Libya - Development of tribal lands and settlements …offensive field tripo and had four test wain...
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Report to the Government of LIBYA FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1969 LIBYAN FUNDS-IN-TRUST FAO/LIB/TF 20 DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL LANDS AND SETTLEMENTS PROJECT Volume il Selected Studies
Transcript of Libya - Development of tribal lands and settlements …offensive field tripo and had four test wain...
Report to the Government of
LIBYA
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 1969
LIBYANFUNDS-IN-TRUSTFAO/LIB/TF 20
DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL LANDSAND SETTLEMENTS PROJECT
Volume il
Selected Studies
DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL LANDS AND SETT E ENTS PROJECT
LIBYA
VOLUME II
SELECTED STUDIES
THE PILOT AREA IN THE JABAL AL AKHDAR (EASTERN GOVERNATES)
PROSPECTS FOR LAND SETTLEMENT PROJECTS IN THE FEZZAN(SOUTHERN GOVERNATES)
ITT. THE SYSTEM OF LAND REGISTRATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITHLAND SETTLEMENT IN LIBYA
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSTRUST FUND 94
VOLUME II
Table of Contente
CHAPTER I THE PILOT AREA IN THE JABAL AL AKHDAR(EASTERN COVERNATE3
Introduction
Banis for the Selection of tho Pilot AreaThe Approach followed in the Study
Geology and Topography
Geology of the Pilot AreaTopography of the Pilot Area
Climatic Conditions
RainfallTemperatureWindHumidity
Water Resources
Underground Water
Soils and Land Capability
Soil Descriptions of the most Important SoilsLana Capability
P. Present Lana Use 17
Description of Different Agricultural Zones 17
Cropping Patterns 20
G. Cadastral Survey, Aerial Photography and Napping 22
.Aerial Photography and Napping for the Pilot Area 22
Basic Naps and Cadastral Surveys in Al Hania andAl Useta in the Pilot Area 23
E. The Population of the Tribal Area and their TribalStructure 25
Population 26
Tribal StruCture 29
I. Land Tenure System in the Pilot Area 37
General Features of Land Tenure in the Pilot Area 31
Problems Arising from Laok of Definition of Tribal Lands 32
2
2
2
4
4466
7
7
10
11
12
CHAPTER II SURVEY OF SETTLLMENT PROSPECTS IN FEZZAN (SOUTHERNGOVERNATE3)
Purpose of the StudyThe People of Fezzan and their Habitations
Administrative Zones and HabitationsRoads and Means of TransportPopulation Composition and their Living Conditions
Physical Features
TopographyRainfallWater ResourceNatural Vegeta ionMineral Resources
Cropping and Livestock Systems 53
Cropping System 53Crop Yields 56Methods of Irrigation 57Livestock Production 59
Land Tenuro System 61
Types of Land Tenure 61
Nomadism and Semi-Nomadism 62
Size of Holdings 62
Agricultural Labour in Relation to Farm Size 64
Table of Contents cont'd.)
Pare
Present Rights of Possessors on Tribal Property 34Land Tenure Situation of Foreste and Pastures 35The Tenure of Water 37
Rural Sociological Aspilcti, 38
Social Relationships and Statua 38Value Systom 39Leadership 39LovQ1 or EJucation 40Peoplels Attitude Land Settlement Projects 40
Institut.Lc, Srvices 40
Agricnitural Services 40Cooperative Activities 41Credit 41Marketing 42
Public Services 42
Education 42Health 42Roads 43
44
4445
454747
49
4950515252
Table of ContentoPaz
A Survey of Institutional and AgriculturalConditions in Wadi Al Ajal 66
Population and Their Living Conditions 66Marketing and Cooperatives 68
Land Tenure 68
Agricultural Practices 69
The Activity of the Ministry of Agriculture in Fezzan 71
Settlement Prospecte 72
APPENDIX: Botanical Species Typical of Fezanand Particularly. of 4adi Al Ajal 74
CHAPTER III THE SYSTEM OF LAND REGISTRATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH LAND SETTLEMENT IN LIBYA 75
Method of Study 75Purpose of the System of Registration 75System of Land Registration in Libya 76
Private Conveyancing 76Registration of Title 76The Libyan Situation: Comparison between RegistrationLaws of 1921 and 1965 76
The Prooedures and Provisions for the Adjudicationof Rights in Accordance with the Law of 1965 79
Relation between the System of Land Registrationand Land Settlement So
Evaluation of the Libyan Land Registration Law 82Surveying and Mapping 83
Present Situation 83The Organization of the Survey Section 84Tools and Equipment Required for Surveying and Mapping 85Teohnical Staff Requirements 86General Remarks 86
Ti
List of Tables
Table No.
Regional Geology of the Jabal Al Akhdar 3
2 Temperature 5
3 Water Resources in the Various Agricultural Zonesof the Pilot Area m3 per Year 8
4 Springs in the Pilot Area 9
5 Estimates of Population in the Pilot Area 26
6 Population Structure in Ex-Ente Farms in the Pilot Area 27
7 Employment Structure of the Fezzan Population - 1964 48
8 Literacy in Fezzan - 1964 49
9 Average Monthly Rainfall in Sabha (1931 to 1964) in mm 51
10 Classification of Cultivable Area in Fezzan - 1960 54
11 Area under Different Crops in Fezzan compared with Libyaas a whole - 1960 54
12 Pattern of Cultivated Arable Land Use in Fezzan - 1960 55
13 Cropping System on Farms Visited by the Team - 1966 55
14 Average Area Cultivated and Fallow pér Farm Holdingand Distribution of Crops - 1960 56
15 Yields of Various Crops in different Parts of Fezzan -1966 57
16 Number of Wells, Springs and Cisterns and Areas irrigated 58
17 Cisterns, Canals, Pumps and other Water Sources inFezian - 1965/66 58
18 Estimated Number of Livestook in Fezzan (1965 - 1966) 59
19 Average Number of Livestock per Hectare on Farms visitedby the Team - 1966 60
20 Average Size of Holding in Hectares in FezzanCompared with other Governates 63
21 Distribution of Holding by Farm Area in Fezzan 63
vil
List of Tables cont'd.)
Table No.
22 Agricultural Labour Force in Relation to CultivatedLand in Fezzan
23 Farm Population and Size of Holdings in FezzanCompared with National Average
24 State of Marriage in Mutasarfia Ubari
64
64
67
GovernatesSerial E . Eastern ProjeotNumber W Western Area
Southern
LIST OF MAPSAND DANS
Title
22 E Pilot Area Precipitat on and springs
23 E Pilot Area Etisting and proposed projeots
24 E Pilot Area Topographical section: Al Hants-Mukhtar
25 E Topography
26 E Pilot Area Water Utilitation
27 E Pilot Area Drainage & main features
CHAPTER I
THE PILOT AREA IN THE JABAL AL AKHDAR (EASTERN GOITEhNAT:
A. INTRODUCTION
The experience of the Team with the tribesmen of Cyrenaioa has dieproved thebelief, held by some people, that they are resiotant to any chance. They Libelledfavourable response to ideas which mould improve their living conditione. They havealready been subjected to rapid change as a result of the economic impact of the oileoonomy and the real problem of helping them lies in initiating planned chance whichwill asuist their social and economic adjuutment to the new conditione. The Teamtherefore directed its attention towards developing settlement echemes which mouldgive the tribesmen the possibility of securing a more adequate and certain income thanthey can obtain at preeent.
Basis for the Selection of the Pilot Area
As it was not possible to undertake socio-economic investigations, eoil and watersurveys and legal studies in all Jebal Al Akhdar areas at one and the carne time, aemail area fairly representative of the phyeical, climatic, social and economic con-ditions of the region was selected for concentrated effort.
Accordingly, a strip of land deeignated as the "Pilot Area" mas selected inOctober 1964 in the Jebel Al Akhdar of the Eastern Governates (Cyrenaica). The PilotArea covers about 120,000 ha., bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, to theeast and west by longitudes 21° 45' and 21° 30' east respectively, and towards thesouth by latitude 32° 20' north in a length of about 45 km, and a width of 25 km.It inoludes the whole ex-Ente settlement of Massah, the western part of the ex-Entesettlements of Al Bayda and limar Al Yukhtar, and part of Al Useta and Al Hania dis-tricts. The totel population of the Pilot Area is 13,225 in 1965 consisting of 2602families.
Studies mere carried out by the Team during the years 1964, 1965 and 1966 andreports on individual subjects prepared and submitted. This Chapter summarizes thesestudies and presents the thinking of the Team about the land tenure and settlementproblems as a whole in the Jebel Al Akhdar.
The area wae selected because (a) it includes all the important agriculturalzones of the Eastern Region, viz. the Coastal Belt; the First and Second Escarpmentsof the Jebal Al Akhdar, and the semi-desert; (b) it embraces areas of high, medium andlow rainfall; and (c) it lies in a region which is very promising from an aEriculturalp6int of view and for land settlement activities.
The Approach followed in the Stuy
The main problems to be encountered in the systematio study of the Pilot Areawere: (a) lack of dependable statistical information; (b) urgency on the part ofGovernment and N.A.S.A. to undertake land settlement aotivities on a very big scale,with resultant spreading of the available energies and efforts over widely scatteredareas; (o) difficulties in the collection of necessary data, its processing andanalysis; and (d)'difficulties of transport, language, interpretation, etc. In viewof these difficulties, it mas not poesible to follom the normally aocepted randomsampling procedures and an ad-hoc approach had to be followed.
For socio-economic studies by the rural sociologist, the land settlement expert,the land tenure expert, the farm management expert and the cadastral survey expert,the most commonly employed method was that of survey. A oertain part of the Pilot
Area was el.t.rì, an approxamation of the whole population was made, and an effortwas made to covar all householdo by means of a questionnaire. The queationing wasdone by Libyan ,orionnol under the guidance and superviuion of the expert concerned.
For investiations into the soil and water retiources, the experto concerned madepluent trips to selected areas and sites in the Pilot Area and collected a large
numhar of soil axil water sampleo for analysis. The water utilization expert endeavouredto viHit every spring and other water resources. The underground hydrologiot madeoffensive field tripo and had four test wain drilled in Al Hania. The soil surveyexaort selected sites, studied soil profiles and collected a large number of soil andwater samples for analytical purposes.
The area was also covered under the programme of aerial photography and mapping,which was carried out in the stern Covernates during 1965 - 1966 under the guidanceand supervision of the cadastral survey expert.
B. GE:LOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
The IY1SiC ntructure of the Jebal Al Akhdar is anticlinal, the axis bearing somede-roen away from the east-west in its central part and roughly following the line oftho hi:7huiit land. It plunges fairly rapidly at both extremes. At the western endit bands sharply to the south-west and dies out beneath the middle Miocene stratasouth of Abyar. In the eastern sector, its trend can be seen from the easterly dipof the surface rocks.
The ra- anal clip to be observed in the dissected northern terraces is frequentlysostharly at a shallow angle. However, on the Al Marj terrace many of the exposuresdiselay a Tr,rfasrly trend. On the whole, the region does not show any violent ten-tonics, or strrctural developments. It is new widely believed that the coastal andinl xxi. banch.,! lave resulted from extensive faulting coupled with marine erosion. Itwaa rar,erly believed. that faulting alone was responsible (Gregory, 1911), but sub-segn-ntly the work of a more recent geologist (Marchetti) had indicated that both:erao were involved. His observations are supported by the marked variation inaltitude of each individual bench whioh would be difficult to ascribe to marine actiononl. In addition, the uniform trend of the base of this escarpment is typical offaulting. The lack of a scarp terrace on the southerly dip slope is not indicativeor a marine hypothesis. In both instances, the down,dropped block of land is to thenorth. It is pon:iible that aome of the wadis were originated by tectonics. In pacti-cular, Wadi Al Kuf has an east-west trend on the Third Bench before finally turningnorthward beloe Ma:seih. This is contrary to the general trend of the region andits tectonic origin was first suggested by Marchetti. Faulting observed in theSuluntah area is also strongly suggestive of this theory.
Pilot Area
As the Pilot Area is a cross section at right ancles to the main tectonic axisof the Jebal Al Akhdar, it contains representativo strata ranging in age from theCretaceouo to the Quaternary. The Coaotal Plain and litteral are probably of Mioceneand Quaternary ace, though the scarcity of fossils has sometimes made definite datinga little haoardous. The First Bench conoists of Eocene and Cretaceous strata accordingto the geoln:iaal map of Conant and Doudazi, 1964. Lower Miocene and Oligocene strataoccur in the semi-desert area south of the anticlinal axis. There in within the PilotArea a window of Cretaceous strata occuring within the Eocene, south-west of Suluntah.
2. To wsraehy of the Pilot Area
T' o main Escarpments exist within the Pilot Area - the Coastal Escarpment and theInland Escarpment. The Northern Coastal Plain shows varying features - at thewe:,fern ond rather flat lying, consolidated sand-dunes permit invasion by the sea
Table
Regional Geology Of the Jabal Al Akhdar
Sys tem Series Lithology
Sand dunee; valleyalluvlum; alluvialoutwash fans at thebase of the lowerescarpment
Water Bearing (.Tharacter
uaternary Valley alluvium traamitereadily in 1.)w..n rn'"'Flf";01B; in B-.ins
s L',:' ,. e ab .i I taan 14!/but .ritiiH,r localmport .rl, p.
1 dunes)ortart fr mall yields
but variable qualitywater
T
E
T
A
R
T
MiddleMiocene
(Benghazi Plain)Limestone, softto medium hard.Crystalline.Thin interbeddedmarla.
Important. Solutioncavities and fracturescontain water in certainzonee. Water ie fair tomoderately and highlymineralised.
T4a,y yield moderate suppliee.Major and minor springsemerge.
(Jabal)Limeetone, coarse,marly, arenaceouslimestone.
LowerMiocene
Limestone, hardand eoft, marli.Marl layers.
nissibly poor. Very minorsprings.
Oligoceno (Shahhat)Limeetone, coarseand compact. Morearenaceoue east-wards(Dora)
S,, ingly poor (boring atShahhat of uncertain butlow yield). Uoeful springeemerge.
(Central Outcrop)Limestone, earthy,friable. Aleomassive andlocallycrystalline
Likely to be poor (boringMarawa dry in presumedOligocene). Very minorsprings emerge.
Eocene Limestone, compact;Coarse; marly;chalky
Limestone, compact;coarse; marly;siliCeous. Marle.
Variably permeable dependingupon local degree of karstiodevelopment and/or fracturingportant springs emeiTe
East of Apollonia
MRy yield small amounta ofwater. Marawa boreholereputed Aptian aquifer)possibly yields about 1 1/eco
Cretaceous UppeCretaceous
Sub-Division of Bio-Climate Annual
Sub-Humid 160
Semi-Arid6o
Arid 20°
Pro-Deeert 20.50
4
in winter storms. At the east of Al Mania village, low coastal ridgee proteot theflat lying ground to the south. A deep and extensive erosion gully syetem runs for tomedistance and oan be assooiated with the Wadi system.
The Al Useta terrace forms a broad, eloping surfaoe with a differenoe of 300 m inaltitude between its northern and southern limits. The Al Ueeta area forms the mostvaluable farming land. The terrain elopes in a N.U.W. direotion. Below Massah, theUeeta terraoe descends by a series of steps, eaoh representing a fragmentary minorterraoe. Elsewhere, it is extensively covered in brueh and is rocky and rough.
C. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The Pilot Area is, broadly speaking, subjected to a Mediterranean type of climatewhich, however, varies considerably from the coastal area at Al Hania to that of theBern t south of the watershed. The 300 mm ieohyet represente approximately theboundary between the Meaiterranean and the steppe type of climate and ie of importanceas it represents the boundary between the region where settled agriculture under dryfarming can take place and the region where only sporadic nomadic pastoraliem can beundertaken.
Rainfa
Rainfall, which is orographio in charaoter, is highest in the highest part of theJebal Al Akhdar between Massah and the central watershed, though the highest zone ofrainfall does not necessarily coincide with the highest elevation. Most of the rain-fall 000ure in December and January. The number of rainy daye per season variesfrom 80 in the 600 mm zone down to about 50 in the 300 mm zone. Snow is a raritY,but has been known to occur in the highest part of the Pilot Area. Temperaturee arelower in the higheet zones which reaults in a lower evapo-transpiration rate. Thisio important from the agrioultural point of view becauee it means that the rainfallwhich doee occur is more effeotive in this zone than in the zones of higher evapo-transpiration rato. Humidity is, however, increased by increased oloudiness in thehigher zones of the Pilot Area. Ghibli oonditions are less severe when they oocurin the hi7her altitudes.
Temperature
Within the Pilot Area, the maximum temperatures are to be found in the regionof the semi-desert. Cenversely, the most equable olimate is to be found on the coastwhere the influence of the sea stabilises, to nome extent, the greatest temperaturevariations.
The Pilot Area has been divided into 4 sub-divi ions of the Mediterranean Bio-Climate as follows:
Average Temperatures(Centigrade)
um
30_ 50
5o _ loo
50
50_ 70
Maximum
27° - 30°
300 330
30° 33°
330 L 360
Mean Annua
15.8
15.9
14.4
10.6
Table
5
21.1 21
Mean Minimum
18.9 21.4 22.2 19.8 18.1 15.4 11.6
19.1 21.6 21.9 20.8 18.3 16.0 12.0
18.4 21.4 21.5 20.0 17.1 13.5 8.7
14.3 16.5 16.9 15.4 12.8 9.9 6.8
Ko. years of obeervation
15
14
8
21
TEMPERATURE,
J. F. M. A. M. J. J. A. S. 0. N. D.Mean Maximum
TolmRythah 17.9 17.9 20.3 22.8 24.5 27.6 28.7 29.2 28.2 27.0 24.3 19.8
Apollonia 17.8 18.9 20.7 23.4 25.5 28.7 31.2 31.4 29.9 28.1 24.3 20.0
Darnall 17.5 18.1 19.7 22.4 23.8 26.5 27.9 28.7 27.9 27.9 23.3 19.5
Shahhat 12.2 13.2 15.6 19.9 24.5 27.4 27.6 27.5 26.2 24.2 19.6 15.0
TolmRythRh
Apollonia
Darnah
Shahhat
TolmRythah 10,0 10.7 12.1
ApolloniR 10.1 10.6 11.6
Darnall 7.7 8.2 9.7
Shahhat 4.2 5.0 5.7
Tolmaythah
Apollonia
Darnah
Shahhat
13.7 15.8
13.4 15.8
12.3 14.5
8.1 11.2
Mean Annual
24.0
25.0
23.6
No. years of observation
15
14
8
3. Wind
W.A,' r conditions in the Pilot Area are very much dependent on wind direction.The chi 't' rh n-l)earing winds blow during the winter from the north-west and there isa shiftin to tho north-ea:;t during the summer months. However, sudden wind directionchon7es dro ver common and it is quite possible for Ghiblis (hot nand storms blowingfrom the desert) to ,:cr at any time during the year. During the winter months, thecontinental air ma,lo which existe over the southern desert, can be quite cold. Asouthern wind in timo ;iinter can nroduce duety conditions of low to medium tempera-tu 0:0 with very lnw humidity. P ng the summer the Chihli can be of intense heat,io. in QX. 9f;It of 45°C and :ro very drying and dusty conditions. Maximum tem-peratures can roach 50°C. Tiv, d,i1,1i is most common in spring and autumn and themaximnm ,ffect is reached dnrin timo height of summer. These violent _winds have theeffect drying and parching all vegetation they encounter. The effect on crops isoften disastroun and possibly the only crop to benefit is thn date palm, which bene-fits frnm the wind as it crilw.io the dates to ripen more quickly. Sometimes, in theevent of the Ghibli not blowing, the date crop is retarded.
From the humanto traohom.1, (vr,dnfeature of Chihlinotio,.:tblo whore ve-e
6
,oct the winds produce mout unpleasant conditions which leadamom-st many of the population. A further significant
th,iir tendency to produce sand dunes. This is particularlyon IIHH been disturbed and areas which are widely exposed to
Chibli winds must torefere be treated with extra caro. The net effect of the.tuatien of the Johl Al Anular is to produce a wider variability of day to dayLther than is usnal in marv other Mediterranean countries. A rise of 9°C in tem-ratnre in a matter of minutos with extremely low humidity, is by no means unusual.
:Arong winds are very prevalent on the coast .as in the Al Hania section of the-ilet Area. Durine the winter months, strong cold and humid north winds can produceoca nnereachment of ti:' low lying Cocotal Plain and undoubtedly contribute to thesitlinity of the 'Thasial Plain by wind blown sea spray which is sometimes carried aconcOer:Tble ditmce inland. The other disastrous effect on agriculture is windereoion nf the .)rovalling sandy soils, particularly ncticeable on the Coastal Plain.Wind 0m'00jOi ir-,no of the main causes of soil lose during the dry summer months.Tho -erect is two-fold: the extreme dessicating effect of low humidity wind as itblce,e1 'ver the ,eirfeee of the soil; and the blowing about of soil particles bynaltd.tion.
Wind blown loss has contributed greatly to the parent material of come of thenoun,althou:h it is undoubtedly true that vast quantities of silty material areremoved from the land by wind and deposited in the sea. In times of Chibli it is
see reddish dusty material being carried out over the Mediterranean.
40 1
Cenerally sneaking, the relativo humidity is greatest nearer the coast and de-croaees inland fairly rapidly. The mean average relative humidity ranges from about
percent in the pro-desert to 65 percent on the coast. The minimum mean averagerelative humidity occurs in the summer, about 30 percent. The maximum mean averagerelative hnmidity occurs in the winter. The degree of cloudiness in largely depen-dent upon topographical elevation. Low elevation areas, as for example Al Hania andAl Ucota, generally have lees cloud conditions than those obtaining on the MainEscarpment.
1. Underground yate
At the moment no-one knows exactly how much waterAl Akhdar. It iS possible that much more is dischar!.:1thought, but a moro accurate assessment can only 11(.
and geophysical survey. It is almoat Gertain that thEtain massif is at very considerable depth. Only orce .
capable of being irrigated at tho moment, i. o. Al fla!1
i.aalarging fro the Jebaleviaaals Leon
ter a complete 1001oi7icalr table in the Main moan-.1,11in the Pilot ¡crea in
Great caution must be exorcised in the utilinatian T7roundater of thRCoastal Plain for fear of salt-water intrusion if the armisrabla amol.nt of drawAownis exceeded. A salt-water intrusion is very dirrictult t, be imfoosiblewith the limited facilities in Libya. Consid,...r,bi Tj in th- qualiU,,a ofthe coastal groundl4a-ters occur and the variations a cr ecur ovar a vela' short dis-tance, (e.g. the eaating wells at Al Hania wit of Bu Traba). Gre.!t cantionmust be exercised ,aa experimentation on a small pilot plot should to sndertaken be-foro major schemes are initiated.
Within the next three or four years, geological, geophysical and hydrologicalinformation should be available from the requisite surveys and an accurate appraisalof the underground water supplies can then be made.
The scarcity of water resources - actual and potential - is a conspicuous featureof the Pilot Area. Perennial streams originatin: inside or outside the area are non-existent. Tice amount of spring water and groundwaer available in limited and con-fined to certain localities. Since irrigation on a small saale j n aasible only inthe Coastal Plain, the Pilot Area is oredominently a dry farming and -raing country.This means that with the exception of the Coast,1 Plain, water resours,a; developmentin primarily concerned with domestic and livestock water supply. At -t later stageof development it might be practicable to make water available for tu' irrigation ofsmall family gardens to produce fruit and vegetables for home conaumation.
The following water resources are available in the Pilot Area and their capa-cities are listed in Tables 3 and 4.
(a) Sprin:s: The Pilot ¡crea has 18 springs which emnrr,e alona tbn SecondEscarpment from 10 to 80 m below its edge. Their cambino. rlow rate,measured in November 1 964 at the end of the dra uo!clan, amounted to 2151itru.3per minute. Since rainfall over the roh,r» ,I.Lring the pre-
ceding raja season was below average (about 400 mm instead of 550 mm), thisflow rate may be regarded as a minimum. Flnw rates from April to Novemberhave declined from 25 percent to 45 percent, but no single spring ce-sedto flow. Due to their lower position in relation to the Second Benohof the Jebal Al Akhdar, it appears most 1ogic,a1 to distribute the waterof these sprinrs b gravity flow in Zone ILI and IV North Pirst Benchof Jebal Al Akhdar . All these springs exc,:t 'ne hLve toen developedduring the Italian occupation or iinaar th 1 aamerican Joint ServioeProgramme. Spring development con.:. ts or ,r)cc r t.tohments, livestock
troughs, and sometimes reservoirs to atore water , irrigating smallgardens. Using this water for irrigation is for the benefit of a few in-dividuals, but should be made available for public use. The water of anindividual spring cannot be used efficiently unless it is distributed bypipeline to several points spaced several kilometres apart, thus reducingtravelling distanres between watering points. The rather small flow rateoof the springs require reservoirs at the various watering points whichwould be filled at regular intervals. Each spring could serve two tofive watering points depending on its capacity.
-7
D. WATER R.;'j0URCES
The Capaoity of Ajo Massah spring is included in the portion of water allocated to the Pilot Area from theDabussia-El Marj water supply scheme.
Includes the well recently sunk in Zone I2 Includes 234 Maj.ens with a total capacity of 11,700 m
These figures no longer apply.
Table 3
osources in the Various Arricultural Zones of the Pilot Area
3 per year
Agricultural
Zones
Dabussia-MarjWater *SupplyScheme
Springs
, ,
!
