) (102,7%). The principal damage avoided is due to treatment of trimmings end (102,7%). The principal damage avoided is due to treatment of trimmings end life (energetic recovery by incineration wood). Tab. n.2-3-4 represents the life (energetic recovery by incineration wood). Tab. n.2-3-4 represents the characterisation analysis for substances specification in the damage characterisation analysis for substances specification in the damage categories. categories. Figure 2 represents the weighting analysis of Figure 2 represents the weighting analysis of olives cultivation process olives cultivation process . . The principal results of weighting analysis are: the total damage is 0.219Pt. The principal results of weighting analysis are: the total damage is 0.219Pt. The total damage is due to: direct emissions of olives cultivation process for The total damage is due to: direct emissions of olives cultivation process for 85.45%; Fertilizer NKP (15/15/12) for 13.97% and 85.45%; Fertilizer NKP (15/15/12) for 13.97% and Mechanical spreading of Mechanical spreading of organic fertilizers process for 1.44%. organic fertilizers process for 1.44%. Fig.1 The characterisation analysis of olives cultivation process Tab.2 The characterisation for substances specification in Human Health (the first of third substances classification) Tab.3 The characterisation for substances specification in Ecosystem Quality (the first of third substances classification) Tab.4 The characterisation for substances specification in Resources (the first of third substances classification) N Substanc. Substanc. Com. Com. Unit Unit Total Total damage % damage % amo. amo. contributio contributio .process .process % % Total of Total of all all compart. compart. MJ MJ surplus surplus 0,197 0,197 100 100 1 crude oil crude oil IDEMAT IDEMAT Raw Raw MJ MJ surplus surplus 0,0776 0,0776 39,44 39,44 21,9g 21,9g Fertiliser Fertiliser NKP NKP ( ( 81,34 81,34 ) ) 2 2 crude oil crude oil ETH ETH Raw Raw MJ MJ surplus surplus 0,0681 0,0681 34,63 34,63 19,2g 19,2g Fertiliser Fertiliser NKP NKP (53,69 ) (53,69 ) 3 natural natural gas ETH gas ETH Raw Raw MJ MJ surplus surplus 0,0514 0,0514 26,11 26,11 16,5l 16,5l Fertiliser Fertiliser NKP NKP ( ( 123,6) 123,6) N N Substa. Substa. Comp Comp Unit Unit Tot. Tot. Dam. Dam. (%) (%) Amoun. Amoun. contribu. contribu. process process (%) (%) Total of Total of all all compartm compartm ents ents DALY DALY 4,51E-6 4,51E-6 100 100 1 Ethofu. Ethofu. Soil Soil DALY DALY 3,53E-6 3,53E-6 78,26 78,26 152mg 152mg olives olives cultivatio cultivatio n process n process (100) (100) 2 dust dust Air Air DALY DALY 3,48E-7 3,48E-7 7,7 7,7 3,17g 3,17g Fertiliser Fertiliser NKP (105) NKP (105) 3 NO NO 2 Air Air DALY DALY 2,02E-7 2,02E-7 4,4 4,4 2,27g 2,27g Fertiliser Fertiliser NKP(98) NKP(98) Fig.3 The weighting analysis of comparison between conventional olives cultivation process & biological olives cultivation process N N Substance Substance Comp. Comp. Unit Unit Tot Tot dam. dam. (%) (%) amount amount Contributi Contributi o. process o. process (%) (%) Tot. of Tot. of all all compartm. compartm. PDF*m PDF*m 2 yr yr 1,71 1,71 100 100 1 1 Occupation Occupation land for land for cultivatio cultivatio n Non Non mat. mat. PDF*m PDF*m 2 yr yr 0,81 0,81 47,8 47,8 1,63m 1,63m 2 a olives olives cultivatio cultivatio n process n process (100) (100) 2 2 P-tot P-tot Water Water PDF*m PDF*m 2 yr yr 0,77 0,77 45,1 45,1 5,36g 5,36g olives olives cultivatio cultivatio n process n process (100) (100) 3 3 N-tot N-tot Water Water PDF*m PDF*m 2 yr yr 0,08 0,08 4,9 4,9 4,31g 4,31g olives olives cultivatio cultivatio n process n process (99,9) (99,9) Fig.2 The weighting analysis of olives cultivation process 4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement: Sensitivity Analysis 4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement: Sensitivity Analysis Has been carried out the comparison between Has been carried out the comparison between conventional olives cultivation and biological olives conventional olives cultivation and biological olives cultivation. Figure 3 represents the weighting analysis cultivation. Figure 3 represents the weighting analysis of comparison. The total damage of conventional olives of comparison. The total damage of conventional olives cultivation (0,219Pt) is greater than total damage of cultivation (0,219Pt) is greater than total damage of biological olives cultivation (0,128Pt). The damage biological olives cultivation (0,128Pt). The damage difference is 26%. difference is 26%. References References [1] Curran M. A., Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, [1] Curran M. A., Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, McGraw-Hill, 1996. McGraw-Hill, 1996. [2] Pré Consultants B.V. SimaPro 5.0. Plotterweg 12, [2] Pré Consultants B.V. SimaPro 5.0. Plotterweg 12, 3821 BB, Amersfoot, 1999. 3821 BB, Amersfoot, 1999. [3] The Eco-indicator 99, Methodology Report- Annex, [3] The Eco-indicator 99, Methodology Report- Annex, PRé Consultants B.V., 5 October 1999. PRé Consultants B.V., 5 October 1999.
Transcript of LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LCA is an objective evaluation procedure of products, processes or businesses...
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTLIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LCA is an objective evaluation procedure of products, processes or businesses energetic LCA is an objective evaluation procedure of products, processes or businesses energetic and environmental impact, carried out through the identification and quantification of energy, used materials and and environmental impact, carried out through the identification and quantification of energy, used materials and wastes released into the environment. The evaluation includes the whole life cycle of the product, process or wastes released into the environment. The evaluation includes the whole life cycle of the product, process or activity, comprising extraction and the treatment of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, re-use, recycling, and activity, comprising extraction and the treatment of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, re-use, recycling, and waste treatment (SETAC,1990). The LCA phases are: 1) Goal Definition and Scope (ISO 14041); 2) Life Cycle waste treatment (SETAC,1990). The LCA phases are: 1) Goal Definition and Scope (ISO 14041); 2) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (14041); 3) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14042); 4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Inventory Analysis (14041); 3) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14042); 4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement (ISO 14043) [1].The realisation of the third phase, Life Cycle Impact Assessment, is carried out by Improvement (ISO 14043) [1].The realisation of the third phase, Life Cycle Impact Assessment, is carried out by indicators of international use that allow to quantify the impacts. For the present study it has been used the Method indicators of international use that allow to quantify the impacts. For the present study it has been used the Method of Eco-indicator 99 applied by means the code of calculation of Eco-indicator 99 applied by means the code of calculation Sima Pro 5.0Sima Pro 5.0 [2]. [2].
ECO-INDICATOR 99ECO-INDICATOR 99 The Eco-indicator 99 method [3] considers three damage categories, to which some impact The Eco-indicator 99 method [3] considers three damage categories, to which some impact categories are associated. The damage categories are Human Health, Ecosystem Quality and Resources. The impact categories are associated. The damage categories are Human Health, Ecosystem Quality and Resources. The impact categories of Human Health are Carcinogens, Respiratory organics, Respiratory inorganics, Climate change, categories of Human Health are Carcinogens, Respiratory organics, Respiratory inorganics, Climate change, Radiation and Ozone layer (measured by DALY, Disability Adjusted Life Years). The impact categories of Ecosystem Radiation and Ozone layer (measured by DALY, Disability Adjusted Life Years). The impact categories of Ecosystem Quality are Ecotoxicity, Acidification/Eutrophication and Land-use (measured by PDF*m2y, Potentially Disappeared Quality are Ecotoxicity, Acidification/Eutrophication and Land-use (measured by PDF*m2y, Potentially Disappeared Fraction). The impact categories of Resources are Minerals and Fossil fuels (measured by MJ surplus). The Method Fraction). The impact categories of Resources are Minerals and Fossil fuels (measured by MJ surplus). The Method relates the emission and the resources of the inventory data to the environmental impact categories and calculates relates the emission and the resources of the inventory data to the environmental impact categories and calculates their potential effects by means three phases: characterisation, normalisation and evaluation. In this study have their potential effects by means three phases: characterisation, normalisation and evaluation. In this study have been used the Eco-indicator99(E) CWE(NDP), modified for to include the water consumption, the energy been used the Eco-indicator99(E) CWE(NDP), modified for to include the water consumption, the energy consumption and the emissions in air and water of Ntot, Ptot, BOD, COD.consumption and the emissions in air and water of Ntot, Ptot, BOD, COD.