Greco-RomanWells
Greco-.4o i n Possible !
1
!
!
TotalW.:ter
Resources! va., 9e
In Use ! for re-: habiliat-! ion
GroundWaterResources
m3 No. No.
11
3! m No.
!
!!No.! 1
,
'
- 17'' 33,600 - - !- ! 1,500,000 1,533,600! i
!
Ii 214,000 15 89,060 1 5,500 170 10,300. 20! 3,000- 321,860i
III North 3 24,820 27 4,00016024,000 52,820
III South 59,000 - - 561 ''I4,250! 80!12,000 75,250
IV North - -. 20 3,000).00115,000 18,000
IV South 77,000 31
7,400 62 5,600 501 7,500 30,000 127,500
V 4 21,900 55 12,0001250 137,500 50,000 121,400' e i
Total 350,000 18 113,880 25 168,400 '39039,150'660 39,000 1,580,000 2,250,4301
! _
Of lip ni ot,
Ain koor+ln,/o
ToTA
3Pri
Minimum19(4
1/min m
812
48
1540
4665
178
25
215
9
Table 4
4,3P06,205
4,3908,030
21,1 01,4602,555
13,1409,4170
2,1903,2853,;'8,)2,555
8,7604,380
13,140
113,
1217
736
6
997
241236
No.
1
2
3456
78
9101112131415
161718
18
in. OM
- 10-
CioLerts;: In arcas where neither spring water nor groundwkter is available(.1terns have Constituted the only source of water nince ancient times,This in not entirnly true today since -water can be piped to distant plocesor be lifted frnm great depths. During the period or (reco-Roman occupationof Northern Cyrenalca, a great number of cisterns worn built and many arestill in use today. Under the Libyan-Amorioas Joint :Jervioc Irogramme about50 ci.,tors wev'e rohrbilitate n the Ylot Area from 1)57 to 161 and theNation ,I Aoricaltaral 5e itir Autherty and the f'inistry or Agriculturehave mod on this rohabilitttiou. ;ion of water toreur.,7h the re-h J:; t it t. eT old ()oterris the builI tr.; of now ones wnoro necessarywill onntirne to jv important rolo overall -ly, but
aro a vory e,(ne/cdve source of -es.r. The roh: ea ofGroco-eman ciatere,, will cost today at le nt Lk, 6.- per He otre ofstor..-.. capacity anO of a new cistere at least L10.-. The eurdtty of'stern sater confl,1 bs im,,,roved by roncin7 in tho catchment' areas, or thestoris/, tbus preventing 1,0.1, r 1'1'011 11V,!,tt,Ck boin dopeited in
and unbsolunntly flushed into the cisterns.
(c) term refers to thr nistorn ittachol to an ex-Entefarmhouse. -linto farmhouse has one majen holding obout 50 m3 ofwater. The roof which has an area of about-175 m2 serves to catch water.
he Dabussia Al'ator Su/ ir S h e: It washoped that th bu Narj sspoly rebotee would be
an Amo, tant source of water in tho Pilot Aren and ncrons tho whole JobalAl 1, for domestic and livestock uso. It ir ' theught that the springwould sepoly a. pipeline whirl, would puovidn ent,mmng points 4bout2 km Crom each ether. Tho u a i i ro O: r: dn):, remstrunted bat shortly aftor-wards tho corred to yield the expected amount end ,/e a result vcrylittle use con be rildo of it. ',/ince tho 11.Poline ho3 ton laid,oros:, the jobil it ir important to find a rouree nf water to snpoly the
f(/r domtio ;And parpcvos aqd thp Te,.om boLtovo thoro Os aA1Orv.,7 for investig,/ting thn e,e f desalon of sea wntsr
it. 7-morus sy:/tms of ;1er' '..on are aw.ilable; tire m.1
fs01 Aich of be reduced if thc anurceis orevpI;t: that desaliation planta for removing 'he
water be pyt rrom the sec, coast near Dabussia with asor ()stout to sunly 't/H nireline. T1' (loPt t)ot,h of irpltallin,7,
rind r,:;itAnz this plant would bo nowi,Lerdhlo, out the eritIolA wAt4.noos/tion in the Jebal AI Akhdrir meritw snhotnntH1 ,ovvrtl it
If f-wfl plt,ht wore installed it wonld be added odvnntar,:c of Jiving theresetr e/7:!:eri-nce in the renning of n desalination for i i, is likoly
that in the course uf the next 10 or0 ;' err the desmlisotnon or :,eawater for irotion eurnores may- become u v:able ec,-nom)e proposition.
E. ti ' TLITY
As the Pilot Area in eologically of limestones of varyingtynns and that limrstnno h ays prr.,1,flminant port in the forreition
of the soils of These lime/Aonrs can bo rre7ardod op entirely merino inorigin. They hove be" r.,(1 upon chemically and physically by thc .-17(,ricies of
meathering. In the hi,:j/ harts of the sea, rrost has centr)beted to the brell,,downor the limortnne and cheo weathering has, )roduced kartio conditions over largoT,T0-,, or the Pilot Arre rticularly on the First Bonch. Tito effect of tbe dilutec:rhodis :Icid has been produce grikes and deep fissures, evident in the Sutuntaharea and on the First Bench. Such solution effects, combined with the varyinghumid and dry conditions, have produced a widespread Terra Rossa. The exaot mode of
formAttnn, hoiover, in still controvneoal. 1 t io Wicvol that much of tho TorraRotioa matorial we.; formed on tho brood lovol dmo.,toni. aroon or thn hihnr Jobaland visIna in situ by thn floodinc, from lhn nimorotto wad ir. and valloyn.
Many of tho ',oil!, of tito Conital Clain nn0 Ii oot ilench contain a ;arc() porconta,:eOf' flio Itt,Ttr, Cr l'"1,0,t1to re ru 01 .Frj)47)(111- AT" flub-;-Lnrular to
anru'or ond tt is ofton atlftoult tn lido 11-thnr thoy aro colluvial or allovitlin ottr.in. Alluvil soils of thn i7p)a,,tol ana tito Pirst flonoh oonttin fairlyhirTh porPontr e of stlt hut oil tho soils of tho :Ilut Aroa oan bo onnsidereT tocontain a porconta.yi of loess dorived from thp southorn deoort and aarriod by Ghihlis.
Thn softer, chtlky limnotonon whioh nicair in oortiin partr, of 1hp Pilot Aroa,notioeibly twat' nv,oAh and ',l111.noti. ota vory rendil7 oiroilnblo poi A :,nJr0 nf soilp,ront Notoriod than tiru tho hatnlor limostoucF AotPd ncnn by thoaronoior of ,,,wohhorin, of Nhioh rain ind frost ore moot imoortont, ir ti o hircv:Ion,a )r OW °110t thn5p limobtones 177,-)r0 bro,It down to ;ivo rmso torotto tri-1 if o lr typical of o limestone rountry .aibioatod ti - h,rah
Suuh ssils oro limited 41tbin tho il o t Aro u to tito huor ti 1"*..1. Tho larcailown of theorum!oly ilmeatono subetratem leads to o ocmpnratively fortile ooil which has been
cxploitoJ fcr tito oroductiou of (;rapos in the Ltssih repion. Althon(h thosoil itJelf io not litri root p,,notrotion io riot, t ly focilitated by the chalky natureof tho substratum, In oame cHr,ou, hard, flinty limestone undorl).,,o f,he chalky lime-stone ond booinso t litri i r c,rpatee re:,1,3tatine to tbo aconcies of weatherinF,7 thosecryotollino limostonos stand. out as rid,E.,os, orton almost dovcid )f vo;:otaion, In theAl Ustata area thr,rs p.rn numorrne examplos of limestone "isl,,sdo" occtorrinc.. within thealluvial soils, fn this c.isp, most of the alluvial onii colluvial motoriril has beenbroncht down from tho overlyin,7 Eauorpment and aPporitod in i varyinr dorroo of assort-ment. The undorlyin6 floor of thc U-eta tirito , onmposod of hard Encnno limertone,1.1,is hum poverod to i:roater or !ooser oKt,int by Terra lio-ft,o matnrial, caloareousfra,,Trounts, nodule: ana particles derive] from (a,etalogically more youthful limestonesoccurtug on tho Main Escaromont, toothoP with a lare lercentt,re of Aeolian sandymaterial ana calcareous dust derived from tho southorn desert.
Two main sources of parent natori,41 hove c,cntributiad to the Cyrenaican soils,namely marine sedimento and wind trJasported /oecs havinc tic-ir origin inthe deserts t A lie to the south of tho Jobal Al Akhdar.
1. Soil P 'iptions of - Important Soils
Deep,Readish Hrown Veditorra (Order Alfisol, Sub Order Ustalf,Great Croup Rhodw:talf .
The most important soils from the '1,7.iedltoral point nf view occupy a narrowstrip, total)in,, approximately tiff ha., loc,ttpa immediately inlina of the on'e,tallimertone hilis, They are thn only- so Lb offerins any rigntricant a,a;rioulturalpotential within thu. area sitrv.Pyod, Their worth 1:3 known to tho local farmers andalmoot the entire aroa of these soils ir under cdltivotion ot the preoost time.They hove probably been almost ocorttinuouoly nultivated for centuries.
The most striking characteristics of Toorj Moditorrannan Soisin the Al Hania areiare as follows:
Considerable depth - usually in excess of 2 m.
Alme:J uniform colouratiou thi'uLphcirrit the prefilb - reddish-brown when dryand dark roddish-brown when moist a . ctable purplish tirea,o to thiscelouration may reflect oontnrien of Imitan influenne on those soils
2.
Littio Iront
tton or land cla:Ifles wao bax,-.,Ck on criteria .Ar;cordinn the ITF.0Jifiod oonJiJ.aorls for fulImItd.
i 1 r that ,,:xist in im i1 t
Linndr th,,.t are uitablo for irri7-1-tod farming sapahlo f ro-ducarp; sustainc.d qatively high 71,..1,1s of a of eLim-rti,,Illy
adasted crops at n-as,roable. Thoy aro Rroc-0 watq -entloThr rloiln are jc,,o ard of medium to faarly farr, text'ire with mollow, o 'onptrw,tnro 111.014n,7 oa:v ;,,,notion of roto, aar riti water inod' ,va)lbie moiture cav,,city. Th00 soil: frra
-umulaton of soluble salta or can be verajr,od.roll trd topor7raar conditions are such ti-u,t no :;!.)pifio r,-quirmcnts aro autarinated, minimum cro,,ion r,,sult Cron irri,ti.)nanr1 I nd devolonmont can be accomplishod ;c't. Th-2- !ondsuotontia117 h,ive a relttively high paymr_nt cmitcaty.
s comprises lar.Th of mr-lorat fnj' .01-;; Jinn rxiollw,asurably lowor than Class i ir produtivo ,Thar-11,H .),1111,01 tea
it ruarrouor rammpa or crops, more ey.).,rivr, t, pr, 1/0 rt,r i rrir,
or i:iorn ce:;tly to farm. They ire not te;,Jrabl,, (or nr hush 4L:h
as lInds of Cla.lz; 1 bocauso or cortitu ceaTootablo or noorrootibiFThe,) may have a lower av.,110.10 -v
by coarco texturf or limited soil clorth; tho- (-911.3,
p,,rmeablo to water because of clay la,-rrs or oerw-.-tiou 1N subtloil; orthoy also mm',- be moderately saline whirl.) r' my Limit !Jroductivit:J el' Juvoiv,
%to cort:: for 1.1.)ohinc;'. Toporrl',hic infAude unew.,uulrinr: moderate costs for lovolliny, oh ir slopn rf,luarin
or rano, or steeper mi opon nesoratl.tin,7 'mar'' aud (_:roaL,:r1
ric7ato nnd ,)revont erosion. F.'rn b, rr oaret -t
rodoi a lo c''': t, or loo' ìi rock ir w °nay vi t ),1 h ,7,p, to fr.' r0;;Iclyrronl Lito :lorf rr,. Any or-1P tilo limit r t, m'rita r1 tv:0,
the 1,,nd;1 from f'] ''as 1 to Cla.is 2, but fro,111,,nt17; a comhan,-ivon of Lw, or
moro or them at, operatin-. The C] oto,' 2 I:olJzi lutormod
12
'airly clayey toy u. on usual ''rom loam to light clay.ral (421,11.
devolopod rtrunturn with 1t-7f, nd vry larr:n ar.'7ialar },locicy:)riumatac :11.1w,d .vtruetural uniir cloo, to Op' mtrCreo. fn Iros
1.,vo not heen r000ntly nultivatd »Iloy l_strural unitu parallelirr:too ::oveloped.
A C)'.4 roH. 20 cm structur 'rhrn Rhiny surficos ,iun totb. ro.;onc, ,f illuvanl al ay ( TIT,). The,- rol .t:; falrrw' -1, -,r1,1
to ir ttohy thn vertical faons or ,Itru,,iirm on10: (..11,,m01,y in 0,1
u'. of ,, ,rofiln. but ,are often woll devfdopod Ind ,ortiuuùuc onh%,rjontal foco At de)thr7. or alwut 1 m. an,1 below, romo ;1111-ky fr,ces(7,;nd by the ivil mov,mont of 04cont structatril uniu, :111clnusidos
.,1 be obGnrved in some profiles.
(c
i. n' tli.(. arc quitl ror dovelhmont, hit are aPprosoTinirrI uli,flp and are distinotly ret,trioted quitabality
m-a-0 0.ctreme dericionolos in tho sell, topograPhie, or drainage,)r,oribed for ,l1, 1n Thoy may have have good
t000,,r hul ef inferior solls have reetricted crop adatability,fel,itr, larger amounts of irrig lion w,Itur Cr special irrigation 1,rActices,and ,lohl,u,1 fortiliaalch oi- more intensive s, imcrovorm it :r-rtices,mho,/ 01,y unovan topograehy, moderato to hi0h concentration of °alines6r rratliat walloectihin to correction, but only At relitively1,gh ,:;retter nay be inv)lved in farming Class 3 lAndalhan bettor cla-,sow nL 14v0 but under pro,aer management they Are
( E,NC t ;41-1, r() LVO IT4 i» ,'i; rin i in i ty.
. Limited Arable of
OJJ after ï '.'cia1 economic P.ni engineeringa.ble. They m hive an excessive, ;:yJcifio
-1.r?,'+ebey ir mloceotible -rr oarrection at cost, but ire
rer ,1 ton beo:-,up of exietinT7 or coste/mlited intorrive,Plch roc vP!-etablo,f 0116 rralte; or, 1h ny h)ve om? or ::alrer,s-tooetthlo deficioncios thereby limiting their utiiity to
',)M,OXF.), orchard, er other relifavely perrament erops, ci t..r»'. capable
or elle,ort,H):: t firm rmily and inetin,.; watir if operle.a In Imitsof od,Taae ictc or in witli better lands. Thom r, bo dr .ka,',71% e (c,esrtive salt cos t011t I Or 11'1 ng
naCavanrablo posi t inn ,t11.01,111: p01:10d1C flONlinr: or in 4
d, ' L, t' i' brIc i n ii rm?inl vi' ry difficult, rrnig,h iti-11 -; ofos..) on the ,,,urf-'re. Or in tiro plpe,r-h 'zone, or col:
1,1 olior, TTe my,itude of lhe correctible deficiency is suffisi-fpurG out) u;, ti olaif,1 fur liad development )(1 exceso of the er!sable"O T' aq-tei but in amounts shown to be foasiblo beoam-a) of t'.) ri o
0.1.111, anti-JvIted. Suh-elaroos ether than those devoted to . 1-cial cropano may incl,ded in thie claro such ro those for sub-irri:itioh,,finkler irtig,tti;-)n which meet general arability ro ;iromant. rec
' 10 jal,r1 I are suburban lindo which clo not meet (_:en..,r,A, arability,ment,;. aueh lands oan p-ly water oo'a rer.ult of incomeI either from the suburban lind and oth:::r, rourcos or from other
Cl As 4 lands may have a range in payment capacityt1,7-17, for the associated arable lauds.
:1
- 13-
s are non-arable under existing con:titions, but live po-tena VJUQ sufficient to warrant tentative segregtten for special otudyprie o completion of the classification, or they are lands in exirting
o -; of which the arability is dependent upon additional schedule0 pro-Lruction or land in:rovements. They may have a specific soil de-
AS excessiv.,:. 'z:Jinity, very uneven topography, inadequate drai-, °-:live rock or ,:over. In the first instance, the de-
;_ciency "iciencies of the 1%nd are of such nature and magnitude thats)ocial a,gronomic:, economic or -:ineoring studies are required to provideadeluate informition, sueh as ' :tort and location of f2rm and project drains,or -robabLi payment capacity 111..lor anticipated land use, in order tocorylete the classification of t1;e L.nds. The des _htion of Clase 5 istenttive 'n't must be changed to the proper arable clase or Clase 6, priorto comr,-,le,t).on of tire, land classification. In the second instance, the effect
- 14 -
of tho 0,Wicimicy ov the outlay uecoaeury for imerovemeet is known, but thelandA tre mute, ndod from an arable it ou uetil echeduled date of com-pletion of projeA feellitioe ied ;;And dev-loement eech an projscL -)5:1 farmdrains. In all inetteeee, (a Ase 5 landH aro hecroeited only when Lhe con-ditione exieting in the reil roquire cenJideretiee of edcli landsfo com-petent apdrtisol of the nroject poseibilitiee, ouch as ahen an abuatiantsuoely of water or chertage or hitter 1 Aide or when problems relatedto Ilna develooment, reSahrlitetion rind roilettlemont aro involved.
r considered non-arable under the existi gr 0j,' .irojec c ,ue.0 of failure to meet the minimtiun re-
other cielece of lend, areblc Aeeae der.leitely not euo-Ivory of irrietlion oefer oe te eresielen of projdot drainage,
and 4 . Wien tho extent oe rue', Lands er the det,til of the :arti-cular i liver Li eo i ion don t; riot iierren t the ir eogree Ati or. . CiLms 6 f tedland in th water rte;htf, t, tICC,t1r1rl: in the ,i laseirieetti on will be ,etteiand d Wr 1.,'11 A ted Cl ts,' 6 'or, GC) norrill.v , Claire 6 setnerii,ee; stety, , iiroken,0)" beilly eroded laude; 1 midi.: with sells or very coarse or fine torture, orshallow soils ovor grave], sha le, sand,6tnno, or liirdpan, a rl i eiV that haveinAaoquatn dreinage and high oencentraLione of soluble salte or twd.jujn.Jrix I uni nnq the pneition sub-clleees, tino Claus 6 lanai, do not warrant conei-derotlon for irrigatton.
Ti .ement es
The res pite of the deteiled evil eurvoy's aad land cijiability purveys of thePilot Area indicete thlt only compArativoly email erEnu, of Clius 1 and 2lAnd aro ovailAhle for ae7rieultuee. For example, at AI Hanle., of the11 eq.km Jurveyed within the relected nrea only about 176 ha. f Class 1land is aviilAble. Convereely, there are very largo arodF, of rocy, steepland which nro unsuitabln for arable agrioulturc Oenerally E,peeeLeg, muchor tho Yllot Aria i n, in fact, covi?red 1),!,- thin :toile overlying verious typesof limeetono and much of the land is otneely sloring.
!orem ' view of settlement, hy fnr tino bont within thePilot Are iei Al Use ta. or ri total of 13,162 ha, of ijL srveyed in detailthere ore over 1,3o0 ha. of ,",l lee I land and over 1,100 of Class 2. However,thero are largo treas of reekw Clase 4 lind in °toe@ proximity and theirregular pattern in which the better cl-rones or land are distributed rendersthe plannine ef a eettl-eont within this area .r complicated problem. Althoughcomearati,,ely Teree areee of Almost flat Claes 1 deep soils occur, thei in" t:i nr taotne is, os se of-en the ease in Libya, the scarcity of adequatetler Certilely at the ieeeeet there :H no possibility of any
irrigition from underground supplics and it eeeme lacely that in the futuroproseecte fnr undoreironnd supplies ace likeLse vcy curtailed. Therefore,the only real hope for irrigating these comparatvely good classes of landlies in denalinieation on the coast and the piping of adequate supplies inlandto Al Useta for irrigation.
Al Hania, on the coast, is 7nry conveniently situated for desalinised watereneplies. Although th9 ar,,j1 of Class 1 and 2 land are in this region verylimited, the lack of sliffinien water of good quality must remain the most,rioss nroblem.
Prospeete any form of agriculture on the First Bench must be regarded asextremely poor as the land eapability surveys show that most of the land is
- 15 -
very rooky and almost devoid of soil cover. Such iuolated patches of Claeu 2land which do °sour cannot be regarded as offering much potential owing totheir small size.
Within CO9 Al Hania p.eceoeee eettlement area of the Pilot Area, there areconsiderInle prospects fee improving certain areae by anti-erosion devices.Much soil erosion has taken elaoe. If urgent stops were taken to control thepresent flooding from the wadis and strict soil conservation practicee edoetedover a wide area of this section of the Coeetal Plain, there is little deehtthat in time considerable areas of Class 2 and possibly Claus 3 land could
jed into higher categories. On the other hand, the proepects oC ueeredur7net coastal areas which are occupied by solonchaks muet be conuidered
veeey poor owing to drainage problems caused by their low lying positione.
Much coold be done to improve the present poor pasLn in the comparativelylarga C 3 which existe in coneideraNe parts of the PilotArea, a Uta and Umar Al Mukhtar. Anti-erosion devices,t.rc 0 1 igation of euitable areas from floodtere in the wedi.s, to., all offer chances of improving the existing si-
teallen. it canaot be stressed too strongly that erosion and neglect of muchef the lend throughout the Pilot Area has contributed greatly to the presenteeeromieine situation with regardeto land capability classes.
Reafforeetetion of the steeper rocky area and anti-erosion devices con-etruoted thin the watersheds could certainly alleviate many of the problemswhich at present can only be considered disastrous.
Most of the ave,i offeri potentially good prospects for agriculture andhence settlement in the 1U0,000 ha. of the Pilot Area are already beingexploited to ¡zreater or leeeer extent by some form of agriculture. The futuroprospects depend mainly on the improvement of existing methods and the employ-ment of modern farm techniques, rather than the opening up of large new areasof vdrgin larJ. Most of the best areas at present under cultivation or sub-
d to 2astoralism, have been exploited since pro-Roman times.evee in o. as Al Useta, which offers the best prospects for a settle-ment !c:.0. xisting soils seem to have been cultivated for severalthou n1 fears and subsequently allowed to suffer neglect and consequentserious erosion. Here, as in Al Hania, if anti-erosion measures could betaken e ently, a considerable improvement could be e.4. ected in the future,thoueh eonelOereble time must elapse before the damee.o would be repaired.The Teen eas eetedly pointed out the extensive erosion which has carriedaway t}e er horizons of Reddish Brown Mediterranean soils which occupysuch ].oï o oreas of the Coastal Plain and the Al Useta region. This alonehas raleeted many areas of Class 1 land into Class 2 land and oven Class 3,or equiv.Clent sub-classes.
Within the Umar Al Mukhtar region the steepness and rockiness of the land,together with its paucity of areas of flat deep soil offer poor prospeots forsettlement. In addition, the lack of water supplies for this region prohibitSany form of intensive irrigated agriculture on the small areas of Class 1 landwithin the valley bottoms when they do occur.
(h) Soil and Wind Erosion
Apart from the disastrous effect of wind erosion which 000urs throughoutCyrenaica, three types of water erosion can be recognised, mainly sheet, rilland gully. In the first of these, i.e. sheet, soil is removed moro or lessuniformly from the slepes. Unchecked, this often leads to rill erosion, i.e.
the formation of tiroinfall is ooncent1sTs rills. There see a
-see es;
- 16-
Anythi 7 which will increase the aboorbitive capacity of the soilsuch a- enrraeo tillege, or inoreaned organic matter, will leseen run-off, Mulching and tic" nature of the °reps are also very imeertnt.
Methods ereventing this erosion include thn use of fe s s anduenure which in themoelyes improve the structu un and t t .1. and,ermehdlity of the soil led may do e - ' to de he rele-aNnt oreeion whioh is ec.:ring in all the
oel moaeuroe such oe costour p1oeghin7 and tillege e4Sich areveey fectivn petsode of controlling water erosios on noils.Peafforestatione of the steeper slopes, i.e. certeinly theee ever 300,is essential for controtling eevere seil loss on 1.il0r, hillsidee.
The .ron windn which are freluent in coastal areas have resultedtranesertation of soil particles. Wind y esie.e. effects inly affected
'lid velocity, thn surf-cc' soil mei- o ceedition in I soil charecte-cieelsrly importent). Wind erosion
Urlsortunately wuch of the surfaceooth , very dry for most of the
-, e.g. Chibli, erosion can
Apart from the factors mentioned shove, i.e. rourt surface, soil moieturoand eheracterietics of tsxture and structure, various structural devices canbe employed to control wind erosion. Uherever possible vegetativo covershould he escouriged. Any form of vegetative sever is better than none.Shifting eand dunes on the sea ocast can be controlled by salt resistantgrLsr,es. 4indbroaks of trees of suitsble species, such as accacia or evencactus, ehould be planted, particularly in the directions from which pre-vailirs ere known to come and at right angles.
Permenent pastures on eome of the les steep slOpes is an effective method oforevonting erosion. Contour ferrowing at intervals might be advisable toprevent eoil losser, Terracing, wherever possible, constructed across theslope, should be carried out to encourage the build-up of soil. Theseterraces leve the effoct of encouraging the rain water to soak in ratherMon waeh awso ton soil. Msny of the Roman terraces now in a ruinous statenìco,i,ii,,,n,ir,,rl ijt,hcut further delay to eave what soil exists. One un-rerteneto selsiee ha): leen the destruction of the stone walls by local in-habitente whe eoll tico etones to contractors for building. This practiceshould be erosgly discouraged law.
In the esinah Al Kuwayfiyah crea outside the Pilot Area during the heavyrsine tico reddinh-brown water carriee largo quantities of potentially fertilematoriele unehecked into the sea. Comssratively simple control measurescould save a great deal of this. Even come semi-permanent measures, such ascheek-dams, concreted channels and diversion ditches would be very effective.
sed Whele the volume ofLed whice are, in effect,7- of decreasing loueeo due
. ) arst structure beinE.-where the oui-fose is
the iin ef Csreseeie ie
ar. Thero time e ef high vereset/ c')uu proportions.
F.
ttlt tttytt
t'tr ('
; , s o
, ,
t.)n !t!). (Ott
more, ",frl t hi r t."1-1`t'ITt
p0 r t rict tt
tO1 WI t ti
ttititt 1'1 t'rt"1.1tri !,'1' ttl;Itttt ilitt, tn.`, -t 'TO: 1-11., V "T TttO tit! r ttiut t,t t ydttt
Zone III,
Zone IV.
Zone V.
urt. 'IV -,-,A,,,,11,1 1r -!,t1," I 1",`
OOP» I !
'(01 t, '
t' ;;;' I r -Hr/
1":1; t 11111V Ai 1.7C),:. ;lITN1 !-to..1.` I lt o
;..-317 0,10'4 ,.qt, `1.1 '11147 Vt`t,'.h/"01-'1 t111,01^, t's 1
A t i'rf', l tTi'l ""t", or-, i ', ;',, -1.,, Z 01 t,, t1.,,+ .0 ,i t`cW ,..
1 ', roolt ,,,,,,1 ,"7,1',' T t Y I ,tt i't,;',1, - t L',1,,I otttt, t, ttit, )ti, !Ot".1t.'1; t t 1' i t, t; tt
cl''tit"o 1 il ! l'T t ,i'r-',.C',''' r/TI./ 't'', 'it T'll i,'! rttt Lott.; ,tu ttt'''`I,t't to '', -r, r) ," ¡ t" ,k 't''' tst, I , tt
tttrit; f ,i, nu j ,-, ,,,y- h t, ,,,,,, T,1,,, , ,,-,,,,,,, ,, ,-;,,, I I, , v CI I ''t1;1 ,,I It r,, t
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18
Zone V represents semi-desert in which only nomadic agriculture can be practised. Thisregion lies South of and parallel to the First Escarpment of the Jebal. The general reliefis hilly with, more or less, gentle slopes. The semi-desert is a region of permanent grazingand provides grazing for sheep, goats, and some other animals. Some shifting cultivation ofbarley is done in wadis.
In order to obtain a more detailed picture of various conditions related to waterutilization, Zones III and IV have been divided into Northern and Southern sections, theSecond Escarpment of the Jebal Al Akhdar being the line of division.
Agricultural Zon
In the Coastal Plain a limited amount of ground water is available for irrigation.Water is drawn from shallow Greco-Roman wells and boreholes sunk in recent years. Due tothe proximity of the Mediterranean Sea and the low elevation of the ground water level,the potential danger in exploiting these ground water sources consists of salt water intrusion.A detailed ground water survey is needed in order to determine how much water may safely bewithdrawn. In the meantime, efforts should be directed towards a better utilization of thewater presently withdrawn by improving the cultural practices on the irrigated farms.
The potentially irrigable land represents a narrow belt confined between the consoli-dated coastal dunes and the First Escarpment of the Jebal Al Akhdar in the Pilot Area. Thesoil of this land consists of a man-induced alluvial deposit, built up behind a seriesof large dykes originating from the Greco-Roman era. These dykes had the purpose of slowingdown run-off carried by wadis, which drain mainly the First Bench of the Jebal Al Akhdar,thus allowing sedimentation of eroded Mediterranean soil. As a result, soil has been builtup to a depth of several metres in some places. In the course of time, sections of thedykes have broken down and deep gully erosion has cut into this valuable land. Repair of thedykes and chdlinelling of wadi cutlets sre required in order to prevent further destructionand gradually improve the land. The dense brush cover existing along the First Escarpmentmust be maintained as a protective belt preventing small run-off streams between the wadisfrom entering the potentially irrigable land. The land, being flat, does not pose in itselfa water and soil conservation problem. In this Zone, the main problem in erosion control
itl;controlling flood water originating outside the Zone.
Agricultural Zone- II and IV (North)
These two Zones and the Northern portion of Zone II from the First Bench of te JebalAl Akhdar situated between the First and the Second Escarpment and covering 315 km Thisregion consists mostly of lithosols on hilly topography, dissected by a great many2wadibranches feeding into 9 major wadis, each draining a watershed area of about 35 km Afairly dense vegetative cover consisting mainly of wild pis taccio and juniperus interspersedwith wild olive and srub trees is evenly spread over the region.
About 2,600 hectares are cleared and under cultivation. This land consists of smallunits built up behind terrace walls where the land is comparatively flat or behind dftesin flat, wide, wadi sections. As a result of gradual deterioration of these structures,part of the soil has been eroded. Water and soil conservation consists largely of rebuildingthe old protective structures. This could be done by the farmer on a self-help basis, asinitiated by the Libyan-American Joint Service Programme. Subsidy by the Government of acertain amount of money per linear metre of dykes and terraces rebuilt would act as anincentive. Technical assistance to the farmers should be provided by the Government. Majorstructures could be built by N.A.S.A. It should be pointed out that a rehabilitation ofdykes and terraces is the logical approach to water and soil conservation, because thelocal topography has been formed by depositing soil behind these structures.
-
In order to increase moisture storage in the soil of the arable land, the surfaceretention and infiltration rate should be increased by breaking up the hard soil surface
- 19 -
before the rainy season starts. This can be done through ploeghing or by means of a springtooth harrow. But, most important, any cultivation should be done along the contours and neverup and down the slope,
nP17n space between the natural vegetation oecup! T I providts pesture forgoats alj cows and to a minor degree, for sheep. As er t ehronic over-grazing, forageplante are scarce and, at the end of the dry season, the Aurface is bare and covereelwith a layer of loose powdery soil. These bare areas, also compacted to a certain degree,have a very low surface retention and infiltration rate, and consequently run-off is heavy.This lecalised run-off normally does not go far. It accumulates in small depressions ordisappears on its course under the vegetation where soil etructure and infiltration aregood. Due to the Karstic nature of this limestone country, surface water rapidly disappearsinto the ground. Under the peevailing raineall eonditions, only an insienificant amountof water ever reaehes the sea. Storms eausing significant rue-off and erosion occur, onlyonce, or less, in 20 years. This fact alone, not to mention geological conditions, conara-diets the often heard idea that water eereeeeeeen by surface storege behind dams isfeasible in the Jebal Al Akhdar. Nevertheless, a ma,or position of rainfall is lost toagriculture every year through local, unspectacular run-off from potential grezing land.This situation con be improvaa only through controlled paeturine, which in turn would resultin the development of a bettor eoil structure with better water intake and storage properties.Under controlled grazing, brush could be cleered to some extent in orler to enlarge thegraeing area. Bute under no cireumetanees, ehould brush cleering tare place withoutstrictly controlled grassing, otherwise ia2rioue erosion problem; will result, which areprevented at preeeet by the natural brueh vegevetion, In the light of communal ownershipof the grazing lana, such me sures are difficult to execute. However the First Bench of theJebel Al Akhdar is that region of the Pilot Area which will Jena itself moet easily forcontrolled grezing, since it can be regarded as a closed arca from the point of view oflivestoek movement. That is to soy, no migration into or out of this area takes place.A proeremme of controlled grazing could be executed, in that eaeh owner of livestock wouldfence a few hectares of eeitable pasture land and improve it by reseeding it with N.A.S.A.help. Gradually, more brush land could be converted into pasture land. In time, a generalbalance between grazing resources and number of livestock could be established which wouldensure the livestock owner a steadier income by reducing the present severe losses ofanimals following seasons of low reinfall.
tram the paint of view of water and soil conservation, that portion of eone II situatedbeaseee the Second Escarpment and Wadi Al Kul mAy be regarded as a unit. Ae far as soil andwater conservation is concerned, areas outside the area between the Second Escarpment andWadi Al Luis may be regarded as lone III.
In spite of the fact that sell is highest in Zone, II, water and soil conservationposes the least preblem in compeeieon with the rest of the lot Area. Topographic and soilconditions are responsible for this favourable situation. aphy is generally smoothand gently undulating. Steep breaks occur only at the - Wadi Al Kuf and the SecondEscarpment. The soils, Rendzina and Brown Forest soils, e, An excellent structure ofgreat stability which ref,;ists erosion and facilatates infiltration. Areas consisting oflithosols are covered by natural vegetation. Under the prevailing rainfall conditions, run-off and erosion are insignificant, which is reflected in the smooth physiographic featuresof this area as compared with the rough, dissected appearance of the landscape of thePilot Area as a whole. The comparatively large portion of arable land consisting notonly of alluvial, but also of autochthonous soils, is a further indication of relativelystable conditions as far as erosion is concerned.
Water and soil conservation measures are mainly confined to contour cultivation andto breaking up the arable land before the beginning of the rainy season. Dykes and terracesexisting on steep slopes have to be rebuilt. Orchards and vineyards underlain by soft,marly limestone at ehallow depth may be subsoiled between rows of plants to a depth ofabout 80 cm. This will break up the soft limestone, thus allowing a better root penetration
- 20 -
-7t7 r.,\11";7;r k,kt tmk tj,'et,ottttr SOi i Ill0.0itUrf per unit ofo; i 1,,,,ntstse plant qiuwth during
i al a *, Ot, tri tie rai nv winter season.t' ',1 't zobi LAS the quality of storing
u.ussis to" is ott,)1` t t t i t ti \!P,''5,..it`Oti t n t he lidiasai,--p,styda arra
i ¡oft: marl y limestoneut 'i, ,ttOt' Ì 4,0 t /e..:tt/ tlor.r. extensively in
,.1, "V t')1` t'\( \''t r, 1.7.f trititik line of' :Ile Dabussiati' s is:so , s Y-0' e9lt the job
0,0.1
(0')
Lky , Or .1 ,aSSr 1 (tti1dr to those` ofI ,,;1 ; ;ha'. I *04' ,Arrible hist her in the
liii ho.(1,
,0 Ns ous s ,s Prot, i.),ose in the ,lebal Al(»; `tt ' \to t,t /tt ,.,1 \ S, t K trtpogr1)Yry
, 7,17, J , ; co whir.ii are covered by"s.; ILS t, ,tt` ") AU), /I .0, ''u '1,"k.1:14.11'.,; 1.11fIiirtice.. Towards
1" ,' , " r'rto' t tt an,i the relief becomes
-cot S, tri,,ttinttng into the desert.
t o t, S t f ",,y(17.1%. ...tor .1 r k7i 1,,erkleen 15(1 and '700 mm.
e'i S. )1 t, s's , loir-,,is4` when oe short duration
tt;t ,s tS It, S , 01.1 S.! C,s-' Wtbi i. bu t tom'''. Heavy
riu ot s\t",. lit'. tons In the South where it
., re(tte!rt run-of 1 corifined to
1h, h , tie 1 ),¡t \t-1Z1 Ire, An area suatable forliss, ,ti t, k,ttd.' t 7.,k r tutti 't r' the tapper region of
t\, t 2,000 hectares.
"1., s, s.H` \`t V°, .. t! r thas arta had heen
k ). tt \\ ti'\:(1,',Si. 'trr rot ttlr ,z.rsr;o1 k.( r:coco-koman ocsciapation. 'Etas'yt' ttt 17 i "1"0" t I t ,,`," !,r) For tr Ares of dykes
atri ''t i'' S i. ", s t ,
;1"4 ' ' /' 1",1 ',°r",1; CV' "r, 11 ,Aryub1.1 e$,$) y is responsible fortr" is.'" it t O' i"/ 7..hi fraZti,ri,-; t errititry. I ntroducing
It^ I C'Vt`r1 ltlt,k", the !e.1)111 Al Akiidar itself. In thet 07 ,t-"t' .toiouiit kr140 litt' t u twio9 19 s livestock, whereas in
tts." rti oct-to,tylot,l 1.1 Cevtain orit.) t.hr main beneficiary, notool thr , 00 k,; I l,) ,`1,. ,-trs-t,i)ng lane.
sino Patte
14) i'inst hi tI10, tt t u t u sd%10,1i Isurl y katted s,t) a prim) t aye stry fanning syst em in
solu.s,h n-s.tiss,ts tort t rr, 71,N, mantirrk. are, 'added to the soil., ;enerally speaking, the
st 't oil (-Tors c,rokiit 7k1 i.rmto'nt vt thin the Pilot Area are the winter cereals, wheat
11'1 ti u'lov, or. Orr' r.,rront-7 metirods and the. mi nOr crops,- such as peas, beans, chic:k
And )--tr'oo, siut:10Thlkl Otl; C011 c urr,tst potatogr- Of the tree crops, olives,
tatoo,i,s, , Apr) es , t , kolth some are of importance. Vineprosto,- I ion tt,ass-i'i cis tf.o. Ma r s<47z tot ea, int t late,' Sshs, i ta a larPuii of' ma lor importance,.
21
tither minor crot)s ot tiA,k Coo" ,1 Area a ,bagesi egg P nips ,gar I r, caul t J over , NA ter ffl'trt rr foimpi(
The area trod r. the r kt. l`q trr4,1 ,r`' ry'r I ,,,,t1( A r ,).(
t'i ah lie,' within the t r, ,01° )C (iAfJ/4690 per;:ent Jra A) r4u) h Car re172201 , 1,0,; v Z,tZZ k-r",71t
of thet to ta re ,A 7,1112; cda t v,ut ti , ,7,2.7r
cropped 041' r 'NO ,A>V":'
are,71 unir î't is p,rry'cr-V, ,,r s."
or th," Er *0 r ,L4 of r 4 0' Cv°1. rrr, t ,\ r°,`.11Y
Artri , {:^e^,4 crs'pl.N;pe",- H. , .
tir 1r1' vh0 I r c' itt. 1'; t 'Pe ' 1 1N.11.0. ° I rrr r0 rr
Oir ek. ) ry,4 A k ,,1 40,
The VPNIA,
gr at fl vi e-1,1 1,7 , 10) , (/ 010 `r, ,rr ' " ' pt P^R` Np t' .P.P P.^ kPe°'.,,ee,`^..1,1
fro() 917 n (-.4 I P/hi...C,.retrr. n p'? l'q h 1 ,r,
t YPrt 4'
':ht, 02 I. P Pp w "Dior, pi-72 t.rr,41)e, ,10`. , ' rr,o "0has ,000 1.'..'01) k"v^', r"r',": ' tt' 'tpeak7nes,, 1°1 41,r , :71 =» rr, rrsr
i )1.'1 r.;',1 o f t r' t ti ° 4 h ,'L;th yoy (It'Or,nr Ct"A; -4 r.o.! rr,r` 111V1PHP", 1, pp t."A", rppepo
fA TT' NOP, .
(b) Grazing and cock
erip t Coq-'1k. j
Are ,:73:/fIed te.yiir7!1"1 f.r< or' , , ,
ti4 to 741) impor in+ 0.t k "Le y'PrrY r" o , mso e
(1.ft , .`1P P1'1.4 ' At`rol 1e 1s71g<7,4t ,41 are Tr t40170Y`t" r+)11 ," /.10 r' 't r' 'C
1.11-t.ta re:.` rtl rt" Op? Jr, 11,, , ".":-` rr, "ri` r tttirr,2 (Zr 1r1/^.; E'L00 ' '! r` !.,c1"C,
ve°^..1.f),- F;4rrr % Pe p.^ r ert, ppip
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"T'd LY1e4 o 100 Oil. 07- ,,Cr P tt rt5t rZ, r.'r.r rr r' "y' '5Z,0 Nt e
The t'o,rest 'it s v't ,!4." nO,P1 ^
auit 0A:rub, t t ri tut ,,t 22)-772 rf .r!'ot'twen akVidh. r'r04)1 ,, ir,) 1, .vcs ;;,, , ,s r r.rr ". r, ,rrr
Yores r,ryi Popartmerir r..°441a rt`ci'"ortflAr:. 4, .,rrrh°-' rr or".
anJ titl s i,7ovor,^1 *)1 b,) e;p1;," ;1
Ch a rCr)+4 trigi iEr0
-22-
G. 1E"; A '1H) eale ANe
Cn' o mrì concerns of the lean was the study of the system of Land Registrationin Libva in general and in the Mot Arra in particular, and its effects on Land SettlementSchemee. A comprehensive study was nade of the system of Land Registration in Libyacovering te,oict law of leeel and the new Lew issued on 28 September 1965 which is presentlyin force.
According to Iaw No 4 of ' concerning the establishment of the National AgriculturalSettlement Authority in Libya, the novernment adopted the policy of the distribution of theex-Ente fame to settlers on A complete ownership basie in arder to secure a stable andassured life for the selected eettlere and to protect them from any disputes with regardto their ownerehre whieh miv be reised by others in the future.
The Settlement Authorite eperates on either etate Property or on Tribal Land. Withregard to the State property (erivate Cat- Law of Land Registration necessitatesthe registration of all State land in specie) Regieters 8e far, the Department of LandRegistration has been unable to register the tate property in the Eastern Governates dueto the lack of both legal and technical staff, and therefore all the ex-Ente Farms whichbecame Libyan State property in aeconlance with the Libyan Italian Agreement of 1956,are not yet reeistered in the nome of the Libyan Government, The Team strongly recommendsthe registration of these Farms in the name of the State.
Purthermore, a vast atea of land is tribal lane; where the Land Settlement Authorityis operating and where alre.eiy a few proposed 1.:,nd settlement prOects have been recommended.According to the Iew of Parid Registration, these tribal lands are owned, in common by thetribe members residing in the area accordine to the local customs and traditions withoutany vielation to the esieting Laws end Legislations. So Lar, no tribal land has beenregistered and it is rerommended that the Department of land Registration should imposethe System of Compulsory Registration for all tribal lands administered by the LandSettlement Authority, in order that all rights to these lends should be clarified whichwould facilitate the eion of settlers for all the Seeent schemes in the triballande.
Aerial Photography arl p.to x the Pilot Area
In eerly 1 when the Teem commenced its activities in Libya there was no detailedservey aval.labls ' Cyrenaica suitatde for all studies relating to the Pilot Area. Whatwae available wes e series or email seale maps suitable only for reconnaissance studiesand for military porpn>e7, and some other materials such as small scale aerial photographscovering <;cattej. arees The most recent series of these maps was prepared by theAmerican Army Map Service (A.M.S.) on scale 1:50,000. There was also an old series ofsmall scale maps prepared by 'Jae Italian and British Armies on scale 1:1000,000 and1:250,000 topographic series.
It was an importanttask of the Team to work out a plan for preparation of a detailedtopo-cadastral series of maps on large scale suitable for all studies required. Alltechnical and eeneral specifications were prepared and the work was granted to acontractor towards the end of 1964 and photography commenced at the end of November 1964.The whole work consisted of photographing the Jebal Al Akhdar from the South of Benghazito the East of Darnah, incluling the Pilot Area, with a series of photographs on scale
euitable for topographic mapping on scale 1:5,000. It was also required toestablish and monument networi:e of basic control, plan control, settlement points and
For detailed deecription of land registration system in Libya which is also appliedto the Pilo Area see "The System of Land Registration and its Relationship withLirsi Settlement in Libya" in this Volume of the Report.
_?3
loops of spirit levelling, each kind with a s pecified ar.ruracy. These controls were thebasis for map compilation and for future cadastral work, boundary disputes, and any otherdetailed map requirements. In September 1965 the first series of thele detailed maps wasprepared and used by the Team members as a basis for their study. The work was completedand final maps delivered at the end of 1966. Subnequently, detailed surveys ami maps weremade for Al Hania and Useta Settlement Areas.
2. Basic Maps and Cadastral Surveys in Al kania and o the Pilot A
(a) Al HAnia
The Project Area is a coastal strip of 8 ki1ome itt ength and 1.5 kilometres inwidth, with Al Hania village at mid-North of the strip. ial photographs were made onscale 1:5,000 in Jure 1966, for the preparation of detaitopo-cadastral maps onscale 1:2,500 with one metre contour interval by photogrammetric means. These maps werethe bases of all studies.
The study of Al Hania was carried out by the collection and recording on aquestionnaire all data relating to the tribal structure, farm boundaries, farm size,documents or deed of ownership, exploitation pattern, etc. Then, a group of field surveyorsdelineated all agricultural plots on the large scale maps with the help of local Mudirsand the farmers concerned. The analysis of the questionnaires showed the following:
Tribe No. of Farms occupiedby tribe members
Idarsa 49Alwana 3
Barasa 1
Zawia Al Sanusia 1
The Al Hania area is dominated by Idarsa tribe, ore of the main tribes in NorthernCyrenaica. Three tribe members belong to Alwana tribe - this iatter tribe is mostlyassociated with Idarsa and Barasa tribes. One farm belongs to the Barasa tribe, one ofthe main tribes living in Bayda and Massah area. One farm is devoted to charity purposes(Zawia Al Sanusia). All farm occupants enjoy the right of usufruct while the titlebelongs to the State. Any change in the status of land is practised according to localcustoms and tradition. No Land Registration has, so far, operated in the area. The landin Al Hania area is Tribal Land. 32 percent cases of land purchase exist in the area.13 farmers out of 54 claim possession of more than one farm. 8 claim to have two farmseach. 3 claim to have 4 farms each.
All farm boundaries were first drawn on map scale 2,5CO in the field by a groupof Land Surveyors. These boundaries were transferred tn ar index map scale 1:12,500.All prominent details such as farm boundaries, roads, barracks, wells, sanias, traversepoints and bendimarks were shown on this index map. Tt size of each farm, in hectares',was measured exactly in the office, and a list with .t,A sizes of all farms within theproject area was prepared.
16 old dug wells exist in the area and 17 barracks are used as shelter and forstorage. 50 percent of the total area is under cultivation and the remainder is usedfor pasture, grazing land or forest.
2 percent of the total area is under permanent irrigation by the use of water fromthe 16 dug wells existing in the arca. These irrigated patches produce fruit and vegetablessuch as tomatoes, peppers, melons, grapes and figs. The remaining area is under dryfarming system and produces wheat, barley and grains.
I k.
tt\0.) 111,, , t IIt#
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6466
62
1
1
1
t ttt,stotie eto t,tit there. ,,,/ti aVa ;Jab' e
7'1.yc fdr 11 de!Afled(mall le map5,,
( P,Ttt- 11 Th. til k
,n./a//," Tfu. 1p or P/10 rArti 'rt th 1,1n trP t'7 nt tour i et crva v tr2.4
9r o(Itrol. , tv.ith
1///://e/C/rd i tic, Du a qtko/. itt Onna tre'tki. o 1,1,1 61.1.W tft.')C arrir,roti cr
r ,,,,,vToevor.,,; .0). or 1,..1,:7.1%) MO I t'Armers
A t" 1,1
j tqj
toe P,dy
tw/-t-,
(r,(1(,),)
i"ri be , crre, or the.
' y s`5, q proa., et,/,"///r1 1,, "0 /,;,/, -/vi
02.»,.,nt 4 tRql+ rt ("::pmris- I
doez
I)o Usetat
sur-vc.),:,i, du (Luc./(m.,/, of 4\1 hmntt
I ,. °' All, Land,0\0 It'. Hu7, r/1/7/1-/+////s./, Ph , Irte
IVA! t'0 41-1, to I'll., 1,4tocj drto t,itt
n.1,1 t'lltt,f,t7;t1, t7,4011,:',, i .,ktt,t, Atti 111"1q.1,,,,tt,
Ytt"tottiiu t k, n'tt,
)01, Lt",tt,; t-lt t,Tititt,"Yo
n u t ti- t'tt.: Ctr'
AA t!,41- I 'OA ! A ,,°..0dt+1 :k Arca ',Y., ply:, tl\e. 0.1t t )1'; t ; ttott t%.t.itttt't `'itt,Ott t t-t'IrCt 5,1. 04(.0;1, AX
!t ,t1 It" 0, 4,1+, ,t
' 0' Ì s';hnG¡An r r C b.,tpyor, "
, :0:
farms contain sania (irrigate'farms c'il,tltn r°7(4torkk,,
oercent(,1
q4
and 25 percent of the
rs010 CO3 0, I 0,1r 'for Y%ki 98 familiesp 016, ',4r1' I l,,1 t, he
'40,4 :CL t,.17:n44 rseleeted by:,111 Nor Ti) rerk Li¡c. -1i, 0+ or :k rargt1 resettlement
!armetoAdH 41to;16 r' "rrr H & tt OH A khdar and are'ir,o 'rrrA In ,y.POV!.4 ;rtkt: Bv01. And Al Qubbah.
II; tI ts s./caotnor C)2 house-
r tu;-rt tbr,H Aea, olr!ior, hoveringth!, MAA k, H:q1, AtA Ai Mokhtar. rho
-r1-1 ox-Erte e,r(;) to Ole "r ',",t "t.r,o0 ,:*c. the 1-,s*winning of 1965orn.!, Al M;zK.,,t,,f otO, Ytiof,ah, 'aayda, however,
wa,4 ?,,:rvoye6 Intr.r xo f....FoorH roop ro,A;wt.ton given for thisA.res, lotOV r 1A, "rtr4/ r S ra i't'rttrt Aa t4ore ,, I)Juoted by
e,-1 r ria i,tt t 'ru1:61Ni e,p,w.;(0
`"her5o-010.tous t'1. p,,,u),k,o1;re in Cyrenaica" (1966)(",,, I' i, : S ' ,
" ,0112/'4 0 1044 on ex-Ento Farms jr. theP/.1.,)t 4r.',,q In yreicria' ki.-;1 by L 3, flottlement Expert (FA.O.
H. OF THE TRIB. CTURE
(a)
- 26-
roTuli. ti on
' folowing talle gives the e3timates of population in the Pilot Area:
Tibie 5,
Hth Pooula he Pilot Area
The total number of males was 6621 against 6604 females, giving a sex ratic of
50.1 males against 4.8.9 females, or almost in equal proportions. The number of malesio in excess of females in all the Mudiriahs with the exception of Al Hania in whichwomen outnumber men.
AL!, and Occupational Composition
;le statistics of the distribution of the Pilot Area population by agelable but surveys suggest that about 62% of the rural population are)f age Rnd 38% under 10 years.
The rsults of the survey conducted in Al Hania (98 families) and in Umar Al
Mukhtar (85 families) revealed an age distribution as follows: only 29% of the
heads ''' families were below 50 ye,rs, whilst 72% were above 50 years. In Al Hanle,ofe )1e heads of families were under 50 years, whilst in Umar Al Mukhtar 42%
or ' 14re below 50 years. The detailed age distribution was as follows:
of the l'amily heads were in their 20s, 6% of family heads were in their 50's,15% of family were in their 40's.
The follwing table, indicates age distribution in Ex-Ente FJrms of the Pilot Area:
Mudiriah Area % Tot.11 Populationof mudirih Hooreholds Mal es Females Totaisituated in Total Pilot Total ilo . ,-. _iloi fo-i-R-I ' PilotPilot Area Mudir
fahArea Mudir
iahArea ludir-
iahArea Mudir-
iahArea
Al ni1 92% 338 304 838 754 957 861 1795 1615
V 1h 95% 960 912 2404 2284 2402 2282 4806 4566
B.ve. 42% 1086 434 2823 1129 2660 1064 5483 2193
um. 1 i};' ir 1269 952 3272 2454 3196 2397 6468 4851
:'YTAL 3653 2602 9337 6621 9215 6604 18552 13225_
ti ,r,10 r
; 111,."k
71 278
--e
, rion7t,t
,
t t tly-tt thath
- 2'7 -
Tehle
roett t t '
i o
ir f''tt tt, LttI; t'i°T 010 t`-
of' let;tIA r
60-Y yrki
. --
ttI ' I I Ufl
ti 0, or tbp Ittlp 1.1(m,t1 1,bp itbt tbop0bhtti p 0!" ,t1 °t'tht ;110
with fl ip tbs-tbc.b p." 1pc ppt 1, bpipn,o
The survey indicated that 45 peeeent of the men netweee the ages of 20 and 60 yearsare engaged in non-agricultural fields of stork - a signifieant finding, as 90 percent ofthese men have jobs in the Gevernment Service, Ptivate enterevAses are represented mainlyby merchants and labourers who constitute 6 percent of the non-agr cultural labour forceof the ex-Ente farmers.
(b) of Labour
The permanent agricultural labour in the Pilot Area is supplied by the farm familiesthemselves, whilst temporary labour is hired sometimes for harvesting and gathering Crops.The permanent labour comprises active and healthy male members who are mostly betweenthe Ages of 20 and 60 years and whe work on the farm. The average age of the fArmer isaround 50 years. About 40 pereent ef the farmers In the Pilot Area are working in non-farming jobs to aupplement their f income. Barda, the !,,n4 eapital city under constructionin the Pilot Area, has provided ample opportunitiee for non-farming jobs, and many part-time farmers' are working in Government departments in yarioua positions.
The results of the later survey in the seven es-ante settlements revealed the highaverage age of the settlers, which is 52 years; that about 20 percent of all settlers areolder than 60 and hard3y able to cooperate in the institution ef a settlement programme.The majority of these' farmers have aorta or male relatives who could, at a later stage,take over the farms and run them but 30 percent of them have no male reletiewhich should be taken into consideration when establishing the principleefarmers eligible for resettlement,
The emigrating members oí the families surveyed in Al aania and limar Al Miikhtartotalled 126, The majority (92,8 percent) migrated when over 15 years of age, and therest (7,2 percent) when under 15 years of age, 63,5 percent of this movement of youthto towns took place before 1960 and only 36.5 pereent aftev 1960. Most emigrants settledin cities where they secured a Government lob, joined the Army, or worked for an oilcompany. The survey at that time revealed that 84,9 percent of the emigrants were motivatedby having a job on one of these three institutions, Taking into account the high paypresently prevailine aad the availability of other chances of employment, it seemsunlikely thAt they would return ro Al Han:ta or (liner Al Mulch-tar. The proportion of these
28
emit4rants prr7^nt 140 lo f eluc4 ti oral Par '11 lea in ct ti MS Will MOSttel y if'rr.itil there 11.11 nt-(1.R1I' nr, 11-7,- rtttri t."4,-"ft-;egent t=.erviR.7tes..
The preset/ t ,fttit.e tF age ttur.:t. erp j r'rl'ert, employment unity on a lintitek:41 e Cener al 'I , the f-irmers i'vronalc j'neiter -471k, -aerri p1tttr1 tLv. ty to their
(-ln work mt't ti yt.dieney'r :If`t 4. It 12 ie the't fartm7. "t'f all Ihe men 131Ulls ts, ",,,t .1,1e lrtt'un, ,:?1,,,t,c.:<-.(tt r .
, oeroantat" 411 t:fx-I-I/t1-0 1,1 tvertt4 rtac Met 's'Ì t l'AMert% th thetove tt "rst,,si rtt/ qiès, s s' tanp 'v-' ''i g clue itct, he
1).,. oi 1.tows otrtrattrtt to t'Y'llst,), a trac/i3 yri'TA,v-,111,, 1.0t.m,et, ',CT', The t ot, ,t t, 'Laottc, oil. 'tie !Monition
slIts 1,..S/ C/2," tI tto,.'`,11`1 n 1 z rk the ex-1;In e7,01 rftin "i tt 1' 1,i tti t ot" ',4+P '.7°MPIr°Y
The 1 r 11( 1, ((' r f nrt M t C 11( IV ( r.( sd1..11 '1 't, t rut T(W.i] ;AC A f " ef.niv ,t1 ,t,IminMrat t,'rtt t''';, ern' ctrAn't It`tb';'
'h-j'C( (ifO PI ' i11'1 W'r1C1i 11. O. L IOC( PollO tjhec,tprrcr,o,-,,t 5.ro- ' arm An / 'C'rè ""Th,AS:ii," ott'al s,etur eat) or
tt.'t'i tt...mett, ttit.11 Ifm,o nizkettar are,t ,tès,',AV t In :it' è," Sri' t r41 e t ,t,r, ttt,tKt t, or,por tun S i es
r, 0 7 0, i ;51,,r k 0,, r e oC 1.9"C", re ",00-.'t 11°&,, y of all men10, In 01 I. Otillsi" t in more't go, (0 d 1.10cC 1.<, ' .!'! tarwe iihtnut
o h °tie r' fa fr-.09,) aftt t tit) ea, Oritc 1 , T.ell 1 ", 0 ,1( (11 , MOV r,' tJ1 re
1,1 5, tt, 10 t ke i 0,,,, i Apc! .1 V ,..J.!4 o ncrtmt 11.n j id ' j OV
.jonw k 1l .1. " tt1(.e V 11,1)1. ( R ( 111(0
' the famil ; Area
Itt Pft", t t t"-tt" vo- Crua 1ttirai Itua - farm suit, rt, tti4t'l tt'utt,vr'e eS t 'No ,t/to o', ; ,stotts9,,i t't S't 14tiok, "171,ant,./( 1.,frZ t"Sp",' " + +ttl." ''Xtt' i,, t''"
, 1;1, 0,t,';, .1 row) netrati ttt"., iut e,tt, tri Wctn t'))Fr ot"t ttAt. r
II, It I tI 0,1 f, rt, , cttt +If. t, 1t out, f tl.rmïn04-, ,1"`hq, eat..<we't, 't t'i' )1°. /i°O°"° I ,t rittit t t',' 51C ot,' Jobe
I w t ,t to" , 1, ,
'2'1° " 'P° ti 1.1 tp it° °°,°, P' P , °P,.° `1'°, r,p;1° '0, it".t, 100, ,4 OR,Od Vat
t + "',' '"t , 1', Y' 1
4 ,11 u , ''1)1 t t t' 1.1, t ,
, " 'ttk' 't+ `, `+"+ t,11' \'1 Y°' t
s t i' 't S, ;1° , S t tt ' sl, , ttt t,-t -et -3 P-me I tld"t 1`1,, tt5,tj ,,i,tt ",` ) , t ott of
'PY1 1," °
vtè ,t x ,,`19111ts , 1""Ott ; ,,tie S"Si,' t I's,' ,,`, s',1 too t, 1,trtp t
S rom, Ly 4 ut ti t°Clil "",',,t"'5 t" r Ht t. ! (,' ,r, t prOrkiC t I ;41
iit,tta,hfetqort t, , y°013P )\Y ° ht; fl fLito,i,:ts of higher, And ' ',Yoe r i OW,s " ""; 11'r,', i , r,11\,.fo Sri oat..h and SíjiiS .'ere in
tirff,'71 IA, ' 5"tql / (1 t\5ttí1,-."1/s "11,1,/ Yk ,tt 014, itgs°1 f10 tt"ir tunet !1)
on tho Pot--,,otoe t f 'oo ,-L1 ho twoen t,f ;O0 . Li t he t, i Kr4Rt col rx3 ) (4. r
rea ri,o to; ro ) 'ton, o t)-,
A e,,r,/ Eilt or)), te uwr'ind 1rIt0iturf,1 lor,towes, Itusurt y r",` p.A F7, t 3 klA (",1) (ti,' rzvqott and/hire ,-dr, -)ti` tit )o ,,r r",Tt. :10P PH ttq, ipupt, ,{ 4,3t: r: it,coselLk in -my tnru ni`t 1 (rL t k trI t in196,,/66 wrta horw.1 4t - ir 1-tnoRb, ,trooa, Rtio ht.tw'n - in t!Aromtlninp 0( o 1-tIot
o)') ,hwenc tea, WWKC,a o th ,o,t, tt,e rem
Lc ;')i) Lo ts,, tl. t !S t,"
M19"'11, )J- I 'LY1)i CELO. o e,-)tooe "t' t)te latlor l,,,trd of 0todit La the merrnahte.The./ not, t, oto.ree intere,- t, tot L i Oil boel, rvoi that, t bey 1,yolvily.) 'A OX00t4; 0:1A°,4 gok.t,.; Itoloa
VOTO 1-` t:,t/ I A` ',AI' tl"' rv),Iorcredit o the tkr,,tu'Irrtt: Bonk nf Teo Belk Idvioi,00 I /toeof trwt,,r,t, we'r-r ,,ther ,e.ri.'a!tural E o ho-ee, ohlrge,t per ontetmi if, war., r en*, 1 Il0',1"It. Ikt,.(3. the hiink
advinoe 7nteroot-frce ;01n,1 to oiitiv,t ',cC3 .-01tural 3i
2, Tribal Structure
tvt,w"t dirq,!.tvr. the h.ittlit,n in the Pilot ;roe ondetett,odhot t round ^N U".. t'i ...)e,11 ik` k 10,' ocon ioito j n the Itioo ItOVII
formeviy r7y per ,t r o )
TL.iovic in or thr, tribal o true luro :lit the g000 b,ck to tht,ear t y ,.,ri wnen A ritb M rh, 1 ems f rom the Aron t an ''or!il'1k! oonque rod Cy retie ir a. lnthe yos,- 105O) the telh,- of ilehl Setum, wrlot, or;gintlly OWYW from the Najd, movedwest we 0 7nd se t ttod lo Cy orno itt n (0J1AV qert: _eI NM was Abdo; in who maybe oohs ide rod Re OF, founder -f thr moe t hnpor toot ami the rti,rr't, numeroua triberi inCyrenaloaw When Ablin)11 two or hl loed, qnd Adiar, tnok ovil r theleadersh la from the i r Fol i owi r,g t!IA t to NI or hPrit the tri bee whichconquered (ty renni,1 'ir? I j[ 1 tolay in to two groupo t the J'nema tribe
Awng i r Abld, Ari fa t and the Hlrab t triode Oro F id 1 i Abel , Beressa) so-cal led e eter Herb , td,e grandw,n or Abd»11R, They a re, however, not named a f ter himbut R f ter SR' anti, b ie tauding
With the populRitoG g-rowth from gen,rttiou to geser-ttion, tt waa ileresesry tosplit the trihos into orth-61or unity, end t.n'AV rach group of 50 - 100 frinilicri isuncle r the Leadership of a She iikh. MOH!: l'r the names 0' the iite ribtiS 91'4 nemeof former triba I 'Redeye and look un et the t rl trot set -t.4, of one of the mejortri bes, 33103 irqi, beQk t he eumber lot gene ro ti one ur tn Abdul I a,
The tribal s trtioture of 0,k ronisioR did no t le vel op aye temq ti cal ly. , t3ome tribesgrev remitir than otbera; dome tribes rema ined t a4i-nant in number. This in thereason why oome nub -tri hes di vined into many ema 1 1 er uni te whereas °tilers d)a notino reise in number, It hee become t oustem riot, to rofer to tbe whole genealog ioalsub-,l Iviunions when speaktv Rbout o oerta,/n nub- tribe, bul, to group the tri hai.sec t ions into those ot' Lieeond'Ary order , which R rR cal lea Bel t, and into those oftertia ry order cal lea Ail at. Both terms not, however, describe a fixed genealogicalorder, bu t are Limed rR the r flexibly.
Besides the Sa'adi tribes referred to, there are also the so-oalled
it.
-30-
who URP the land ene water by graos of the Sa'edi tribes. The encestore of the majorityof the Morehitin tribes originelly carne from Algerie and Morocco and settled inCyreneice euring the 12th eentury; generelly on their return free the pilgrimage toMeocia. Receiver.) of their religious origin end their ebility to read and write, theCyrenaica fermers /Accepted them as holy men andused them to perform religious rites.In canes where two tribee quarrelled over the cenerehip of a piece of land, theyoften nettled the dispute by allotting the land to a Morabit and to his deecendants.Thie is why, today, one finds a etrip or iand helonging to a Morabitin trihe betweentwo Wadi tribes or eub-tribee.
There tS ecloond geoup of elient tribeR wo onee pnid e feo to triLes forprotection and tor the privilege of useeg their lend ene water. Sume eections ofthis type of clieet tribe, such ea tee were and geeena, bese ever, today en inferioreooial etefue.
Many of the eompeeenotle etueli. the Lribee Cerro-mien exerciee are originallypart or the exeoutive, legielelive end jeridioel powers of e State, The Adminestretiveinstitutione of the tribe eolve meat of !be tribal oneelicre. The mein administrativeinetitutions in the trii) are:
Counsellori each tribe bee u oouneellor weo acte eo interrediary between theGovernment Rnd the tribe. He inform/4 his tribe about all (tovernmental instructionsand transmite to the Government all the domarla, desiree and complaints of histribe. HP ee e member of most or the looal organesations Rnd committees. Atpresent, the couneellor is appointed by Royal Decree, an0 he receives s monthlytottery from the Governmeet,
Omdah (Mayor)s each or the Awportant *nib tribee electa an emdeb (Meyor). Theposition of Mayor ranks in Importanee righl efter the post of Counsellor. TheMayor hes to assiet the Golinsei)er ie hie eork, And represent hin croup before theGovernment eutheretiee,
Sheikhs: esch eub-division ot a tribe, e0P-ry 'Atilt' and each "Beit', has itsSheikh who is oonsieered the leadee of the group, The Sheikh ie seleoted by themembers of the tribe, ?Although Sheilehehip J8 hereeitary,in meet raw-lies, TheSheikh has eertain Rdminietretivp competenoen coneerning the people he represents.Re takee a leading part in eettling conflicte of hts people, and he plays animpertent role concerning poeseesion of lane. AR most of the tribal andindividual immoveble properte has not been regietered, the posseseor of land isusually required by the various Grerommental authorities (Minetetry of Agriculture,Agriculturel Bank etc.) to submit a certificate from his Sheikh, stating that theapplicant is tho possessor of a certain area. In accordanoe with the oldConstitution of Cyrenaica promulgated by the Royel Decree dated 1 June, 1919, eveeytribe has a 'Sheikh of Sheikh& and every sub-trthe has a Sheikh. The Sheikhn wereempowered to itoep and preterit the peace and order between thee]: groups and to actan local govereors,
d) Commettees establiehed tu settle tribal land eenflict. In accordance with Law No. 9of 1959, local committees were established to settle disputes noncerning tribalLands and wells in cases where rights on these lands and wells have not beenregistered en the Land RegiRtration Depertment. Tribesmen have the right toapply to the Committee for the solution of Rny confiiets. The Minietey of Interiormey pase any confllot to the Commtttees and requeet the two pertiee conoerned toeubmit their documents and to attend the meetings, The Committees are not obligadto follow the provisionsof the LihyRn Procedure Law. They fellow proceduresderived from the rules or equity and eomply with Local eustoms and habits. Anyone of the parties noneerned oan Appeal to epeciel Appeal Committeee presided
over by I rom the Court of Appeal- Committ-o m.mhers are chosen fromthe t.r'o, ro Innts of the Committees are ju1i7eR. Final resolutions of theCommitt,, ,Iro sent te departments concerned for rsKintration. However, ithas beRn (mponsible t. regieter thene resolutions, due to the absence of boundariesor mRps uf tribal prcIperty, For this reason the name dispute can arise again.
LAND TENURE SY;;TEM IN THE PILOT AREA
1. Gen oatures nd Tenure in the Pilot Area
A quentionnsi e WAS prepared concerning the type of property in Al Hania andAl Useta, i.9. tribal, privRte, State or Wakf property The questionnairecontained queetione concerning documente of ownernhip and relationship between thecultivator and the land.
Through these questionnaires the surveyors collected informu 54 settlersin Al Hania who possens 74 farms and from 95 settlere in Al Ueeta.
The following are the main featuree of the land tenure situation in the casesstudied in Al Hania and Al Useta:
In Al Hania, 33 of the farms are tribal property, 8 farmn are private propertywhere holders have documente of ownership, 12 farms are private property whereholders have no documents of ownership, and one farm is Zawaya property. InAl Useta, 17 farme are tribal property, 72 farms are private property whereholders have documents of ownership and 7 farms are private property whereholders have no documents of ownership.
No clear boundaries exist with regard to private farms where contracts of salehave been signed; boundaries are defined by outlining the adjacent land ornatural boundaries. Thie manner of demarcation is ineffective, because theboundaries of the neighbouring land are also not defined,
In the few cases where holders of farms have documents of ownership, thesedocumente are usually not registered. The documents collected in the courseof investigation, were written documents of sale signed by both vendor andpurchaser and by several witnesses, usually not less than eight. In thecontracts, the area is defined by ite name, without stating the actual size.There is only one vendor and one purchaser to the contraot, but a group ofpersons always takes part in the contract as witnesses, usually from therelativos, otating that they do not object to the sale. Such contracts led tomany conflicts about boundariee of land.
The holdere of land who have documents of ownership are usual].y from theMorabitin tribes who purchased the land from the free tribes. In Al Hanlesettlers from the Alawna tribe (Morabitin) purchased many areas from theDarsa tribe (free tribe), and in Al Deets farmers from the Awama tribe(Morabitin) purchased areas from the Barasea tribe (free tribe). It isfeared that many conflicts will arise when distributing this land to thepreeent holders, due to the fact that sale contracts have not been regietered,
1_,/ Detailed description of these tenure systems are contained in the study on"Land Registration and its relation to land settlement in Libya" Volume IIof this Report and in Mr. Abu-Oaf's Final Report on Legal Aspects of LandSettlement - Volume IV.
-32-
'ave not been defined.In H n t';oc J flw,1v totZ)namnn hH!otivin to the liaree,41-1P, wAG ,f rc; o Hrrlr rt.okr 7-,pr,Has trilbearid otio r r tt4; 1 t'*, :,`k*C"),* 14 5 ,`r t}-0, tO° bi:1 Origfilmo f.km1L,, t, (A nt At-1L T'nern !.,Aft n fe4 c'Jolee, tuthe boldoxiiif CAM.) 4)'0, tAtIO 2;'08 1, ibn lentiochol t ,ot,i to onN purt of theIhrol trihu, Mo'lt oi' I,, i r' n UA't;w elc hA, t'ho Dareseetoo,H, lit ,)p,o)v tMA.-,4 )1' tIN', ONOf atudiedin Al lioetri, holOpro oC Hod grn rk-,m 14. %.)1,\ 0r Crvm tbevrici1 in ri h" wh( ,to,c!1 ol ¡rind I- 0m the '!-',;tiun(1 trAco, the saler,ortrlot 1,, it b0,10 t tbn !)!.,10Hre of :onoare /roltir, .6,1 wo-t ,o0 , h) *4 kind
or CrHe from Q'
(0 rho iani in Al runi fr Ject-1 te !.oit aom5o)ntteod or i7uttvet,n1th0 tr!he a ,v,1,-17ct A 4n, lo, thn o-, ocvortl indwftuolH
hnlonh-inp to tht, tttho, Th, or lam; 0,41 1,11dinheriAloce ln vtte ,oe it4lnwic l'hore ere
liwifinn 1w),)t, to 'hi;k ,1 L"'\:300 ,n I lic loon thatpro,erty whioh lo ,Tht!uen,', "1k'1A1 A, ,A1A, w%,f1 ;Ipprcyr/atecito thr,614 who ato ohin to fk(11
(g) In Al Benin (lid Al I,t4Al( tin 1'0 oxioi te loflow)oe ,ntow-wioo nI lnndland, privltu OnO, land niw! 1 !-W, legni oopec,to ;TivateStatn pronn-ty, priv,t0 pr(..,port AddlyJdwiU ,tlin Aawn,)a Lend de aotcom(hjhut,, ;n01-1,,,hAt, 01' throw (flitk-Oer cc r4I J009 not rftienlay major diepote. Tho coteoc of to ir o ot-udied careful),with rnr--,ord ti,' tfl, topHou )0()0, Wo hare ti dintinguleh,in thin conno,llon, l,niwoon CL1',0J:
- Trihil !and whith ci ìjr4','w t,omJioto). (-oonno.,on of trxbnn.- TriOnl land w'rlich h!,c1 noon acquited 11!!,An Aothorit,ek, for Joloniciaton
projectm tho ownrohlr wti lilt Will otitoequencly tr,Ineforron to tno, LibyanGovernment under tho eity;sn-ltinInn AFTnov,o,olt 1,y)6,
Al Pania ant Al Uneta t'ttii under the i'irwt category, d the Ex-Ente farmsfall under tho second-ry
2. troni rmIc Ario in; from 1Rck of Definition of Tribal Lands
In moet canon kAwlied lo A ,lod Al roeta, ;and t oposeesedby individuals. i7o1loctive poononnoo oyMite in oomt. omcrti brotrers and cousinswho inherited the land, and lord re,nlond Inley thH tolloctive admAnietretion ;ifthe family'.
It io onu of the main pT-ohlemH crn I r.o dAlnittou of tribal propertyexists. Holderu of tribal pcooanty tr,vo reoe uhlvi? the Iona for s long time,without ti, ti of ownnreibip; thoy do thi!1 W I l, ct1,y reotrActior nnd with4,utinterference frcm GovornAen ta.Chor,,,Ano, !.sowover., from deousoione with them itwan ohvi,me th+it L';fr t WP.;; lnolt cont'li,i,)p lo no Authorltiomon thP eub,lect, gin,/ oAun tre tcf!, oPoole thomnpliren, nro of the opinion that thetrition lt'tV, oil,y thn ciglzt iifrnc!A trA lnod, enO thal the owne)ship of thelnnd (kakhnO !ipon(ci to thn
I WI 44 ( nâssI oââtrIS/Ilrl :'Y`r, "if1)ri,"f A' ts, kTo o vt j )ns uf
no i' t t t tti i1,tnisd'^,L1k 1 Iâs St âssi os0
â fy-0" p' p 9 Efitt, 1,4> )1/14' tss '71 1.4.1V
thp w+c-,, Cr ,0 'out i. tew ,v,',Ivitl.L1c,10. I 14 wtlioh katim toR thatn
Neither t '.# (:6o hth Nr # or, `H,-, t'o " f'or 0,)1,-;01 ,,rop( Yty, tin et.,#.#1 from the nreceiing
;i1 11' stt, hi; t 0,1ret'ut, ,,t 'c p r.opHrl,z? butt r iI ±,1-,4° ^001 -01 t ti or (.0 the tribeo.
S-1. k t C.'/.2. nr'opo,It 1"1 â ts,r Vââo I cââj'sââs, 'tits 1 ti sit, â 11,1 ti or' '1: t ââ'' tsJ t ,:r,T-r (,,r ;.al,et fr,.m the time
Gt. 01,, t,, t 1,1 t'yven, -, v,, I /10 Wkti 11 9..d.
t'itt I, A' 1:1 \R., y n clortoln, ty :4) ,1 7,03 vri t c'ry ?'1-",;+)C,IL `1..1 t onort bi-ifortu, ,turing
tb, ,111.1) tor; . W) tq,u. I C11 tus, ât {101 tr "" 'Pr 1 lid tistIktf 21. ;-,1311111,,$)%. IC ; itt0,.1 w'ro, t ; t rill 1 2'4', TrIhrtpi`ktâst,C`i hââsl : throoKh.
s' tsl'sât s's I fts.)-0'1,1:1:11 tl, âsstles'l trsrt â`sC ownershiprind t "4 VI* .*1 rh).) 11, I ribeeas nil intic!1,e1.11ent,
Outside tl.!,,4 kicgo dflgt1Ct n oci ;14477,3 OfOh t .,` I I 1,l..! -COn'i 11! .7 vo)y by the whole
r;111-, 01) , wt» it FA rn t ), Igliderttly0r1 t. '10.1 t),./ frir,,,Pbs lu 411' y 014 rOttli,
t, 1:(4.) t4 ,,r) r' ,(v;not i i r ro Asf,
t,0,-,or t "re r ictit ,,t t 1' 1 al
ni n 1, riO4 LC'TH t.mi
n #, Ln11`. Pi. totro, tT,:trt t, n rote, tv,r) rtt "t i,' t, 'n.10 't.''14 14r1,1d
ottlt 7./1 1,14+ .11' ' t,It17.4 ho f t'tribalI nna nn,1 t`t,i I nuct 1,f+ LtA` Cu V;".,1 L+is t t',uutiittne#:OnJ t rIllk Oi.14 Ly la 1 ,1r2,,. et," 1 ectivolyhy IMo tr.) 100 t .13 otri, t}, , 41(11)1,1, (Id by theLiby,ttt +.A0* 0-1no-< to I 'ro 4; c.v.; Z.-w Ietor,1 ,)f url tir4t11.1 1 y beirtI)
t r,t'OA ty,Ict t,le#1 tuflct O t' tk-ko, ,,rim itt tr-I00 1".;rai tk certainPh (Art IC.' flt$ ;,) 8'1q f tho Utivan h), 1,4o#
eFkoil 7.orw..bor (.1(: .tmi -314J -.11 1h tho el; ti rightfi
I: r ! 3 ..u s/l) ni,
Y'rom t ne .1bovf,dei tnon t nal 1.'operty al 1,1 etiik vrkjo.,6"
id ts!, 01" 1,'W*;ItPt;ìt'ktt'ttoe1): rttc t the
c(sen,oloro,i tico tri be I Lnnd t s,vculy tht# tr./1/es ,'stt'idurt int, conisils con f t`$-te t e,d t br, ,.(111t ;,0 f
Rog u 1.1%! s tn,+ owritwuhil, or tell-,11 k.t 11 :In MI, III', Pe, Cyrenaiel).The, "link .%en,
prtc, i 5t,a to /,.,rcperty, Rr.(1 tne tribes h,i t tte C i kt thitrte1,4 .,Nnportal, ver, *,,ho t.,7,1bno i;; Ist ;)-,a âââst,:r C'ts' I ss:l titâeG,:ovot miner, stnil Ì. r9 it ,,IKS /14;111, 10'00,, t,)'S tt+, ,o`P',r3 t th
3. Present iighte ef Posseeeoro o
holler end lb the oompleto ownerehip was traneferred to the Government. (Rightof R :1<1»,b yi.l iht of tieunruct).
Tribal iperty
Every holder of tribal property has the right to use his ehare of land. Thisshare is not divided by a coutrael of division between the partners in land., who areueually. inheritors. The holdera 'agree verbally to divide the land without anywritten document and each of them knows and holde his share. In some cases, thewhle land remains under the posseseion of one of the inheritors without division.Thi9 holder uses and exploits the land on behalf of all other partnere. In the(,f3,09 of lesee, the holder of land gives every partner his share in rent equal to hisnhare of land, When this holder cultivates the land by himself, the crop is notdivided between the partners, but each of them has the right to obtain a part of thecrop arcording to his requirements. In the case of the sale of the crops, everypartner receives his share of the price. The holder of tribal property has alsothe right to use and exploit the land (right of alienation). He can sell his sharein 1.-Ind to any member in his tribe, or to an outsider. It has previously beenmentioned that many areas in Al Useta were sold to members of other tribes.
However, rights of use, exploitation and alienation, exercised by the holder oftribal property are not clearly defined, due to the fact that a tribal owner is nota regiatered owner. These rights are subjeot to traditional rules. Co-holders mightnot, for some reasons, exercise the right to use or exploit their shares in triballand. The co-holder who is not residing on the farm and who has a job other thanfarming, ueually temporarily leaves his share in land to one of the residentinheritors who is farming the land. Even if the co-holder is residing on the landhe might, for social reasons, leave his share in the possession of the elder brother.This does not mean that the co-holder who is not using or exploiting his share inland has lost his rights. In fact, these rights remain temporarily immovable.However, the co-holder can, at any time, apply for his share in land and exercisepereonally these rights. In such cases, nobody denies his claim and usually averbal contract is concluded between the holders.
However, the holder of tribal land exercises all rights resulting from the rightof ownership: (use, exploitation and alienation), as stated in the Libyan Civil Law.The right of the holder in land has the same elements and characteristics as the*right of ownership. Restrictions on the right of alienation do not change the natureof the right of holder, as a right of ownership.
Legal alienation in tribal land is subject to some customary rulee. In case oneof the possessors desires to sell his share in tribal property he is obliged to givepriority to the members of his tribe according to the degree of relationship. If one
of the relativos wishee to purchase the land, the price is reduced by a certainpercentage.
If the vendor ignores the priority of the relatives and tries to sell his land toa foreigner his relatives have the right to object. Then the applicant to purchasecannot complete the contract as he will not be able, in case of objection, to use the
land.
The relatives of the vendor, in the case of approval, attend the meetings ofapreement in order to testify that the land intended to be sold is appropriated to the
vendor and that they have no desire to purohaee it. Usually a written oontract ofsale ie signed by the vendor, his relativos, and the Sheikhs of the group. Thisprocedure of tribal publicity, replaces the system of registration in the view of the
tribes.
If the vendor signe the contract without the confirmation of his rthe contract may'be denied by any concerned party, ee-h me the inheritors.
While the holder of tribal land exercines all lp:/lLe of the owner, the Statedoes not exercise any right of any sort on tribal la,1 . Tribal property, rie mentionedpreviously, in not classified as State property.
According to the Land Registration Law of 1965, it in oollectively owned by thetribes residing on it. Even the "Rakbah" of tribal land is not registered in thename of the State. No legal rights of any kind are exercised by the State on triballand. Possessors do not pay any compeneation to the Stte against the usufruct ofland. The State cannot interfere in thie case of Ulo lamt being sold. Local officialssuch as the Mudir, sign the contract of sale as w
According to the Provisions of the Libyan Civil .... ,nc3 Islamic Law, the .ightof the holder of tribal property is aleo inheritable. .,ve-lj heir receives his shareafter an agreement with the other inheritors, or he may -aoc share for a certainperiod under the administration of one of them.
Women are deprived of inheritance in land and water resources, as stated previouslybut they have their legal shares in all other movable property. This traditional ruleis not legally justified and has no effect on the fact that the tribal property ieinheritable, like any other private ownership. However, Law No. 6 of 1959conoerning the "Protection of Women's Right tn Inheritance", states that theinheritance of women and the definition of their sharPs shall be subject to theprovisions of the Islamic Law. The possessor of heritage is obliged to give thewoman her share.
4. Land Tenure Situation of Forests and Pastures
The cultivated areae in the Pilot Area represent a minor part of the whole.Tribal people have exercised for a very long time, right on pasture areas, accordingto the traditional rules, derived from the Islamic Law. Acoording to the IslamicLaw, 'Water, pasture and fire' should be the oommon entitlement of all people. Thisrule is followed by the tribes of the pilot area relating to the rights of grazing.
Every shepherd has the right to graze his animale on any of the pasture areas evenif the pasture is located inside the territory of another tribe. In 1945, during theBritish Administration, regulations were issued by the Britteh Governor of Cyrenaioato regulate the right of people on forests and pastures. According to these regulationsit wls prohibited to remove trees from the forests or to graze the animals on certainsroe, unless previous authorization was obtained. The destruction of boundary stoneswas aleo prohibited.
On'l December 1950, the Law No. 25 concerning tLn -r,,ction of Forests in Cyrenaicawas promulgated. The important provisions of the Law a,-e:
All trees and plantations which grow naturally in Cyrenaica are under theprotection of the Government of Cyrenaica, except those grown on privateland.
It must be noted that forests or pastoral lands are not considered by theLaw as State lands; they were declared to be under the protection of theGovernment only. Districts where this Law is applicable are mentioned in theschedule attached to the Law. The Minister of Agriculture has the right toadd, or to delete districts.
It is forbidden to allow an animal to enter or graze on any forest subject
to the Law, orn the Minitry of Agriculture. Thegrazin#, of animals on these foresto prohibit0 unless they are guardedby a ohep}ierd. on some foreete mentioned in tr.. the grazing ofan male la strictly forbidden.
It is not alluwed tu out, conect, posHees oC Rlienate the crops of someforesto listed in the law, Other foreste require permission to out,collect, posnese or qlienate crops.
It in not allowed tn remove forest for the purpose of c in« thelInd without prior pf.rmiesion.
Uepartmnt of Foreste and Pastures within the Ministry of Agriculture wasoot1ioed by Royal 'Decree on lb May 1960. The Department consiste of twodons. ore Cor foreets, and the other for rastures. The Department is responsiblefor the control ef the right and proper Implementation of the Law and to issue therelevtnt licences.
According to the old Land BegistvAtion Law of 1921, and to the new LandRegietration Law of 196's, foreets are considered as private State Property.
37
5. T 'enure ter
"10 Mt 1 r- t;,`," rt t' Iji i C, ; , tu'' Irr, 1 owrlorFC,, o
,/` j', r rt r r)
1 "; rrti - ,,r1 t n th w-tter re -tTr 1,7 , o'p t2y1 C.: 1 :1,1! r , rr," ° r tin r,1411011't ni'
rn-on-e,fli liino r 14,11ri,tiri'"'' ,rrt- . A I h ,,,` '11 L ,
t In-,wover, 0(-i: o' t "1r r, r, r, ircoi mt n nuh,locttot, "1.11,"; 1.r.trr't '11 rl' t nn 1r-r1 ,.tr tr ttlrl tr1.1 irrit t r, '11 f
The onncrrhir 1 t',0 Ar,k nv :F1.1 i rodt 1:1/0 / on or n ir ir k, we I 1,101n 1,1-
r t rit (-0'1 h,. 01,7 110tt,r.trt,7°1-trtrtt r-tr -,nr1 nil iici rc -r,rnt'd ,1tt ° ,rt't ci flj t N'r 1,` 1);\ jr ciI rirtrttwho la their "Mt.. Inihvtdatt Pi. the wolt wanusually de ter -teil in acceT i ''.FIc'(` '111,!1 t tn. 'OW re,
tt',Itor resournc'n in Al Uicit cit3ternn ,n1 welto.Ito IS 0,,/rVtrt: '1Ny rt; r cih't I i rlhor CrririLi t t,r,S
time ma3c,r rear-ton r )'° t or, er' miler P C,f t.r 1, "No ry I w rhirn , Z111, V1 e-,hr,:ris ir tH fhi' l,-,m1d Low, itomcinolntorm; whicb iro ren,lirod remmuna'v pro c..,ileottviiiv indivlolotvshred the wor and the s'ort:7 in
Apnrt tnhovi t.'4("0, r un tctr non Cr')'',)may be ae roi 'y a nYHr3.1 cC i?oni`ton,
Water rottonrGe:J cin ":-2,awayA j1j11 ore ,,lobject dm 41me H,oiniontt which ,!"ovornthP Innti. it 1,1 considored ill': the nropo,,i- of "f,l1lb" -onnelhontly, it iuInrIltenAhle. ()c ore of these wrtor bc,vo inilY the rli7nt o nt;nfr'iqtaccordJi,nee uitit the nrovirionn of the t'11,-,
riri-htP to water art, ttet ,r the logal aitcn,Jlonn Aromilde 1,7 ver:t1 irtntr,tott.-; bet,roen the concerned pnit\i-t7 1.roï other,, r.tt arewnett, tiro oionorn,d P,trtloEt rin t o vi7nod thrm, Ind tho ":tithrn: witness.
The ttutly i. arriod out tu tire Pi'.ot droa by tho Mari Chat anyhridy hAs therl t":t t th0 WO, tOr t`nr 1,1lrnorMr' from jLrt,'r `3"1V,1 A:0 IV OWIIrd, w ti,F I' re o,114,:00without pormisoion from tho"«roer. fr thi7, ot noeenFity, thP hurr hiu thoto hreak the the c.i.si,nrn tn ortder to drtn' Thi:; rule in dorivod from
proN,1:iirtrif; of the 7,i,ILamic Lnw, wntch ntrite: "lc ono 7.n rifits norrittul wJorwithout sinning against Allah and against man."
Tt is orobibited to use rriv,7_,tolv-ciwn,i1 aitor roJonr:3 f' 'i' wtorint- ahimOr orCur irriTttlrin without th-- licymisolon of thil owner. Any vatil,it.Lon in thtn re n',t,:)vos the rwnrr rt,ht jr eomilaio Oft. oCri,oderi to tho ,ifftoir,In or to the,
'::omtKeriation rttNIAT be :%altt to 'Wie owner by tho ilfronder, equivatent to thotIrlmar,eo
'Pire sia]t'l (YE' wkt.7>r is very common la tho ('i lo I rlrea. In mont ,7;jttr;t, ownors oftire wnter reoenrcor Ire nct the aotaal Theymii iii ly sell rator to the ownersoC Tho F;,1Io 111,7 ihro thQ wltr resoutc,e or on1;), its yioll dhrinr: thn
The ::ihlriah ter...r,ton in Arabio is "Al,. .1.1ah"
seeeon Priority in eereeee;e of water is ,eivenIf Tee. of Heine relellven wieeee to leirohoee the,The erice of weter righte reiene etereeemetely 7e
-38-
The price ef weter onn bo ;evict in money or in kind, i.e. cows, goats, etc. Thedetermination of the priee depende upon the follow ng elements:
Amount of r'ìefall cit inn tho sea son;Available eeonn el
Leeetjen f the water reoeuree. Water near to agrioultural, industrialor o4.ern ernes is vale'-le and, accordingly, the price of the water
t
Thn rolo of a cistern io called the "salo of Cesar". The vendor of a cisternsearehee fer a purchaser who is ueuelly the owner of eheep. The purchaeer investigatesthe eietern and enquiren whether there ie am/ co-owner, or if any dispute exists.The agreement in 'nade in the presence of the rele0,jeree of the vendor who aot as wit-neeene nnd testify that the eietere is owned by the vendor and none of the relativeswi01 tn corchase it. If a written agreement is eoncluded, it must.be signed by thehrethere and nearest relatives of the vender.
the relative° of the vendor.tito price will be lowered.
eee fifty to one thousand pounds.
1In-0 CAS,?of coll'oLIvesell hin own ehere le7 te sechaser is on-estimnted oricoownere, eth'wìrn
Thorn :Irn man:; disputes eeeeeen the owners and users of water. The conflict mayarie arouiel ownereldp eV water resources, the shares of each owner, the validityof the contrect et' sale, the rights of use of the water, etc.
If the conflict is related to the ownership of water resources, written documents,f awdlablo, are tl,nisive. If no written documents are available, the disputes are
settled 1): witn.sos accordise to the carne procedures mentioned previously with regardto dieputee on tribal leed.
If the confliot i3 rolL to the use of water, the 'claimant of the right, appointssome peeons who have a rouN1 knowledge of the past conflicts. If the other partyhas no objectiee agelnet any of these persons, they give their testimony, which willbe binding on beth partiee. The Committees established by Law No. 9 of 1959 arecompetent in sottlim7 witr. disputes.
J. RI_PAL ;CTS
e::ie of a. '-eree, the co-owner has the right to_ereon to e eete the price. Usually, the pur-
Any of the parties has the right to object to theis obliged to accept the price offered by other co-He, practically, to eell his share.
s and Status1. Sociel letioneh
The socil tiee heeweee. rho individual tribesman and his tribe are regulated andaffected hy the economic: standard of the individual, the amount of social protectionoffered to him and the economic facilities available to him in the tribal land.Hence, the Team'e social survey of 1964/65 revealed that 39.6 percent of the familiessurveyed itere close relativee, 41.7 percent were members of large extended families,14.7 percent belonged to the same tribe, and 4 percent were Morabitin or members of
different tribes. This showed that most tribesmen preferred living within'their,tribal area or amone;st close relatives, because of the security they got as a resultof thie close asoociation.
It was found also that almost all marriages were within the tribe, and that38.6 percent were married couples from the same Beit, 23.8 peroent oouples from thesame. largo family, and 16.8 percent were couples from the same tribe. Thus,
-39-
79.2 percent of all the mr!...10 cases surveyed wore from the same tribe.Thp uml, r of the families surveyed wore 98 at Al liln/i un,i 85 ot Umor AlMul,hL a total of 133 familion. it was vory interesting to note that the
Rpo_cro, Aistribution of these family heads below ')0 yearn renstituto . 5 percentof all families surveyed while 70.5 pry-rest were fani l.:; bove yearn of lro.In Al Hania 18.3 percent of the family !loads were undor '..tr,Mukbtar 42.3 percent wore below 50 ye,Irq. In general, 1 l istribut'i.1 i4 :lf4oupswas as followu:
7.7 percent of family headn were betueen and 30 yearn6.o and 40
14-8 and 50
Also, the survey showed that the younger male Irauletiss in the o.r,_r oln 10 - 20years constitute 31.1 percent of the family so7ulation surv, The m;: lo ollationin the oro:Isive age-group, i.e. 20 - 30 yfl:lr:1, wore 25.3 ,r(rrit of th .'toi malesopul. 'on i their number was 88 young mon. 7hese puing not totowns every two families surveyed 11r0 a rnn ir tIA :roup and onlynix f.:) sons above 30 years.
number of the family in the Al. Hania area w 6./; 'sons and inUrnas Nukhtar it was 6 persons. Hence, the general or thr fsmily was 6.2persou; with o majority of women and children. This romark_ahlo derrelso in manpowerin the productive ago-group constitutes a real problem hindorino; tho future devolop-ment of land settlement projects in this oreo, but it is exPected thot, in future,there vill be a 'pull back' when the y05 0:70r generations will be attracted by landsettlement projects established in their tribal areas.
Value Systm
On the basis of personal observations and general discussions, the value systemin the Pilot Area is that of the traditional tribal Islamic Society. Age commandsgreat respect and decision-making rests with the elders of tho family - maybe grand.-father or father. The mother is held in great respect in the YosIse. She isresponsible for the management and control of the household. rorality and honestyare valued greatly. The son of a Sheikh will succeed his father, not because he ishis son, but because of his moral character and degree of honesty. Kinshis tiesare also very strongly' developed and members of a Beit respect and valuo eacli otherin the same manner and order as thex would with their parents or first-degrrerelations. Although women are secluded, yet in the absence of male members they cantake care of visitors to the family and talk to them and look after them.
Leadership
The sociological studies conducted in 1964/65 on the two areas of Al Hania andUmar Al Mukhtar were directed towards the study of the leadership patterns andpotentialities in the tribal communities. In Al Hania, for examsle, there are 10accepted leaders in the community. Their leadership is based co certain qualitiessuch as family backgrounds, honesty, power of persuasion, hospitality, knowledge,and religious attitude. 90.5 percent of the members of the community depend uponthese 10 leaders for the solution of their problems and the settling of disputeswith others.
Also, in Ornar Al Mukhtar area, 10 of the heads of the patriarchal families arerecognised an community leaders on the basis of their background, honesty, hospitalityjustice, power of persuasion, and religious behaviour. Community members usuallyapproach them for the settlement of their disputes.
4,
11),,, , 11 A 1 :t ti ',r' so-t 1..2r r`f'',1 to jo111d. d , t' 1 Odti Wo'1111, I' vr r'ri') tt,..7°"'!ov,
Tho 1 i t-v...7 ,o1
Ttl'1 ' rt' t ,a, 0', Ott, ;11'0 '1,t1d {1,Of t,}1'i imo rt 1.1 rOdod., o' {`," '1 d\' ;',1!e1 1r c,dolori, tort,oh, roc., ; ;;;Tit, .0;; I';"I I II;i I) I ; Cv
'V I Iaro i
Tr, , h t' Vot 1,4r"i ;' 'ti' It) ) ti ti Iu I t;t1' 01,,17)4,1j,t
It , 1 o tio or 15h,'1,1;5' ,;; , ,,, ", WL, S ; ,aa ' tt S j ,5)01, . tat
:!',.er', ,r5h, '555, a ,0 ,10 ; ; 55;; ); ;1);( r 1,91,1 ', I ',,a tt .at 5, ,, t,
cah 'a(t 1, 5
5.
i, I. )0. )p)t ) ",, )0 t,,,tot;, /,'); )
1 yo t1 t 'I 1,11 " ' , it , ')"RI; t ,t" '1 1 1, s ytt L j 'Ott'
q t r( ottl °
it', )(out a 5 5,5 5,5 L;41 I t '1i" 1, latid"i" (pa°, laHos , crg" It uit t t
t1 11,1 o I o ,4 t jCI rOd-.111't,` co',"11. Li' td1 t tIo;
ma.1 "tt 7," t 1119 ,1,r t r 1,, , ° `,
:AO d1.1,11 '100111 ,,[ld lw t.51 7'``
to :A "-. ,,1",as
o tsr ««I«' E r1,1 11{;(1,1/14.:,, ;"1 I. fin I 1,,v( t o' c.0,7,1. l'zr,1 1,1 ,,,{ I.' ...El ,/-,¡ 1
,". 1,1,4{1 wolz ", E {loo, {so V t 1 1.1). 00,7(t.., ¡ton'," '1'110 {{11CI "
tit-10119d tIld t ',{d,O{' Si t ' t '1' '" 17" 1,10 -11 Ott' " /di o .1"(t t >1 I I
id'ho V i 'Ot1 t or'ork 1. t , 1
fIf`l i I s 1", 1.11 t ' t {," ',/{1 r`F`k1 t 1,', t S'« i I t 1.y /.1 o
mind 1tr,,, t 5aa t tu1.tt,t,- 7'1 b
K. INSTIT:
1. Agrict
40 -
jects
o,v,'.}t 1, t '10 3 k1,, 040
nintr,y tO r (,,, 1 ,, ,;) of'f' ;1, o,--lr,rei o), t
by or1,-, or Iwo ,7,11rt17 ,1;o,J1 1,1,,,,7"!Lr1 10P, h ;
intr iv v o, 'WC', C"),+ 1 '1 '1' '01+i 1.
rind to yr-Lri 7 ,Inft rw,, 17,4 Coo i t 11'111 1d. t zo :\t''
trao tort% or r,-)trIcirt,1.4., «'t fow t I1",t`iOrtt1-!, S't
alit tbf, it of'.{.y t".1' wit 1 t51,{ 1, 110 11,) welirtenplott, , o , .1,1,,"''Io'd '1, ,
nor any or -,,,,,7rammk, wj,. r l,it t 't1 4 r,
- 41 -
In 1964, tho Ministry of Agriculture, in cooperation wsol,,pted ton farmn in tho Jebal. Al. Akhdar with the aim r them 0 rui,101ftrT.i. All of thom have been assisteil with ploughin 1,11 1110
g.y of necio, but here again no L;11:1.1uuo has CObe :ivon n r nTo Iheennixiraged to grow special varieties f crops, apply frLì tizie or follow ecrop rotation and therefore no demonstration effect was i.ri vod. There in afor effective services to the settlers.
After a period of research work irr ceroP.in in yo(po entalthe Ministry of Agriculture started a I cr1vrc.ul 1 nultipliction1 rol7h whic)i improved varieties of wheat ah! lr.rri. ro being ditributed tm he
7' ir,-1 are a few experimental ntittons i r ornaba, hut their in
,aults of their work is almo,.t nil . oi;,i of thom do rf, maintiiutf rPeords of their activities. This to thn horticultural e(r. r
mentai Lion in Belange as well as to the animal r -oding stations in Anoliland
2. ,tivities
To fulfil this objective of encouraging cooperatives tothe Government has sold all the agricultural machinery toreasonable prices to be repaid to the Government in ye,,,rlybehind this procedure is to train cooperative membersoperating and maintaining this machinery. N.A.G.A. has »ut forwArdadopt this procedure in the cooperative organisations tn tiro virinuement projects.
3. Credit
Additional investment is necessary for any furiim, ev._opment, lz
source of agricultural long-term credit is the aral. whi loansto each farmer up to LE, 3,000 for purchasing tractorii,as well as for theiconstruction of agricultural buiiiof the farmers have no access to this kind of credit,the Hank grants credit only if the farmer names a person forreca.ment if the farmer fails to repay the loan within the (/. all
the iouseholds surveyed only 20 percent obtained a loan from the Bank; though mostof them have Government jobs, whereas only full-time fnemPrs were givon loins.The amount of credit actually granted to farmers variod from Li. 100 to Lij 6C0depending upon the purpose for which it was requested. All farmers ownin- a tra,purchased it with the help of the Bank. There Are a few farmers, mos1ly in thevicinity of Bayda, who spent their credit building houses in Illyda. file to lacktrained personnel there is no control by the ilank on how the money is actuallyspent.
Por several n the Libyan Governmentestablishment of ,:cioratives to sur-,Ty crlii Jnd , yf tire
cor the of agriculti:v. molt all ex.- ;,ettl,mentu
at. one cooperativo was fo,lridcid of them oven hou;,ht trie1or:;, Tho
mi , of these cooperatives riCk t!In Or letiles primirtly an a mino thr,w-hthe Government distributed it inifore, many rofused te oonlributi,
tow.,rds the Purchicie and the mar1tractor. Tvlay nr,it a
operative in the ox-Ente farms is ( firmorn, ho-40v,)r, ir, not
't ion as :litchi 97 percent pf all , irveatigatId gave un ,inuoor in theaffir,Itive when asked whether they were wi to join a nriw concoritive. on
experience, it is advi sable to theno -Poietins on a new btriinwith a rreat leal of assistance and close guidquce from tho Gowirnment.
own feet,
ils
A -erinnl pourcounually buy their colon,trwl en rrdi1 and .
thit tho:r d, not oar7.oo- nt hiHwrul.rt or uhich hr,
tO On" Or L'f'- 'f,rmorg ;Ar-;1.,d for finuoodt, it f,r seoial
ro,-.00d 1.11Co th-m9,
4.
L.
1 n. The farmere of the Pilot Area, tobacco, soap and. processed.
harvest time. The traders claimtheir goods at a rate of 5 to 10arket-place and thus gain a profit,
. Most of the farmers are indebtedthe interview, the majority of theGovernment. They stated that they
such a2 helping nono in marriages, or
A- riitio. farmers in ,1 prt1,7 spbsirtdno oenoomy. paiticularly ofI i ('r (1,1 i t,;;,1 t ,10 :101 rrrt i ri 1111111. 1.y i 11' P it te
Govt rnment rrroin ourchael;,-: cotrr, thrv reo,o.ivo a riy,a prior, slAlr,idjT,od byiho ,,vornmoot. 1,J1 fruits, with tho oi,xoition or rmyner, are
u1 iInil one a wooK "Alt, loo,;Al public mr,r1"ot-olos. larm) mAllementh;--1 itH cwu m, r° ot-(tv on,-.0 A whon th, rl-rmr-rr ro 1.1 th,?lr products and buy-179'10 mumor 'ron if i f,-LrmPr want71 to sell a largonumbor or ho hirop lorr;1 lnd taker thorn to RPnt7hazi in order to obtain a
iblu in the locol m'cret.
The '''ine-groqprc nf 1,i,c9ah and Pa:rdp thoir 7rapen to tho wine factory inPa:Jda. "10:- '.1 1';' ri iorr-r to ta1.0 th cr,p,,9 from the vineyard to the factory.Tire 1.(W1H),I: lny9 a11 the ,ripe'l from the 10'1 vv.r, , rowers in the Job;71 and paye afixPI ror eiPh 1ilogrm
Tn thc ,et few years. 9evcc-11 ePtc-r,r,-cs have bought small buses andstartJ'd i irhoghl ti-eisoort 9,-rolee sennnctinr oliren of importance with thesettloment centre-. Cherefhre, j, ir' no longer difficult for the farmer9 to reachtheir admini-tritivn centre or ovon the next bic town. As there is limitod space intiro 'r'ioiros aid as 1h' i,' are Ki.nerally tined only. on asphalt roads, they are notsuitable for tr'rn;rn"urtirrg agrrchituTal products from tire farms to the centres.
Hania arra tharc are two schools; the Korenic sclionl has 22 studentsanc. the prim)ry school ha.3 8.2. The principal reasons for leaving schoolbefer,: 'ra be:
45 porcont - the rovired the assistance of their son18 percent - families woro linr,blo to pay nchonl fees7 porcont - the nchool wil; too far away from the home
30 perent - tire remainder were either not iuterented ineducation or had other reations.
Then() fo.ctors have tc be token into acoount when planning education settlementares, 57 porrpot of the famiLios .i,] SO stated that if thoir sons were educatedthny wishod them to be trinchero; 2q percent to have religious education and7 Percent iiished their nono to be educated in haw, Commerce, or to join the Army.The remainder wished their children to have intermediate level educoji
2.
Dun to the lack of medical facilities in Al Bania and Al Uneta, diseases appearto Iv, widespread and only 62 rercent of the reoole aro enjoying really good healthand 11 percent appear to suffer from permannnt disabilities. In Umar Al Mukhtar
43
the equivalent figures were 58 peroent and 6 percent reopectively. The standard ofhygiene ie very low and contributor' te the opreading of diseeeee. The principalreason for this is the lack of a reliable seulee or domeetio water supely. 'in most
oases the area remains without water for uoveral dayo and even then available wateris poluted and requires treatment. Heaith eare is an eeeeetial factor for humandevelopment,
3.
The existing network of roedo le neithe/ eafieiert nor eatiefeetery. TheCoastal Vil lage road is built alee the coestal pleiv and the road's vertlealalignment ie, in general, at the loweet levele of the valLey. Connegnentle, duringthe rainy Beason, the road ie fleodod. Wen after the flooding 00,1SOS, the roadbeoomes unsafe and inaocessible for a certain period.
As a result of the above and duo to the ebeenee of propel road construotionteohnienes and maintenance facilities, at is therefore neceeeery to either re-oonetruot the present road conneeting Qaor Al Haman - Al Hania - aeah,,or errangeto construct a new road. Detailed reeommendatiene for road conexaet7on ere eaveredin the Settlement Plan of Al Hania and Al Useta,
There are a number of inteuier roads ooneoeting the various villages of thePilot Area, the most Important of weleh are:
dauie MaesaeAl Jet, - BaydaBayda - Cmar Al Kukhta,
The main highway which crooses the rilet Area paeeee AI BayOu en rou,nghazi to Tobruq. Transportation is enl,y available by the public buses which pass
along the main highway and are voey few in nwnber.
A. Purcniw, n
'
- /14 -
Cl'A,7771q
SPHCTS IN FEZZAN (SOUTHERN GOVERNATES)
The object of this study to assess the possibilities of eetablishing landsettlement penjeete in the Soatern Governates "Fezzan" in Libya, with particularreference to Wad i Al AJ:al, Trecnen and the Jofra areas.
See "Wadi Al Ajal and Traghen - Proposals for Pilot Settlement Sohemes in"Fezzan" - the Southern Governatee", Vol. I, Chapter 4.
Following this first visit, the F.A.O. Land Settlement Expert of the Teamprepared n note on the visit and the detailed climatic, physical, social and economicanvestig)tiens to be undertaken for tne Wadi Al Ajal Land Settlement Pilot Scheme.As a reault af this note, it was decided that a group of F.A.O. Team of experts shouldvieit Fezzan st tho end of January 1966. The group was accompanied by a group ofN.A.S.A. officials; Mr. M. Karah, Head of Planning Department, Mr. A. Issawi,Len0 Settlement Assistant, Mr. Abdul Matlib Al Mehdi, Repreeentative for Fezzan,Yr. Al i Alsaa, member of the Board of Directors, Mr. Y. Samarrai, Pedologist, andMr. R. Feb,* Hyirogeologist of the Water and Soil Conservation Department, Ministryor Agriculture.
During their etay in Fezzan, the group visited Traghen (175 km towards'louth-Faet of Sabha); Wadi Al Ajal (50 to 200 km eastwards from Sabhah), Al Fogha,!3awkanah, Ron ana Waddan areas in the Jofra region. They made a general reciónnaissanoeof the prinelpal cultivated areas in these parts to observe soil, physical andcl L'no tic enndit)ons, quantity and quality of irrigation water, existing crops andaropping phtteras, flrming methods, level of farm yields and farm incomes, and otherrellted institutional conditinns such as markets and marketing practices, farm ored1','2aai1ities etc. ln eddition to the infermation obtained through this survey, thegroup had iaterviews with the representativos of various Ministries working in Fezzan,oancerned wit Agriculture and Rural Development; and with the Mohafeze of Sabhaand Ubari, end The Mutasarif of Hon. They also visited the Government Experimental.3tattienEt mt Sabha, Ubari and Traghen, and many private farms in different parts ofFezzan. Avatiable Government and other recorde were also examined. Later on in1967, the Agricuitural Extension,and Training Expert and the Soil Survey Expertof the F.I.O. Teum visited Fezzan and made additional surveys in the propceed areasfor pilot settloment 6chemes. This study ie based on the above surveys, observationsand recoraed data.
'he selected pilot eRqlement areas and their development propoeale are containedin Chlpter 4 of Volume
November 1965, a visit was paid to Fezzan by the President, the Director-, -rveral othe-e officials of N.A.S.A. accompanied by three experts of th
tain e firet-hand idea of the areas suitable for the establishmentement schemes in this region. The Mission visited Hon, Traghen,
Yurmlo, , Ubari, Germa, Barrak, Um Al Araneb, Zawilah, Sawkanah.
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B. The People of Fezzan and their hitotïons
1.Administrative zones Rnd habitations
Administratively, the Southern Governates of Libya are divided into the twoprovinces or Governatee °ailed Muhafadah, of Sabha and Ubari. The two Governateeare split into six districts, or Mutasarrifias. Each Mutasarrifias ie Hub-divided intotwo or more sub-distriots, or Mudiriahe. The Mudiriah may be compoeed of one ormore villages, and the chief is the Sheikh.
The total population of the Southern region, eetimated in 1965 at 79,000 pocw,ne,constitutes only 5% of the total population of Libya. The mutaearrifias of Sebha,with a population of 16,000 persone, is by far the most impoctant town in theFezzan region.
The villages are located where the availability of water allows the cultivationof cereals and vegetables, in addition to date palms. In Fezzan, the cultivatedareas correspond almost exclusively to the principal Widian, which constitutessix principal natural sub-areas.
0
) The Buanie zone includes Sabha and nine other centres, some of themsurrounding it and othere located a few km northward from Sabha. Thiszone is located southeast of the Ubari'e edeien; therefore, it may beconsidered a part of the Wadi Al Ajal, from which it is apparently separatedby an almost desertic zone, some 50 km long. The underground water of thehuge edeien of liban i actually represents the great water reservoir supplyingboth the Wadi Al Ajal and the Buanis. The amnia is populated by some12,000 inhabitants.
The asphalted road linke Sabha to Tripoli, and is 987 km long. The200 km road connecting Sabha with Ubari is now being asphalted.
The Wadi Al Ajal is a sort of valley extending practically 160 km fromAl Abiad (some 50 km west of Sabha) to the Ubari area, about 200 km fromSabha. It repreeents the central area of the Fezzan region. The eecondMohafedah is located in Ubari, the first laeing in Sabha.
Other important centres of the Wadi are Al Creifa, Germa, Tekerkial,Ergheba, Ben Beya. The total number of villages in Wadi Al Ajal 16 331the number of inhabitants being 10,000 in 1965. The gardens number morethan 600, the productive date palms, about 150,000.
The shallow water, fairly abundant, never reaches the surface; it is eome2 meters deep in the Eastern part of the Wadi, and 6 to 8 meters deepin the Western Sector. The water is generally sweet, but in several casessalty, as is the Boil in many spots.
The Wadi Es Shati extends for about 180 km between the Shebb and Adrivillagee. The large quantity of available water,mos-t1y sweet and shallow orfrom springs, explains the largo number of date palms, of cultivatedgardens, and of livestock raieed there. The Shati valley is directlyconnected to Tripoli, by a road for caravans and lorries passing throaghBarak, about 760 km distant. The most important centres of the Wadi Es Shatiin addition to Barak, are Adri, Barqin and Gorda. The population totalsabout 20,000; the number of villages is 43. There are about 1,400 gardene;the productive date palms number some 350,000. There are 22 springe, and35 artesian wells.
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(d) The (That Serdc,iae zona is repreeented by 9 villages, including Ohat and3or lee. The ihitants of this area total about 4,000. There are280 wire ns, and 1000 productive date palms. The track from Ubari toSerdele 250 km) and Ghat (120 km) in not elweys open, at present, fortraffic. In the Ghat am, a rloh amount of water is eupplied by manysprinre and a few areetan wollel 41 in total.
The Horra h rile(' includes tbe Wadi Etbe and the Guerguia area, islocated R of the Murzuq edoien which extendsalmoet hori 70 km front Tesaaua to Tmesea. The importantroad and track connecting Sahhe t Ai gatrun (300 km) to the Southernpart of the Fevean, the Tibent n, the Chad and Nieer Republiques,paBeee through Urna al eraeib, ie the eentre of the zone, some 120 km from3abha, The oases ie tb. Rofra zone are located alone the salty area, wherethe ehallow, sweet w,tor is enly Borne 5 meters below the surfaoe. The mostimportant cases of the aetra are Murzuq, Traghen and Umm al Aranib. Thezone o populated by about 11,000 inhabitants, in 35 villages. There areabout 750 gardeen, end 000ut 170,000 productive date palme. The number ofarteoten welle wotking Is only four.
(r) The Jerre ia the meet Northern zone of Feezan, mostly represented bytho Wadden, Ron end Sawkanah centres, all of them connected to the coastby the esphalted Fezzanese road. The Mutaearrifia is located in Ron, at
dietenoe of 3t0 km from Sabbe, 4?0 km from Misurata and 650 km fromTripoli.
The t pupultit'r. of the Mutasarrifiah is about 11,000. There are 400gardene, tll of them being irrigated throughshellow and fairly salty water.The productive dete palms number some 100,000. Three artesian wells arepreeentle, eupplyine oweet water for domest4c purposes in the zone.
(g Other hases In addition to the above principal sub-areas, there are inand oases of oome signifioance:
The Al gatrun-TerL area, 300 to 400 km from Sabha and south to Umm alAranib, is known as Wadi Hooma. There are 5 villages, with about 1,900inhabitanto. 'Moire are some 200 gardens, and the productive date palmsnumber about 40,000.
The Zelith170 km east from Ron, which is surrounded by severalemller . There are 6 vi11 e$, with a population of about 1,800.The water cornee from 13 springs and some 70 voile. There are about15,000 productive date palmo.
The Al regha eneje is located 200 km south east of Hon and is reaohed byan 8o km track which branches off from the main Sabha-Tripoli asphaltedroad at the 246 km stone marker from Sabha. There are about 600 inhabitants
and lese than 1,000 productive palm trees.
Beyond the above six sub-areas, of particular importance is the Ohudamisarea, close to the Libyan border with Tunisia and Algeria, south-west from
Tripoli. Obudamis is the most important oasis in that zone. It is
connected with Tripoli by a 630 km fair road, which will be aephalted soon,and passes through Daraj, some 100 km eastward. Several caravan tracksand unmetalled roads connect Ohudamie to the Tunisian and Algerian networkof oommunioations. Roads and tracks link the zone to Barak and Wadi Es Shatithrough Ramada Al Homra, 700 km further on and south east from Ohudamis.
Becataae it le nearer to Tripoli than to uhi, the Ghudamis zons presentlybeloags administratively to Tripolitania. It in alimatically !lad eaonomicallysimilar to Fezzan. The population totale aoout i3O00 , morn thtl half ofwhich is engaand in farming; the other inhabitants are deperelant uponcommerce and the local traditional industry, various handicrafts aad gcidemithwork.
The ahallow water and natural aaringa in Gnudamis although moutly salty,allow irrigated agricultura and the growth uf tens of thounande of datepalme. Artesian wells supply sweet water for uomestic conaumption.
Roads and Meana of Transpor
As everywhere in the deeert regions, caravan tracs and natural roads in Fezzandepend on local natural conditions; they must avoid and therefore oontour the bigeand-dune areas and link oases and villagee, passing ''rom one intermediate spring orwell to another, becauae water ia an essential factor in these particular condiaGionsof long distances and high temperatures.
Routee which connect the Mediterranean coast WI ii Central Africa, SouthernAlgeria, Nigeria, the Chad region and Sudan pass thrnuh Fezzan and were of greatimportance in the past when camel caravans were the axclusive means of tranaportThey may be of great importance again in the future when the modernisation of tracksand roads will allow the intensification of the traffic with heavy lorries.
The caravan tracks are preaently more important for local transport betweenneighbouring oases than from traffic over long distances. Where the natural groundoffers the opportunity, the caravan tracks are overlapped by roadu which withmodest maintenance work allow motor transport.
The Fezzan economy has undoubtaaly improved since 1964, through the constructionof the Sabha-Bu Oren asphalted roat2 about 62 km long which connects the centre ofFezzan with the main communication system of the coastal Libya. Another valuablelink will be the asphalted road linking Sabha with Ubari, in Wadi Ajal, some 200km long.
The second important connoc-ti;m1 between Sabha and Tripoli is the natural road-track passing through Gharyan, Mizdah, Gheriat, Shuref, Barak some 1,000 km long.From Barak to Sabha, a rough track of about 70 km reaches Sabha through an almostsandy area, shortening the distance of the well-maintained 120 km long road linkingBarak to the asphalted road, some 120 km north of Sabha (total distance Barak-Sabha 240 km).
Sabha is linked with Tripoli by Libyan airline (K.L.A.) flights. Ubari and Honhave airstrips, occasionally allowing an air connection with Tripoli. Better airfieldfacilities are operating in Ghat and Ghudamis.
Population compositbn and the:ir living conditions
As mentioned earlier the Southern Region of Libya was inhabited by 79,326 personsat the time of the Population Census in 1964. Most of them are living in scatteredoases but there is a considerable concentration in the Sabha which is inhabited by20% of the people of the Fezzan. All of them, with the exception of 64 Christianforeigners, are Moslems. The male-female ratio is almost equal (50.5: 49.5)
(a) Occupational distribution
According to the 1964 population census 27 percent of the total population
- 4 8 -
are ,,,'onomicall Hve (see Ta . 7). Abovt 36 percent of actuallyo-mployeper!,,ms are in ici:lture. 65 percent of the people of Fezzan, older than6 ywlml, hsa r wc,rk. This group is composed mainly of children and of womenwho d- not want t,) work. It also includee 2,064 persons who are unable to work.In ,::n,n1 'llere J.E3 a big demand on the skilled labomr and in many fields ofoctìvi.'j th,, lack of labour is a serious problem.
The following table shows the employment structure in Fezzan.
Table 7
Employment Structure of the Fezzan Population - 1964
uratine No. of Persors PercentageEmployed
Agriculture, Foreetry 7,676 35.8Hullding & Conatruction 1,826 8.5Proceening Induotry 1,796 8.4Commerce 766 3.6Trannport, Communications, Storing 597 208Electricity, Gas, Water Supply,S o w:kg o 81 0.4Pirin. ,uarrying 603 2.8!;ervi: 5,095 23.8Other Activities 2,977 13.9
TOTAL 21,417 100.0-----
Source: Ministry tN ozial Economy, Results of Yopulation Censue 1964.Mohafadah Sabha and Uba..i.
Ir -r rieulture the second most important type of employment is the servicescc tor. It is made up mainly of Governmentcfficials and employees. In the!tintfa(J. of Sabha, the number of persons engaged in the services sectorexceeds the number of those engaged in agriculture. The other important fields
Ictivity are construction and the processing induetry, employing about1,800 each. There are 1,355 policemen in Fezzan. There are 353 teachers,of whcm only 18 are women. The qualified medical staff, je composed of 12for-ign doctore.
(b) Edw. i,nal Level
Tho rate of 7Ateracy of all the persons older than 6 years is 28 percent theinwef in the country. Illiteracy prevails to a high degree among women,of wnem 95,2 percent are unable to write and read (see Table 8). Althoughgroat prngress has been achieved in recent years in the field of education,the number of pupils is still small. Less than 50 percent of the boys ofschool age attend a school and of all the malee in the age group of 6 to19 years, 59 percent know how to write and read. In all Fezzan, there areonly 60 Libyans who have attended secondary schools and 15 graduates ofUniversities. The lack of trained personnel is one of the biggest handicapsfacing the future development of the Fezzan.
State of Literacy
terateading onlyading and writing
Holder of Certificate of:Primary SchoolIntermediate SchoolSecondary SchoolUniversityUnknown
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Table +.3.
Literacy in Fezzan - 1964 ***
*** Persons above 6 years, including foreigners.
Source: Population Ceneue 1964
(c) Health Conditions
The most frequent disease in Fezzan are bilarzia, amoebic dysentery, trachoma,and tuberculosis. These diseases are typical of all countries similar toFezzan. Crop husbandry is only possible by irrigation and farmers working inthe mud are frequently attacirodby bilarzia spread by irrigation water.
Amoebic dysentery is most frequently transmitted through vegetables grownwith animal manure and where hygienic conditions of living are poor.Trachoma is more often found in windy and dry regions. Other illnessessuch as those due to internal parasites are found less frequently andmental diseases are rarely found.
The Fezzan Central Hospital is located in Sabha. It has 10 doctore andoffers assistance for practically all the principal and common illnesees.The mobile dispensaries at Hon, Barak, Murzuq and Ghat are attended bypermanent doctors. Ubari will soon be supplied with these facilities.Medical dispensarios in Fezzan are scatte...a3d in 70 main villages. Twelveof them are in Wadi Al Ajal.
C. physical Features2
The Southern Region called Fezzan covers an area of about 655.000 km. whichrepresents 37% of the whole Kingdom of Libya.
Fezzan is a very large internal basin, roughly quadrangular, pending as a wholetowards the North, situated approximately between 8°,30 and 18° longitude East andbetween 20°,40 and 29° latitude North.
1. Topography: The principal orographical elements are as follows:
No. ofmen
No. ofwomen
TotalNo.
TotalPercent
15,559 28,655 44,214 72.01,253 244 1,497 2,4
12,083 1,116 13,199.
21.5
1,806 95 1,901 3.1550 18 568 0.9
63 4 67 0.140 5 45 -
6 10 16
- 50 -
The edeien basins: the rat important are the Ubari Edeien, an almost triangulararea of ab4ut 190.000 km and the Murzuq Edeien, an almost circular area of about178.000 km`.
The tabular reliefs: characterised by a flat high plain contoured by steepelopee. Typical are the Mamada al Homra (600 m. above sea level), the Mamadaof Murzuq (700 m.) the Tasili (1600 m.), the highlands of Timenani (1000 m.) andof Ciado (1000 m.) and the Jabal Ati (1000 m).
The volcanic reliefs: mainly represented by the Jabals Harug and Soda theJofra rngion.
The serirs: extended especially in the Eastern part of Fezzan and representwind-eroded highlands lower than the Mamadas. The most characteristic is theSerir al Gattusa. The aepect of some smaller zones is similar to the morir,of which the different nature is duo to the deposition of gravel-like materialeoriginated by the alluvial erosion of the tabular plains, such as for examplecan be found at the Northern foothills of the Ramada of Murzuq, contouring theWadi Al Ajal.
The Widian: The most characteristic morphological aspect of Fezzan, probablyja the contrast between the extension of its valleys and the aridity of theclimate of this country. The origin of the valleys goes back thousands of years,when the climate was very rainy, and the petrified woode, frequently found inthese areas, were vegetating trees.
The most important uidian of Fezzan are certainly the Wadi es Sciati and theWadi Al Ajal.
2. Rainfall: Fezzan represents all the typical aspects of the desertic areas:very high temperatures, especially during the summer, during the day; very highexcursion of the daily and the annual temperatures; very high drought ofatmosphere, very high evaporation; very reduced nebuloeity; and almost no rain.
Fezzan is one of the hottest regions of the world. The annual difference b8tweenthe lowest winter and the highest summer temperatures is eometimes about 50 .
The daily difference is more than 25° in summertime and more than 300 in winter.May and June are the hottest months. Between 11.0 a.m. and noon the temperaturereanhes the highest degree; it decreases gradually until sunrise.
As for all the desert regions, Fezzan is known for the low relative humidity ofits atmosphere. The highest averages occur in December - January; the lowestin July - August. Nebulosity and rains are very scarce throughout the Fezzanregion, as they'are in the whole of the Central Sahara.
The only available meteorological data are thoee for rainfall and temperaturesat Sabha and Hon.
At Sabha! The observations on rainfall cover the period 1931 to 1964 (data notavaiiaole for 1942, 1943, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958). During these years, theannual rains were zero in 8 years; lesa than 20 mm in 18 years; more than 20 mmin 4 years, the rain always coming in violent storms, of redueed advantage tovegetation and agriculture; mostly advantageoue on the underground waterreserves but disastrous for the soil erosion oaused, and the demolition of housesand wells (especially in 1954 in Wadi Al Ajal).
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Table 9
Avarage Monthly,Rainfall in Sabha (1931_to 16 in rna
TotalA A N
1,1 1,0 0,4 0,4 1,6 1,4 1,1 0,8 7,9
The heaviest rains were observed in 1934, June monthly total: 30.7, mm)in 1954;November (26,8 mm) in 1963, October (37.7 mm). The conclusions in the Sabharegion are, that the natural vegetation in the oases grows only on the humiditysupplied by the nightly condensation from the air, and crops can only be grownunder irrigation.
At Hon the observation on rainfall oovers the peridds totalling 26 years;from 1931 to 1942 and from 1951 to 1964. In 1957, the total rainfall amountedto 102,7 mm. in 32 days; in 1938 the total was 267 mm. in 82 daye. AltLoughit has a higher average rainfall, the natural vegetation and agriculturewithin Hon region is practically the same as that of the Sabha region.
It is believed that the meteorological conditions of the most important oasesof the oentral Fezzan are not substantially different to those of Sabha.
3. Water Resources; Lack of rains and the nature of the soils, in general, arethe reasons for the non-existence of rivers throughout Fezzan, with theexception of the ephemeral streams occasionally rushing for a few hours duringthe violent storme. The average rainfall per year is very smallwhere the high temperatures cause very high evaporatien. Slty lakes are theonly examples of superficial water lasting throughout the year in Fezzan. Thesurface of these lakes differ in size. Out of a total of 25, 10 are lcatedIn Wadi Al &lad. The marshy, salty areas called "sebchas" are almost alwaysconfined to the lowest parts of this country in the vicinity of the oasis, werethe most important group of date palms are growing. The association between tl)esebchas and oasis indicates the presence of sweet water at a modest depth fríathe surface. The Wadi Al Ajal and the Wadi Es Sciati are the most extendedexamples of sebcha and oasis associated.
The scarcity of springs in Fezzan is due to the unfavourable geological andtopographical conditions, rather than to the ecarcity of water tables. The totalnumber of wells is increasing; they traditionally supply water to the surroundinggardens through the "dalu" system. Modernisation, however, ie rapidly introducingmore economical systems: motorpumps and reservoirs are being inetalled andconstructed everywhere, together with the adoption of small concrete canals,thus avoiding the great loss of water in the first phase of the water distributionfrom the reservoir.
Wells are mostly located in the oases, where the presence of shallow, eweetwater allows date palms to grow and easy irrigation to be practised. The wellsare mostly concentrated on the lower parts of each Wadi, along the borders ofthe great sandy edeien_which represents the big reservoir of the rains, easilyabsorbed and preserved in its depth. This fact is noticeable particularly in theWadi Es Sciati and the Wadi Al Ajal. The depth of the first aquifer graduallyincreases from East to West especially in these Widian; from about 1 m. atAl Abiad, the depth in Wadi Al Ajal deepens up to 6 and 8 m at Al Greifa andUbari.
4. Natural Vegetation
The natural vegetation in Fezz n is represented by four typical botanicalaesociationes the steppe, the a ophytical formation, the hygrophytical formation,and the oasis.
The Fezzanese steppe is essentially arid, discontinuous, often represented byone or two botanical species, extremely xerophyloue. In maay cases, especiallyin the vicinity of the oasis, wide extensions of Graminaceas offer a fair grazingto sheep, camels and goats. The Aristida pungene Deer. mostly prevails andcharacterises these steppes. In some areas, the typical herbaceous steppevaries, in association with bushes and treees Acacia sp., Tamarix, Calotropis,etc.
The alophyeical formationeppears in the sebcha areas and in the proximity of thesmall salty lakes. The Salsola and the Imperata sp. represent the most typicalvegetation of these areas. The hYgrophytical formation appears in the proximityof the oasis, where some sweet and shallow water resource allows the vegetation ofseveral species, not strictly related to the desert conditions. More frequently,the presence of sweet and salty water in the same area allows a sort of associationbetween the above formations, which is most characteristic of the Fezzanvegetation.
Tho oasis, nearly always, reprneents a botanioal formation today more artificialthan natural, duo to the prevailing intervention of man. Growing frequently, inansociation with the date palms in the surrounding areas, are Cynodon daotylonPers., Artemisia herbaalba Asso., Aristida plumose. L., and Calotropis proceraDryland., Tamarix articulata Vbl., etc.
A short list is given in the appendix to this. study representing a group ofbotanical species typical of Fezzan and mostly found in the Wadi al Ajal duringthe Team's investigations in that area.
Mineral Resources
With the exception of the poseibility of a new oil field, or the future discoveryof metalliferous sources economically exploitable, the traditional resources ofFezzan are represented only by common salt, sodium chloride, coming mainly fromWadi Al Ajal, and of fairly poor quality due to its content of sand.
The "natron", sodium carbonate, is found in a modest quantity, and is useful fortanning. Alum may be found in several places in Wadi Shati, also useful fortanning.
D. Cropp_ing and Livestock :1Lstems
The economy or the Fezzan represents a (7,rtcular geographical position, far away from the cohundreds of kilometres of predesertic plains and e,1,11',
-53-
c.rmtty because of its parti-eMch it is separated by
Agriculture in Fezzan is confined ondy to a few cts. ro later for irri,-ationis available from underground resources. The area under tul tU t n cover0,06 percent of the entire area of Fezzan, but represenLs the most important a.ctivityof the Pezzanese.
1. Cropping System:
The quantity ani quality of the undergroun,l water ad temper.0..nre are the twodeterminants of cross soU livestock to be in land cross arepractically non-existent, as the rainfall is ,,iLhor Sì or too sea re Lo be nr ;arlypractical value for crop production. The quantity rectved is almost immediatelylost through evaporation and absorption into the porous, sandy surface.
Farming is possible in Fezzan only through irrigation. The ,rm loo :s anorchard and is called 'sania'. The "sania" ir mainly a family ,-eiter.rise:requiring a total amount of labour not exceeding the manpower ,r 'h .
Sometimes, the farmer obtains the help of extrafamily labour,of varying types, who work with him all the year round, and fer eeve. ,aro.
The date palms still are the most important ero.., jin '""ap r .odder andcash. In addition, they have always been the source matfll - building huts,houses and wells. The leaves are used for fenein- rl al so liefulfor rough ropes and baskets. Date palms are scattered all ov cultivated ,,rea.All farmers, with the exception of a very few who have start.d. farri.; recently, hivedate palms, the average bein about 200 trees each. About 5í1 percent of the treesare productive. They are grown both as a source of cash income and food as well asto serve as windbreaks and to produce timber and fibre. The date palm branches arewoven and used as fences around gardens to protect them against sand and wind.Tamarix is another harcly plant which is found on every farm as a windbreak, as wellas a source of timber and. fuel.
The most efficient farmer.7 grow various fruit trePs in their sanias, usuallya few of each variety. Amont tlee :re: figs, gr.v,e!:, eome-r..nalm citrus,apricots, almonds, olives. T3 trees generally receive t tir throuret the irrigationsupplied to the intercropped cultivations. Thece appear t,) be very welladapted to arid conditions if fairly well irri[-
Cereals are widely grown in all oases in particularly sPout andbarley in winter;,sorghum durra, bullrush millet maize during the r. In
addition, the farmers crow lucerne, berseem, - n for for. --d many .ifferentvegetables; among tire latter, the principal hein- onions, tomatoes, broad-beans and beans.
The cultivation of forage is especially intended for the feedin- of thewhich is kept by each farmer and nomadic family, for work or for oroPsacamels, sheep and coats are the most important -t:; :)f animals bred-
number and economic importance of heroes and catt e in the region
Soaroo: Aricultural ;It-tistios - 1963 - based on 1960 Census,l'1111c1f,ry Ci Acr,-oltaro, Liba.
,..tr Libya an- (izzan, the areas cultivated underdlCrornt . -istir- .1t ta, showin:- srops grown under irrigation oraimol:T oa,infod, r t tn whc,at and bariv. Barley is crown under irrigation, in1
t'o ,0,7,1e of libya, on (,,80:' ha. and wheat on 2,266 ha. In the whole of Fezzan, only1', 11;1. of b(r10: are 7rowu wi tilout irrigqtion.
in Fezzan o -Pared with Libya as a whole - 1,260
-54-
Table loof Cultivable Area in Fezzan - 1,260
'ricuitur ti tatistics - 1963 - on 1960 Census,
riouiture Tripoli, Libya.
Barley 718,790 1,667'Wheat 223,177 1,014YTIilot and sorghum 1,729 518r.aize 1,287 18:ro:1 beans 4,215 35
927210 10
',:hicApeas 1,382Lontilo 552 12Other Jeguminous crops 12 5
Winter potltoes 567Summer potatoeo 407Dry onions 918 107Jr:' 7arlic 1,608Carrots 317 37
1 r t,Jber crops 9410
alndnut 5,162 7Jor boans 5,218
Tobloco 1,270 15Esoorto ,73-1
uther croP rial108,805
purnos 446Temp. r, - ops 5,454 1,446
Namo of r:rop Libya FezzanHectares Hectares
). Hectares
L 11 oultivabl 37,224,lo land 28,323
0,;rm, 6,753nont r. owt and pc, 218
Wooo1Coret 3All other lancl 1,922Iint'rtom,)Dr,ITy 3,573Un[,or lom:)orary 1,608'Iuder flowers 337
22,805
The percentage of land under fodder ora-whilst that of land under cereals is mu61because Sabha is a central place wit:. rcations. Alfa-alfa is important as a 1 .age cropcauses a reduction in the area under cereals.
o ationof Farms
ArableLand
Source: Agriculture in Libya, 'bid,
AreaCro pue d
-55-
Table 12
Fattern of Cultivated Arable Land Uso in
Fodder
W. Wheat; Ba = Barley; Sor. = Sorghum durra; Alf. =AlfOn. = Onions; To. = Tomatoes; Pp. = Pepper; Oth. = Others.
* On most farms visited water was lifted by 1 pump but on thesetwo farms water was still lifted by 'dalo'
In the Sabha and Traghan areas, alfa-alfa e tant ponition in thecropping pattern. From the Team's visit to Eevp.- irrt it N. noto at
generally speaking a small irrigated farm has 1:11der
crops:
0,2
bha H ini in'
,ci litle an0or sale) in wintor, and
Visited TotalArea
(Ha. Cereals Crops Vegetables Tn
ri al
W.Ba. Sor. f. Ra. . To. Pp. Oth.(Ha.) c'r
Sabha 30 15 1 0,5 3 0,5 1,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
1
Traghan 10 5 2 0,25 0,25 0,5 0,:..5 0,5 0,5 0,25 0,5Greifa*Greifa*
1,60,3
0,30,2
0,30,2 0,02
0,1
comesome some 0,3 0, 2
Greifa 5 2,6 1, 0,25 0,4 0,25 G,..
TotalGovea.nates Cultivatod Land ere a Ve c,o
Sabha 100 56,9 6,2Ubari 100 74,5 18,2
The higher portion of vegetables g- in Ubari is dar to the emaon tomatoes, about 10 percent of whir.: either been . Or k;,.)
the balance dried before being sold.
An attempt was made to collect data on --ip - pattern on farms vi:F.A.O. Team of experts. The folio-win-7 7P,ble cortionvisited, in the Mudiriahs of Traghan, Or i P.c nd Hopm and the whole
Table li
Cropping System on Farms Visited by the Team - 1966
-56-
Wheat - 0,30 ha.Barley - 0,03 ha.Tomatoes - 0,05 ha.Sorghum and millets - 0,30 ha.Miscellaneous - 0,12 ha.
Total Area 0,30 ha.
The relieving Table shows the average area per holding andcrops in the Southern Region as compared with Libya as a whole.
Table 14
Average Area Cultivat,v', and. Fallow per Farm Holdingand DistribuLion of Crus - 1960
Source: Agriculture in Libya, Government of Libya, 1964, page 60.
The very small size of the cultivated land per holding is due to the fact thatthere in no dry farming in this region and the area under irrigation in very limited.About 83 percent of the total cultivated area of a holding is under temporary fallowaT7rlim7t 54 nercent of temporary fallow for Libya as a whole. A parcel of land, afterbeing crop.)0d, is left fallow for two years to recuperate? and to lessen the chancesof becomin,; saline from continous irrigation.
2. Cro- ields:
There in n wide variation in crop yields in different districts, on differentfarmsin tu n me district, -md nader dalui system of irrigation and the pump system.Th-se varians in yield. aro duo to the quality and quantity of irrigation water,ue or manlires and fertilisers and management practices. On the basis of datagatherod b %he experts yields per hectare are very low in all parts and there is agreat scone for improvement through modern methods of cultivation. The average yieldsper hectare of different crops in different areas are shown in the following Table:
ibution of
Region Average Area perHolding in Ha. Area under different Crops in Ha.
Cultivated TemporaryFallow
Cereals Vegetables IndustrialCrops
Fodder
SouthernGovernates(Fez:.,an)
Libya
0,6
7,5
2,9
8,8
0,4
6,5
0,06
0,2 0,8
0,2
0,04
Crod
3.
Yields or
heatBari oyS or c71,nrr
le trA 1 a-- a 1 1'anrunn,Inut
trop wummerToms-ttoeA froshon 1. onoPepper
flìTobapont en tw-rt roo
of Irriaation:
N.A. n as no information available.
-57-
Y t o 1 1,-", ,ThL r t. -'1,- ;or ,-",-,-, I ,---, eP - n 30) i'll.,"t 1 o
S loo14,1 1 l r to" -In-4 - -
. ,......,...---
oN
The ml p mPthod rr . on 1,-, 4 'o ,1oi h, nl r i I ow
thrPnr7h opon (tuf-, wo E Is. joi r o, , , LO T- rii It,'primi tive tlevl (:e known 77.P 1 r,r'.! 7 4 1,, ,,
TI--' use or tilo MOQ11,-1.171.77a1 plum o nJ c-03, , r1,!
adntinp Lill 3 r71777(.1(7 r'n (14-v
A minor -3r, 9, in "o't 1,' 144 r rit 41-u
artosiali uol 1 n the '1,-.)v,-,rz,.,-fon '1" o it '4-0,7 - or 10',1t s' 11,1,
`di nami 1.1s havri oleo bocm r.11 1,4. ,11,,N, 1,04
:770,4,1 `,7 7 `7,r, r i ÍLr ft t , ir
An attempt was made 1o4 5rN.i7 , , n ,0,,I ;riviril T and rlartAlty, I'VflrOt P. thcr, --crethroo nut f nrc 137 the L, 'LIP ;30,77.7-.1. r".771,17, Ni r 0/1 -,1?i
Tho LirE't Fri id '-ot a (lent i k-it" 111,1 s ,j(1 1 r,Ole tbtly'l 1-,11 '1»," `. L1 'I r fPro
47.,an be o x pi ted uii,'hri n 1 7,,
The 44,:n:Alarrc From Jit cw(11,K0,v (Jj 3
huir 'inct ab'zut - por ;4,h ;-he' ri,i t 11 -Prt ord I ni,sha 1 lc,w ,1 b77P177t :10 r-1-2 {7-1- Tu u r ' , d t
wi 11 usu,illy y in 1.(1 20 tn3 per `,1 H ,7
It was observed f,hit an ' , r (10 1 1,t1(
2 liours, and then w.1.0,:r4 11 to 5 ,L0l/r.:s','" 1 -,.nd I t,
the animal. Similarly, a pulnp to I, op,* 1 r
-53--
Table 16
Number of Wefls, Springs and Cisterns and Areas irrigated
Common Wells
1385
99665
58589
No soecific data is available on quirements of different crops in the
Fpzzan co,iditiono. The experts would to draw attention to the extremely highof ovaporLtion, particularly in swimor months, which results in an upward nove-
n'nt nf dissolved. salts and their accumulation on tho surface, loading to conditionsThpre is urgent need for resoarcP in this region on various aspects of
irrigatiPn ital for dev^loping mothods of irrig. which would reduce the evaporation
lo:,130s iraI nio-e:mcI 0r soluble
7t ,t) percent to 50 percent of the underground waterlifted was 1cyyu n the sandy soil during the process of its delivery
from th sepreo o the points of actual utilisation. There is an urgent need for awell-planned scherio of as-.;istance and encouragement to irrigators through dulysupervised grants, loans or subsidies to effect maximum economy and make the mostefficient -nec oC lifted water.
Modern menods of di.rxim_7wells are, of course, better than the traditionalmethods. Motor pumping, cisterns, water-proof concrete canals, etc., should be in-trodnced not only to avoid big losses of water, but also to save labour ana time of
farmers, who could better devote themselves to mere extensive cultivations.
Region Number of: Area irr igated in Ha. through:
TOTALWe p-s Sic-terno Dalu Pump Other means
F97, ana) .:::110a
10,265 250 14 2,596 1,268 508 4,372
Provinceb) Ubari
6,210 159 660 148 41 849
Province 4,055 91 1,937 1,120 466 3,523
No.Cisterns
m.
CanalsT:otor-
Pumps SpringsArtes ian
Wells
EutoarfiaShati 100 17,821 190 117 138Jefra 267 3,029 400 20 2
Mursuci 53 2,000 116 1
3 abha 211 4,045 546Ubari 450 26,950 535Ghat 17 2,316 17 123 1
TOTAL 1,098 56,661 1,804 260 142
Source: Agriculture in Libya and a Plan for its Development,Tripoli 1964, pages 39 - 42.
The recent data contained in Table17 from Agricultural Statistics for Fezzan -16V1966 indicate the number of the existing and active sources of water; and thenumbor of cisterns, canals, and motorpumps. Despite come apparent contradiction,figures are of an interesting significance.
Table17
Cisterns, Canals, PUM9 ,nd other Water Sources in Fezzan -1965/66
4. Livestock Production:
The most important kinds of livestor'7local breeds.
Tho important breeds of sheop are 'A. awi'
h. 'd .1.73 a fa--6'iws fur yie-td of
rpiihU anC
59
broods of sheep are
-ultry, of
tbi'1 ,juda
ip i,
hreed, in les_ same characteristics asth,P 'Arahif breed.
v siji 31].c7 11,L7, too, ia10'ii L k HO Efl kuf tun bred lf; 4c, te :',.,. ,Iv,(if ¡loot oro0,0,:,t_tou.
Ooatu Are hopt mainly Cc,r ItILL 0,(40 WO'it ri-t)01 0,,H qh¡,-j1can he Couud ia the aroa arc the '11,H-1', iTt,, ,thr Ttt.,
breod -t compArativol). biah C 4.tAI , Tper hoad per lactation. Tho yieLl t i1,-) to H11;, ool, Jil th,of tho 'Arabi' brood, The taiP H ro LP la , ,o co, Jiv11,, tow, 1,,int, juoourtielont ror raIsiro the yourw l-orr'0(1 H -wott, ,00,1 formoai; product au , The hair yi22L1 1,011t 0, to 1 F0-, 1 year oei boAd,
aee the main 111.0,3 oC ,-.1,n,,;(-!1, 10 I'brr,i,o Lot'Mahari', rTobu', 'Arabi', ard t hop(Ar, aro lonrod,rather 1im body, The,y havi4. a 1v(lop,d re u J,;icce
enabies them to trave) 1 on17 aista,met, uodor Tho 1,1tter ?wr, br,,adaviz: 'Arabi' and 1uri rlro oV a H.:coa,i;e-c Lu i. L out 01 ),t,
Cattle are pratioally d0e to extremes of ,
The Ministry of Avriclulturo au0 Anima t 4e:ilth is ma-,,inr ,Effort,, to do-,,,c!oo i nt'it0Lobilled by rosit of ,tn0 tho
A tmaJi number of noult_u, uaDall,,' 6 t, t , kyThe e,,7,'c nrodto'tion la [pite low, oe,ior: ao mor, ,v,r year.
From an aFricultural cera;us 1)1.'19,n:colt Jurl/w' H(:) %-rlouituro,at Sabha, Table15 shows tb- pr,uoat ,litaati(n in h vIlmr;\ :r n'ct
to 1ivestook
Table 0
Sha tiSpfraMarzuqSabhaUhariGhat
TOTAL
11;strma fti (throw::
1%,6139.6347,5535,2249, 7O ),00,)1,100
45.354 25,1,)8
Mutasarifia Shoe., goatL; C -unc, 1 t,
5,650 4,75f7, 215 4, V)6
99,') 14'4; Itfi:
1,7 1to(:),-
Z5 ofl
0.10 t) it I 1;;;;-;';. 6in i r t 'Lye arPi if trr,t i 101 ,,,;. ,r 1,10,1 'II' r'n ,3r,rv-j ;11 ttio ,i,bcore
,) rt; 11\14,1", '1 I I 1,, t rI ;"[;;.'; ;;', ;1; t' i f p'00,. 1r, f.-ortr,,yr"t iiiOlt"tt"ft C r .44, 1 i it `" It nw ¡ .,,b]
1
;rottCN
,
60
t10, r
tg,"ttt
hy the Tqa.rn -- 1966
'Ihickon
,:; 'r 71';;'Irt (;;t°t; ,,,t i,, 0, "dr ,n
rir trcl ;1,-;;;,rt, ;;;-<;;;;'
i ;;;;t t 0,1 ; 7,` 11-;1;;;;, 1,,,-
rl'gtt't ttt)1 I tt"r 2,1 t?),',",,' "Or y)" 'ti ti i 1.11,1 -:31c pro 1-..,t1 f. ion;i t t L IL ;1 Ito roni t in te.rit,..1 t tnipiemoqtt' t I 1/47^"N t "1" "al.11 rt,v 11' ," , r
T' t; i r r 114 1/1,1 ir, r,7,t-idt1,-,, a rP rod,; ; ;t tor; ; ''tttk tt " ;.t.rttti. rs tit e r* an:171711f, (1."-r
. I', 1.0 '1 r oro 1.1-d ind n
o I or, tv ;.r)ti.' t Hot. ; tt, c' o m tmf t t f or'o ,;- 1,1 i
t iii In, 1
There are three main categories of land tenure in the Fezzan vate property;Wakf lands; and State ownership.
The Tribal ownership of land is to be found only in Ghat and Wadi Shati.
The privet° property of individuals 13 held ender Islamic LIN. Vneer thip Law, anyperson who reclaims a piece of waste land, becomee lee owner. Thes, farm ownere in theregion are generally persone who heve reclaimed lend whlah waR nol celtivotee before, eedhave dug wellu to provide irrigation water. Thero in, however, no regietratioe ot: theseprivate property rights. In the oaee of A dispute, the ecal ehaikhe are aeeeo e Reeietin solving the probtem.
It is a general practice that a farmer who di-e A well and atarte to irrieete aplot of land, plants trees on it, usuaLly date palms. le this way, he rrovidee ohelterfor his irrigated land. If, at a later etago. the fermer gives up his irrigetlen ectivityon the land he has reclaimed, the trees are usually big enough to crow and bear fruitwithout irrigation. Even when the whole i'arm is abandoned, and therefore fencen no longerindicate the boundariee, the property righte for each pelm tree are etill observed. efterthe death of a farmer who owns a pieve of land, hin farm is Inherited by the members ofhis family, according to vlosiem eaw of inheritance. Tt has been reported that tu Wed'Shati, mainly in the areas with tribal ownership of land, that women are excluded from in-heriting land; but this le not the case in other narts of the region.
A few farms in vezean belong to the teakf categorza They are the property of theMosque and cannot be alienated to individuals. Wakf farms are eultivated by tenants who,under a lease con'6ract, have to pe y a part of their fPrming income to the Weer euthorities,which spend them for religeoue purpeeee. In general, the land of the Wakt' eetegory teaslittle impact on the land tenure system as a whole.
Apart from the Wakf land, asid the land whaah is not cultivated, all land le StateerTeerty. This category offers the best acope for establiehine eettlement projectsbecause there will be no problems of acquisition, rayment of compensation or dispute withregard to the title of property.
Most of the farms ere small in size and operated by ownere, with the help of membereof their family. Seasonal labour is hered for harvesting and gathering of crops, ortrimming date palm trees. The daily rate of wagee is, genernlly, forty to fifty piaotres.Women usually do not work on the farm, but heip in tending livestock or looking after thehousehold. During'the past few years, the number of farree operated with nonfamily laboerhas been on the iperease. Several welltodo farmers who have inetalled pumps, eeuallylease out their farms, either in whole, or in part, mostly on sharecropping basis. The
share of the cultivator ie rather small; It amounts to 20 percent in the Traghan area,to 25 percent in the Wadies Shati and Wadi AlAjal areas. When the labourer lo the ownerof the donkeys for water pumping, no receives 3/E' of the crops.
In the Ghat area, the labourer receives 25 percent of theSpeoial agreement is made for date palm eeltivation and for digging a new well withingarden. The maintenance and harvesting of ,Late palms usually gives ;!0 pereeat of theproduction to the sharecropper.
In the cpeojot eontracts made for the cate pele plsntations, the labourer receivesall the produotion ro gets ream hie intereropping among the palme, during an initial periodprevfeenly a(reed noon. Afteowerdo, he vecoivon only 13 percent of it. An moot of theserY:TMS Ire olinated oo tertnlo lend end. no the ohorocropper, in many cones to-day, does notpt níty oobte ro! tiv4 ;i.otos eumpioe, he can still miiks a modest living on his share of theorops. !let, ho never wil1 be in a posItion to nave a sufficient amount of money to startfarming for Simnel': on nuw tuna..
lodism and Sém"
Nisennae and eosi-enmaon, :sinews repreoont tobs then 10 percent of the total populationof the Yessan ,e0 ono bolas crodusay reduced tv the general iwprovement in the standards
of :10wAlk They Aro 01.1,0Wt7kt
) the (\oohs -C Nadi Shati, belonging mainly to th rgha, the °Ulan an0_thn
b) the Teecogn, moving aeoend e isirtJ.etiorky 10av mos including Wadi Ajal, Wadi Etba,Puennt asJ -then zonee South iileet ei Ubrirt
the Tebus, moving from the Qatrun and Tejen i oases to the Uigh al Kebir and Southernazing areas.
The semisnomadio peopio, have luel7 it and garden in an oasis. Forced by the needice additionnt greziog, they uso the pastnre entside their original area following theseanonal rains, Oeoasionally they endeanner te sow barley in any wada where the humidityof soil illowe them lo do so; anil retuin te the spot at the harvest season. No doubt,
most would delleitely sefil, if they were given the possibility of farming a sufficientarea foi their Camilo reossremeete ood for their livestook oonnamption.
The noulaii croups, oe Ike other hanJ, are living essentially on their livestock,sneon, so-'te anJ camels. Thoy hose en fixed home aid live in tents. From the grazing areas
nf the narra, where thoy .ften ewo o gerden and groups of date palms, and where they remain
durine the mime! ortticel seaooe, the nomads trave from ene wadi to another, grazing their
liveotook whore, they knoq It lo poesible Lo fi id pasture.
Ihe tic and semi-nomadic families take care of their livestock. Sometimes, they
ploce them in iho enutody of 3 shephordo hv special agreement. A flock of camels is
usually cepeeeente0 by 100 horde, rho mon In eiharge of the flook of camels receives all
the daily milk requirements of hie own family, and a young camel and a complete outfit of
clothins once A year. For a floc* of Oj oheep or goats, the shepherd receives, for aseason, a young sheep or coat, one year old, and clothing for himself and his family.
Because it in usual for the owner te retorn to the tenis at the season of birth, milkingand production or rough butter ale tasks whinh the owner usually deals with.
er of Holdings
The size of the firm in the areas surveyed varied considerably, ranging from half an
heotare to about 30 hectares. However, it was observed that the farm size is related to
the means of lilting irrigation water, in most csses. Under 'daltil system, the farm size
varies from hatf an hectare to about one hectare, whilst on pump system, the size varies
from 5 to 8 hectares, depending floor the size of the delivery pipe.
Source : Agriculture in Libya-and a Plan for ito Development, Tripoli 1964, Page 47.
The following Table gives the distribution of holdings by area in the Southern
-63-
According to official statistics he size of the farm in Libya and in differentregions of the country, is as follows:
Table 20
The above Table shows that 12,97% of the households are without land (livestock ortree holdings). AboUt 29% of the holdings covers an individual area up to 2 hectares;about 31% of the holdings have an area between 2 and 5 hectares; about 23% of holdingsare between 5 and 20 hectares; about 3% of all holdings covers an area between 20 and50 hectares; 0,77% are the holdings over 50 hectares.
It was observed that a piece of arable land, once cropped, is left fallow for thenext two years. It was also observed that most of the farmers own some date palm treesoutside their own holding or garden.
Governates:
Distribution
Table 21
farm area in Fezzanof holding by
Size c ass nd area in No. of of total of totaleach class holdings area number of
Ha. holdings
Without land 1,022 12.97Under 0,5 ha. 131 636 0,350,5 ha. and under 2 ha. 341 519 0,91 29.001 ha. and under 2 ha. 1,321 1,101 3,552 ha. and under 3 ha. 2,447 1,169 6,583 ha. and under 4 ha. 2,206 720 5,934 ha. and under 5 ha. 2,373 588 6,385 ha. and under 10 ha. 7,356 1,161 19,77 23.0010 ha. and under 20 ha. 8,141 651 21,8320 ha. and under 50 ha. 6,590 250 17,71 3.2650 ha. and under 100 ha. 2,580 41 6,94100 ha. and under 200 ha. 1,747 15 4,70 0.77200 ha. and over 1,991 5 5,35TOTAL 37,092 77;78- 00,00
Source : Agriculture in Libya and a Plan for its Development Tripoli 1964, page 54.
Average izo of Holding in Herroi. with other Covorn::
Region Average Land area of Agriculturaleil
Arablethe holding Land Land
Libya 26,6 25,0 16,3Western Region 28,0 26,4 14,9Eastern Region 27,1 25,7 24,9Southern Region 4,7 4,5 3,6
t, t o ic1- dì
ha Ott
t I'm
'1'or01 :cr
't
H
t 4)
4. H
Ncr., O!'
L.';'uci° L)41'ti 't' od
itcicritir
LThÍUI? P HIiCTt.REOcrntor Hired Total
4 0,20 0,20 0,405 0,20 0,15 0,353 0,29 0,14 0,433,5 0,09 0,5 0,642,5 o,6' 0,16 0,83
18,0 0,23 0,21
l'li' ,tovp 'cchi Iutwo that on trio situ, ol' the c'pped area per holding decreaees, thefttrin S tri i ,lnoiu' t-itt t tiyi'l c"c lieti -c'r'' 'ret)'tc , d'AO ru -tI-ce fact that moro people becomedc'''utor't1 ('II ccii }lt'(,' t ciron P 1 cij,t ('t th,,'ir i 'i V
tthu f,il Lowi itt' 'nid,: cilcowo lt.' ; t,44't t ion of nr' t oui turai ìbour in relation to hold-ingo 'i t Le ciot t }'ìtxic N't"e n't I-un c'cc'tiIu'oti w't tlt eat ) or eJ Ii
tt,hiç'1 ruic1utou'tn' lii ze'TTcflins n ezzan Compared with
National Aver
Unit Libya Fez zan'ro tal. t'.ini Ojui I ri ti .nc Porcin 854 1 7 50Th].
No, of' Itroirlo of jH veo r enicI over, 'at,iced ut 't
t (Ut ' UI (t
Toto I ti 77 99(0 10641
izo of holding Hectares 26,6 4,7of holdings Number 7878
Source; $t'ctit5 ici !i.bcctrao t, 1'4 t'irigdorn o-t' Tihye Mioic',ti'y of National Economy, page1/c) 17°.
o ' o' cmn. The nber of farm workero farm holding of 4,7 hectaresitt ihn doti thorn d'ion ici i, a,-iii:t (ho national ayo :'» of 1.92 farti workers per hold-iri[ et' '0.1' hc'ctc.ren. The farm Jelcour paz' hectare in Southern Region works out to be(',,'t) .,'uLOt,It ti» n,itton,tl nv'regc' of 0,072 worker per iectare.
(4) riculturai Labour in flelatio 'arrn Sizes
n t tnq,+5 un n rindo Ln'n lin i iC'ormt I i on on h ei z' it the family lehour arid hiredt'r Ic' c'ce 'nc ':r,oJ o n-'-n nl tut. J t nc' neL' thnt the icize of the family labour perr' wo t' cpi n L I ,'h , duo t. h' to i t ei c of ioni oP tho hc'Ldicvc The fol lowing Table
ht' n ' o t' Ho I croci t t'ot'n' o, dj Pt' oront t r,t euriodiricul i oc tl'ciir Fur5 dultivated Land in ezzan
This great difference between the national average of farm labour per hectare, andthe average for the Southern Region, is duo to the reauon that, in Fezzan, farming ie allirrigated and therefore needs more farm labour than other parte of the country, where theprevalent system is dry farming.
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F. A Survey of Inetitutional 4nd Agricultural Conditions in Wadi AlAjal
Wadi AlAjal of Fezzan was studied by the Team for the purpose of selecting suitableareas for pilot settlement schemes. The development plans for the selected areas are con-tained in Chapter 4 of Velure I of this report.
1. Populetion and Their LiaMer Tanditions
The Uadi 1U. Aja inhebited by about 10,000 persone, of whom approximately 40 percentarn, allegedly, of Tuareg origin, and 60 percent are Fezzanese. Administratively, theWadi AL Ajal is divided into 3 districts or Mudiriahs: Bent Beya, Gragra and Ubari, which
e:h headed by a Mudir. There are 18 larger villages in the Wadi and each of them isedmieiet,ered. by a Sheik, who is the local Government official. Most of the villages areadmieeetored by. Fezzanese Sheikhs, even if there are Tuareg members in the community. Onlyin erai7ra and Ubari, the two largest villages which have more than one Sheikh and with alarr majority of Tuareg people, are there also Sheikhs of the Tuareg group. Although bothgroupe differ from each other in their way of dress, theirjanguage, and their way of life,there is little other difference between them, once they have settled down and carry outfarming activities. Intermarriage between both groups, which was uncommon two or threedecadee ago, has increased during the last few years, but is not ye t eq.despread.
In the Mudiriah of Grmen, there are 1,200 households with 4,500 family members. Themale/ferale ratio is almoet equal, showing that no major migration of men from tte areahas taken place. Although there are schools in 8 villages, of the boys of school age only35 percent attend their classes. The main reason is the long distance from some farms tothe schools, as well as the fact that some farmers keep their children working on the farms.In th nitaearfia Ubari, the rate of illiteracy is 77.4 percent, which is 5 percent higherthan tee averae:e of the Fezzan. In the whole liteearfia there are only 99 persons who fin-ished primary. school, 24 intermediate school, eed only one a secondary school.
The popeletion of the Wadi Al Ajal is mostly composed of farmers. The number otpersons en6.Jed in building and construction, industry, mining and quarrying, transportand communicetions, and even in commerce and services which employ about 5,000 of the totalporulation of the Fezzan, is negligible in the Wadi Al Ajal.
The agricultural economy is at the subsistence level, meat of the farmers cultivatingtheir crope, and animal husbandry, themselves. Since the natural resources for startingagricultural aetivities are freely available to everybody, there are only a few men Whowork as farm labourers or share croppers. On the other hand, as the indome of the farmersis very modest, the wages and shares offered to men without farms are very low. They
teially receive 50 to 60 piastres per day, or 20 percent of the harvested date crop,whereas the mame group of people in Tripolitania and Cyrenaioa gets two to three times as
much.
The limited circulation of money is also expressed by the prices paid for brides.
They vary from O to 60 Libyan Pounds, whereas in other parts of the country it is four to
five times this amount. Another sign of this subsistence economy is that there is nobutcher in the area and that it is impossible to buy meat by the kilo. The only way of
buying meat is to buy a whole animal.
In general, men and women living in the Wadi Al Ajal are married. There are 200 men,
who constitute 8 percent of all the men older than 16 years, married with more than onewife. If one partner leaves the other one, the men usually marry again. This is the
reason why there are only 25 divorced men and 15 widowers in the area. The chances of a
eeeond marriage for women are much smaller, and decrease with their age. Of the 433
More information on Al Ajal is contained in Chapter IV of Volume I "General 1-iport".
'age status Mon
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widows, 379 are older than 0 years. 405 of the unmarried men are under 24 years of agewho wish to marry later on. The number of divorced women is comparatively high, illus-trating the lower chances for remarriage of women. Half of the divorced men are older than45 years.
Table 24State of Marriage in Mutasarfia Ubari
The typical dwelling of the inhabitants of Wadi Al Ajal is a hut built out of thebranches of the palm tree. The average family owns at least two huts, one for the winterand one for the summer season. Most of them also own a stable for their animals.
The summer hut is made from palm branches from which the leaves have been cut. Theyare stuck in the ground in a circle with a diameter of 2,5 - 3 'meters. The roof is cov-ered with leafy branches, which are fixed into the centre of the circle to a wooden pole,from where they, hang in a narrow angle to the walls. The ,stables are made in the sameway, but as they are, in most cases, erected under palm trees which give shade, they arenot usually covered.
Winter huts are built in a rectangular shape, with a ground plan of 2 by 3 meters.Families who own more than one house, group them together and fence them with palm branches.In general, the farmers build a new hut each year; but when doing so they make use of thebranches of the previous hut. The cost of building a new hut amounts to LE7 - LE10, whicharises from the costs of the branches and labour.
There are no tents in the area, but in the centre of the villages, the living placesare often built with sun-burnt bricks. Such houses vary in size and in the number of rooms,but most of them have a ground plan of 6 by 8 meters. The cost of erecting a house if3 con-siderably higher than that for a hut, and ranges between LE80 - LZ150. The roofs of thehouses are made of palm stems and bundles of palm leaves. Properly used and maintained,they last up to 10 years.
No.Women
No.
Single (unmarried)MarriedDivorcedWidower/Widow
5451,902
2515
1152,120
189
433Unkown 5 5
TOTAL 2,492 2,862
Persons above 16 years, excluding foreigners.
The farmers of the whole area are hard workers. The scarcity of natural resourcesforce them to work all day long on their farms, mainly in order to irrigate their smallplot of land by the primitive method of the 'dalu'. They are reported to be very honest,both among themselves and also with the Government. The &gricultural Bank's branch officein Sabha has no difficulty in obtaining repayment for the loans advanced to farmers, indue time, whereas in all other areas overdrafts are frequent.
is loete,1 20n km. o. Sabha and can, at present, only be reached by an un-taled road, but an asphAt royd is under construction. There is no regular transport
of ople or goods. LandrcveiT or lorries which have vacant seats take people from onevillage to another. The average charge for this kind of communication is LC from Sabhato Germa andL1:030 to LEO.H0 [ron gorma,lo
As the production of fool in the area in insufficient to meet the demand, grain andother foodstifffs are breurht in from Tripoli via Sabha to Ubari. The transport is bytwelve-ton lorries, for th,: full load of whih the local merchants have to pay L120., orLC. per quintal. If the lorry returns loaded, sometimes, with dates, the lorry ownerchargen LK70 - I.CO. for the return trip to TTipoli. Because of this high transport cost,retil prices in Vezzan for wher?t, and barley, fruit and tinned food are the highest in thewnole of Libya. (Mods produced in the area, however, such as camels, sheep, eggs, alfaalfa, straw, dry and fresh onions ana dry and fresh tomatoes, are cheaper than in any othermarket in the country. Government subsidised consumer goods such as sugar and cigarettes,whieh are sold by the State Monopoly, are available at equal prices throughout Libya.
7ue to the subsistence nature of agriculture and the production of the area being in-sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the population, there is no Governmental Agencyin the ro' which buyo grain from the farmers at subsidised prices. The farmers are,therefore, handicaFped in two ways; they are unable to produce enough grain to benefitfrom the services rendered by the Government, and if they need to buy grain they have topay high prices becemee of trareTort costs.
The Co-operative movement is not well established in the whole of Fezzan. Up until17r- only nine Co-operative Societies were established, but most of them, including theor in Wadi Al Ajal, which was established in Bent Beya, are not operating properly. Theyare suppoeed to sell tools and seeds to their farmer-members, and have been assisted by theQovernment with a loan of LZ600 - L11,000 each, in order to.establish stores; but they workon a very limited scale.
30 Land Tenure
The most common tenure system in the Wadi Al Ajal is public ownership of land. Anyonehas the right to reclaim a piece of unoccupied land and then he claims the owner of thisland. For this reason, almost all farm land is considered to be the private property ofth000 farmers who reclaimed it.
Reclamation is mainly done by digging shallow wells. The general practice is for afarmer to dig a well and irrigate a plot of land on which he plants trees, especially palmsand tamariz. By doing so, he makes provision for shade for his irrigated plots; later, ifhe gives up his irrigation for some reason such as salinity or the drying up of the well,the trees are usually big enough to grow and bear fruit without irrigation. Even if thewhole farro is given up and no fences indicate the boundaries, the property rights for eaohpalm tree are still observed.
Ownership rights are not registered and in the case of a dispute the local sheikhs areasked to solve the problem., After the death of a farmer, the land passee to the members ofhis family according to the Moslem Law of-inheritance.
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P,1Llum,7h the 7,-nthern sido Ajal in bound by roCky limestone, stones arenot used f'on building hounes. vo n the two new villages, Tekerklba and Tuiwa, whichworn built the Oovernment to accortmodate the victims of a flood catastrophe, some 10ye,irs r:o, u1y lecl bricks have Leen used as construction material.
c.00n,retivs
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Tenancy arrangements have increased in number 1_, te lart few Years. The beetfarmers who were able to buy a pump base their farec
. others for cultivation on a share-cropping basis. The share of the cultivator is eea].1 emeeneing id only 2' percent of thecorp but as most of these farms are establishel'n fcr Ir 'eed 1.rPj tho ehare-eroppereee rething to pay for running the pump, he cee :t lit rhr r rot ivine. For maintain-ine and harvesting a palm grove the share-croep'r c:ur r e r 0 airent ef the dates ha-rvested.
Another form of tenancy which exists in the area is the land of the Senussiacategory. As there are, however, only three farms in the whole Wedi, which were establishedin Disa in 1920 now exist.
4. Agricultural Practices
The cultivated land in the areas surveyed is sandy and light, with minor variationsin levels of fertility, usually due to uneven topoeraphy, water tahle or salinity con-ditions. The humus content is extremely low dee to the proceor of rapid degradation of theorganic matter. The crop suitability aej productivity is greetly effected by cheraeter-istics such ae depth and texture of tep-eoil, eub-seil, and sub-etretum. However, eoils inWadi Al Ajal arpeer to be in a better slate of fertility ana productivity than eoilc inother parts of the region.
The experts were informed that in the Ubari area of the Wadi Al Ajal, some lands donot produce a good harvest in the first year. 7he yielde improve substarelly in thesecond and following few years but after about e or 7 yeers salteity tenee r nceeeer. Soilsthen deteriorate in fertility, production falle rvpidly nod tee and ir
The agricultural practices are primitieen ri roer'both per hectare and per person. Ploughirve eenerel'donkeys or camels. Tractors rarely work in tie ,zznneee
e yields eee ioo lecdeetie-ityv ir animal-drewe rA,
at eneeele.
Winter cereals, wheat and barley, are sown from Oc r by broadeectingseed in fields ploughed once or twice. Very little maeeeine or fertilising is practieed.The crops receive 4-5 irrigations and are heeeeeeted in rhmrApril.
It was reported that in Sabha andreceived fertilizers: Ammonium-phosphaeeproportions 13-13-20, supplied by the Ilinieeeyusually 3 to 4 quintale per hectare.
OPOrt an W..
r te feelee.t'
- wheat crop:el. in theaeplied
The seed rate per hectare is about 60 kg. for wheat or 50 kg. for berley. Alfalfaoccupies an important position as a forage crop in Sabha and TUreghan rrearr. The eeed reteis 30 kg. per hectare. The crop remains in the fields for three years and more, dependingupon the quantity of soil and water, and the manuring and fertilising. In a fe w cases, itwas noticed that alfa alfa is fertilised with 3 to 4 quintale per hectare, per year, ofmixed fertiliser. In Wadi Al Ajal, alfa alfa is not so frequently cultivated. Perneen isgrown more frequently in substitution.
Sorghum durra is sown in March-April ai a sowing rete of 20 to 25 kg. per hectare. It
is harvested in October-November. Very little manuring, fertilieing, or hoeing is carriedout.
Larger quantities of farmyard manur, wN2n it ie are applied to vegetablecrops which receive better care and attentie although the methods of sowing and otherpractices are also traditional.
-70
The method of irrigation is surface irrigation. Fields are divided into small com-flrtments, locally called ugedula". Each "gedula" is about 5 m2 on the /Wu' system and25m2 on the pump system. The irrigation channels are unlined and about 35 peroent to 50percent of the water lifted is lost through seepage during the process of delivery topoints of utilisation.
It was reported that if the moil near the well was not irrigated and there was noleaking through seepage near the well, the quality of the water in the shallow well re-mained good. But, if the land near the well was brought under irrigation, the water inthe well became brackish after a few years. It was further reported in the Ubari areathat farmers sometimes try to control salinity by scraping the top surface soil andcollecting salts. However, if the proportion of salts becomes too high, they abandon theaffected fields.
71
G. The aotivity of the Ministry A -iculture in Fe a-
Because of its major relationship with the programme of NASA, it is of interestto summarize the present activity of the Ministry of Agriculture in Fezzan, whereit operates from Sabha, with the regional services of all its departments.
In particular, in the specific technical field, the Ministry of Agriculture isimproving or implementing in accordance with the Five Year Plan, experimental anddemonstration centres in Fezzan located in the following towns and villages:
1. In Ion, Barak, Sabha, _Traghen and Ubari: with proramo especially involvingthe responsibility of the departments Research, Horticulture, PlantProtection, Forestry and Animal Health. These centres differ in size (from
4 hectares in Tbari to 44 hectares in Sabha), but their programmes arefundamentally similar:
Research: Barley (Giaa 118, Baladi, etc.) and Wheat (Florence x AuroreFritissa, Khresi; aumpudi, FAO 9344, B.D. 3225, etc.) are underadvanced varietal comparison, in particular for seed rato andfertilization, as are chickpea, broadbean, potato, groundnut(Virginia Bunch and Valencia, especially). Sesame and tobaccoshould be introduced. Collection and evaluation of sorghum andmillet are also in hand.
Horticulture: Date palm va ieties are under obsommtion and multiplication(especially Nur and Degla). A few old and a few recently introducedvarieties of olives are under trial. Figs, grETea, citrus are grownin all centres, and they are also found here and there in private gardens.Many thousands of fruit trees were distributed during 1965. Newhorticultural species are being introduced; amongst them, the mostinteresting are Psidium Goiaba, apricots, almonds, banana, Diospyrus
Plant protection: A Central Section for Fezzan is located in Sabha;three peripherical centres exist in Barak, Mureu ; raid Ubari. Directassistance is givento the farmers on special term, especially againstAphids on date palms and Red Spinner. PesticiLas and pumps of varioustypes are supplied at low prices to the farmers.
Forestry: A few varieties of Eucalyptus are on trial, or supplied tothe farmers, together with Casuarina and Acacia drought resistantvarieties. Several different species and varieties for afforestation,windbreaking and shading are also under investigation.
Animal Health: A sound plan is under implementation on the linessummarized below:
Sheep from Sirte are regularly transferred to the SabhaCentre, and from there to the minor Centres; a seleotionof lambs is made in Sabha; groups of five ewelambs aredistributed from the minor centres to the best farmers.About 500 sheep were distributed up to the end of 1965.
In Sabha, at present, a group of Canana Zebus is underobservation; possibly and gradually, this group ofcattle will be distributed to the minor Centres and tothe best farmers.
(iii) Poultry (particularly White Leghoen and ehode Toland Red)is kept in 711 the Centres and dietribution will graduallybe made to tl.e farmers with the aim ef ieeroving theproduction at. eggs and moat in each small farm. A fewhundred lokor have been distributed.
(iv) Votorinaall t
tho livoatoolaou
-72-
.letance from the Centres is available for,ocke in Qatrun a "Quarantine Post" controls
ticularly camels, coming from further
Cc'n ti Vor Precei rai Prtcra.ion in Tuiwa, Wadi al Ajal. It is intended to1mprove to epee» .ortor aim of each neperimental and demonstrationCentre, because thi imrovement of the present egricultural production throughthe neoption ef modern practice s primarily based on extension services.
Ferri ;fichtnery: Several mechanics with specialized knowledge of motor pumpinghave been eppointed by the Minietry of Agriculture to the areas where thenumber of motor pueee is most important for assistance to farmers. Being onthe :Tot, they are in a position to solve quickly the minor mechanical problemsand. avoid inteerepticee of irrigation and crop loases. Major problems aresolved from 'aJele 'eee e. specialized workshop is responsible for repairsand recurrent'tm:n o=oe, in addition to the assistance for tractors.
The Water and Soil Conaorv.ation and the Pesnerch Departments are alsodeveloping their pro rumor. They are nosisted in Sabha by special expatriatetecenical advisors. To the farmer who owns a pump, and who wants to build acistern the Minieiry of . ericulture is giving, free of charge, the necessaryquantity of cement for the construction of a cistern (ueually with about 10 m3
capacity), and a ,'ew meters of water distribution canals.
Ì..;r.Lcait,uurtl Thinkm In addition to the technical and economic assistance givendireetl 1 tho elnistry of Agriculture, it must be mentioned that financialsuiport ir given to the farmer by the Bank of Agriculture, Sabha, and itsbranch in :erate From April to December 1965, the Bank advanced a total of1E14,701 for oaod purchase, directly to the farmers, for a one year term.Durine the eeeo eeriod, 358 farmers were given loans to buy motor pumps, tothe total. of 1. 74,596, given on a four year term to the companies supplying4Ta larmera. In a few cases, loans were also granted for tractors Rato ofintereet ie 4,5: for short term credit, and 3, for the four year term.
4eement proev Is
eummary presented in thio chapter covered approximately 120,000 Hectares
in 3ebne Wadi AlAjal and Treghen. Due to serious limitatioee
impooed forcee, particularly soil and water resources, prospects for
eettlemert eteee in Wadi AlAjal and Trapean areas are subjoct to the aveileelity
of :round water ir queletite and quality. Until the survey which has commencecompleted, the Teee recommends the establisbeent of pilot settlement schemes onreduced eceles as a start and in order to serve as centres for futuro development
of the areas as well ae for experimentation.
' , L' 1 466= 6,,1466 = 646 6,44 46. 6646,46' `, on+ ITt-ttya anr' in
Total .., ° ,
t 6=66 6'1, tit' 6 46 646=6= , =6 66
and lito ° 't ,t , ° t, ado t
T' - r t ' ow
t t,tui ri'du PtP" 't- ,''L' '',i" ""T 't't "¢"i ¡Pdd,:ip VT" , Ti ' ; TT,
/=4464.4 66 66=64-6 L , o , - o 66 16 , . 46 ,4r.' ,46 L5r
oi,=====o64,1 t tot "44 vr t 46' 6664' 6 ' 4' 5=51 4' 6 t, 6 166 6-4,6 6 ' t'6'. 6"4="' '''i',16',66"i=L '4:""t4:3, i"46,16,46 C- '> =66 64,6 64.6 6 4, = 6 4", 6 ' 6 66" . , 6 666 4644.= . = 64,
" 0-1 Y30,1 7,6 , :146-
TIP'"' Tddf:11, =-66,1 6 6 6 6 " 6 '6 ' 6 6 6 6 66"t 6 6.6.4 t6s, 4,44=s Ir 14''k 4==4"464461,
did L,CtLt otn,' = 4 4) 4=6.6- i66 6 =, '6 6' , "66,. 6-6,t11=t6===, 146,4i6616 6-=',1661.1= t 1, 4,061 ,6-6 6,4 , - 'L6,, 664 66 66 = t 4=66 4,4 " = 6 = i t 41 t
150
Total
t run, Lott 't n t
avoid: Yid nninnt
,1,,i "OW d" pi "-'
P".1 "1,1, ,atT;
t
dt, not t kit Vin°,
0,1 "