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ConclusionsConclusionsThe more important problems, after this preliminary The more important problems, after this preliminary analysis of LCA in the conventional olives cultivation are : analysis of LCA in the conventional olives cultivation are : the use of fertilizers, the use of pesticides for olive fly-the use of fertilizers, the use of pesticides for olive fly-capture and land-use. This study has been the goal to capture and land-use. This study has been the goal to quantify numerically environmental damage of olives quantify numerically environmental damage of olives cultivation process and to estimate the opportunities to cultivation process and to estimate the opportunities to reduce the impacts by the comparison with the biological reduce the impacts by the comparison with the biological olives cultivation (sensitivity analysis). olives cultivation (sensitivity analysis).
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATED SYSTEM ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATED SYSTEM
IN THE OLIVE OIL TUSCAN COMPANYIN THE OLIVE OIL TUSCAN COMPANYG. OlivieriG. Olivieri**, F. Falconi, F. Falconi**, R. Pergreffi, R. Pergreffi**, P. Neri, P. Neri****, A. Romani, A. Romani******
**Spinner c/o ENEA, [email protected] c/o ENEA, [email protected]** ** ENEA, [email protected], [email protected]
******Università di Firenze, [email protected]à di Firenze, [email protected] Life Cycle Assessment, in Tuscan company (Italy) for Life Cycle Assessment, in Tuscan company (Italy) for typical olive oil production, has been applied, particular focus in the typical olive oil production, has been applied, particular focus in the analysis has been applied at cultivation olives phase. Virgin olive oil is analysis has been applied at cultivation olives phase. Virgin olive oil is an inherent part of the Mediterranean culture and diet important for an inherent part of the Mediterranean culture and diet important for our nutritional properties and organoleptic quality. This preliminary our nutritional properties and organoleptic quality. This preliminary study makes part of a wider plan for implementation of an integrated study makes part of a wider plan for implementation of an integrated system environment-quality to realize some guidelines useful for the system environment-quality to realize some guidelines useful for the acquisition of product mark (Agriquality, Regional Law 4/04/99 n. 25) acquisition of product mark (Agriquality, Regional Law 4/04/99 n. 25) and for the realization of an Environmental Certification ISO 14000. The and for the realization of an Environmental Certification ISO 14000. The plan involves OTA (an association that works in the olive-sector in plan involves OTA (an association that works in the olive-sector in
Tuscany), ENEA and University of Florence.Tuscany), ENEA and University of Florence.
IntroductionIntroduction The aims are to consent that the typical agricultural The aims are to consent that the typical agricultural and gastronomic tradition of Region Tuscany emerged and to guarantee and gastronomic tradition of Region Tuscany emerged and to guarantee a “clean” feeding. In fact, the agricultural and food-systems are the a “clean” feeding. In fact, the agricultural and food-systems are the fulcrum of a production interested to Environment and Territory. The fulcrum of a production interested to Environment and Territory. The use of appropriated agricultural techniques and the maintenance of the use of appropriated agricultural techniques and the maintenance of the resources are fundamental to a corrected management companies. resources are fundamental to a corrected management companies. Through LCA it has been attempted to characterize environmental Through LCA it has been attempted to characterize environmental critical states in cultivation and production of rendering traceable the critical states in cultivation and production of rendering traceable the origin and end-life of virgin oil.origin and end-life of virgin oil.
Results and discussionsResults and discussions1) Goal Definition and Scope 1) Goal Definition and Scope
The goal of this study is the determination of the environmental damage due to The goal of this study is the determination of the environmental damage due to the olives cultivation in the conventional Tuscan company; the function of the the olives cultivation in the conventional Tuscan company; the function of the system is the olive oil production for food field; the functional unit is 1 kg of system is the olive oil production for food field; the functional unit is 1 kg of olives produced; the system boundaries are the cultivation of a plot of ground olives produced; the system boundaries are the cultivation of a plot of ground until harvesting and storage olives.until harvesting and storage olives.
22) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis ) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis The olives cultivation process is created by using the data supplied by Tuscan The olives cultivation process is created by using the data supplied by Tuscan company, by OTA, by SimaPro 5.0 database (standard, IVAMLCA3) and company, by OTA, by SimaPro 5.0 database (standard, IVAMLCA3) and Ecoinvent database. The inventory data are resumed by Tab.1.Ecoinvent database. The inventory data are resumed by Tab.1.
Tab.1 Qualitative synthesis of inventory data system
Resources Resources -Dung: organic fertilizerDung: organic fertilizer-PP22OO55: %organic fertilizer: %organic fertilizer-N: %organic fertilizerN: %organic fertilizer-C organic: %organic fertilizerC organic: %organic fertilizer-WaterWater
Materials/fuelsMaterials/fuels-Fertiliser NKP (15/15/12): inorganic fertilizerFertiliser NKP (15/15/12): inorganic fertilizer-Cu(OH)2: treatment for fungicide defenceCu(OH)2: treatment for fungicide defence-X5CrNi18 (304) I: material of mechanical Cu vaporizerX5CrNi18 (304) I: material of mechanical Cu vaporizer-Pesticide unspecified storehouse: pesticides for olive fly-Pesticide unspecified storehouse: pesticides for olive fly-capturecapture
Electricity/heatElectricity/heat-Tillage harrowing Tillage harrowing -Mechanical spreading of organic Mechanical spreading of organic fertilizersfertilizers-Mechanical spreading of pesticidesMechanical spreading of pesticides-Mechanical spreading of fertilizersMechanical spreading of fertilizers-Mechanical spreading of Cu(OH)2 Mechanical spreading of Cu(OH)2 -Electric motor for mechanical Cu Electric motor for mechanical Cu vaporizervaporizer-Harvesting olives processHarvesting olives process-Storage olives processStorage olives process
Emissions to airEmissions to air-CO2 (non-fossil)CO2 (non-fossil) -ethofumesateethofumesateEmissions to waterEmissions to water-K: fertilizer inorganic emissionK: fertilizer inorganic emission-N-tot: fertilizer inorganic N-tot: fertilizer inorganic emission emission -N-tot: fertilizer organic emissionN-tot: fertilizer organic emission-Ptot: fertilizer inorganic emissionPtot: fertilizer inorganic emission-P-tot: fertilizer organic emissionP-tot: fertilizer organic emission-Cu: fungicide defence emissionCu: fungicide defence emission-Ethofumesate: pesticide emissionEthofumesate: pesticide emission
Emissions to soilEmissions to soil-Ethofumesate: pesticide Ethofumesate: pesticide emissionemissionNon materiaNon material emissionl emission-Occupation land of Occupation land of cultivationcultivation
Waste to treatmentWaste to treatmentSolid wood Solid wood Recycling wood (sub): treatment of plants end life Recycling wood (sub): treatment of plants end life Solid wood Solid wood incineration wood (sub): treatment of trimmings end life incineration wood (sub): treatment of trimmings end life Solid steel scrap Solid steel scrap Recycling ECCS steel B250: treatment of mechanical Cu vaporizer end life Recycling ECCS steel B250: treatment of mechanical Cu vaporizer end life
3) Life Cycle Impact Analysis3) Life Cycle Impact Analysis
Figure 1 represents the characterisation analysis of olives cultivation process. The Figure 1 represents the characterisation analysis of olives cultivation process. The principal results are: in Human Health the total damage is 4,51E-6 DALY due to principal results are: in Human Health the total damage is 4,51E-6 DALY due to emissions of pesticides employ (79,43%); in Ecosystem Quality the total damage is emissions of pesticides employ (79,43%); in Ecosystem Quality the total damage is 1,71 PDFm2y due to occupation land of cultivation (47,86%); in Resources the total 1,71 PDFm2y due to occupation land of cultivation (47,86%); in Resources the total damage is 0,197 MJ surplus due to Fertiliser NKP(15/15/12) (102,7%). The principal damage is 0,197 MJ surplus due to Fertiliser NKP(15/15/12) (102,7%). The principal damage avoided is due to treatment of trimmings end life (energetic recovery by damage avoided is due to treatment of trimmings end life (energetic recovery by incineration wood). Tab. n.2-3-4 represents the characterisation analysis for incineration wood). Tab. n.2-3-4 represents the characterisation analysis for substances specification in the damage categories. substances specification in the damage categories. Figure 2 represents the Figure 2 represents the weighting analysis of weighting analysis of olives cultivation processolives cultivation process. The principal results of weighting . The principal results of weighting analysis are: the total damage is 0.219Pt. The total damage is due to: direct analysis are: the total damage is 0.219Pt. The total damage is due to: direct emissions of olives cultivation process for 85.45%; Fertilizer NKP (15/15/12) for emissions of olives cultivation process for 85.45%; Fertilizer NKP (15/15/12) for 13.97% and 13.97% and Mechanical spreading of organic fertilizers process for 1.44%.Mechanical spreading of organic fertilizers process for 1.44%.
Fig.1 The characterisation analysis of olives cultivation process Tab.2 The characterisation for substances specification in Human Health (the first of third substances classification)
Tab.3 The characterisation for substances specification in Ecosystem Quality (the first of third substances classification)
Tab.4 The characterisation for substances specification in Resources (the first of third substances classification)
NN Substanc.Substanc. Com.Com. UnitUnit TotalTotal damage damage %%
amo.amo. contributio.contributio.process process
%%Total of all Total of all compart.compart.
MJ MJ surplus surplus
0,1970,197 100100
11 crude oil crude oil IDEMATIDEMAT
RawRaw MJ MJ surplus surplus
0,07760,0776 39,4439,44 21,9g21,9g Fertiliser Fertiliser NKPNKP
((81,3481,34)) 22 crude oil crude oil
ETHETH RawRaw MJ MJ
surplus surplus 0,06810,0681 34,6334,63 19,2g19,2g Fertiliser Fertiliser
NKP NKP
(53,69 )(53,69 ) 33 natural natural
gas ETHgas ETH RawRaw MJ MJ
surplus surplus 0,05140,0514 26,1126,11 16,5l16,5l Fertiliser Fertiliser
NKPNKP ( (123,6) 123,6)
NN Substa.Substa. CompComp UnitUnit Tot.Tot. Dam.Dam.(%)(%)
Amoun.Amoun. contribu. contribu. process process
(%) (%) Total of Total of all all compartcompartmentsments
DALYDALY 4,51E-64,51E-6 100100
11 Ethofu.Ethofu. SoilSoil DALYDALY 3,53E-63,53E-6 78,2678,26 152mg152mg olives olives cultivation cultivation processprocess(100)(100)
22 dustdust AirAir DALYDALY 3,48E-73,48E-7 7,77,7 3,17g3,17g Fertiliser Fertiliser NKP (105)NKP (105)
33 NONO22 AirAir DALYDALY 2,02E-72,02E-7 4,44,4 2,27g2,27g Fertiliser Fertiliser NKP(98)NKP(98)
Fig.3 The weighting analysis of comparison between conventional olives cultivation process & biological olives cultivation process
NN SubstanceSubstance CompComp..
UnitUnit TotTot dam.dam.(%)(%)
amount amount ContributioContributio. process . process
(%)(%)
Tot. of all Tot. of all compartm.compartm.
PDF*PDF*mm22yryr
1,711,71 100100
11 OccupatioOccupation land for n land for cultivationcultivation
Non Non mat.mat.
PDF*PDF*mm22yryr
0,810,81 47,847,8 1,63m1,63m22aa olives olives cultivation cultivation process process (100)(100)
22 P-totP-tot WateWaterr
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0,770,77 45,145,1 5,36g5,36g olives olives cultivation cultivation processprocess(100)(100)
33 N-totN-tot WateWaterr
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0,080,08 4,94,9 4,31g4,31g olives olives cultivation cultivation process process (99,9) (99,9)
Fig.2 The weighting analysis of olives cultivation process
4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement: Sensitivity 4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement: Sensitivity AnalysisAnalysis
Has been carried out the comparison between Has been carried out the comparison between conventional olives cultivation and biological olives conventional olives cultivation and biological olives cultivation. Figure 3 represents the weighting analysis of cultivation. Figure 3 represents the weighting analysis of comparison. The total damage of conventional olives comparison. The total damage of conventional olives cultivation (0,219Pt) is greater than total damage of cultivation (0,219Pt) is greater than total damage of biological olives cultivation (0,128Pt). The damage biological olives cultivation (0,128Pt). The damage difference is 26%.difference is 26%.
ReferencesReferences[1] Curran M. A., Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, [1] Curran M. A., Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, McGraw-Hill, 1996.McGraw-Hill, 1996.[2] Pré Consultants B.V. SimaPro 5.0. Plotterweg 12, [2] Pré Consultants B.V. SimaPro 5.0. Plotterweg 12, 3821 BB, Amersfoot, 1999.3821 BB, Amersfoot, 1999.[3] The Eco-indicator 99, Methodology Report- Annex, [3] The Eco-indicator 99, Methodology Report- Annex, PRé Consultants B.V., 5 October 1999.PRé Consultants B.V., 5 October 1999.
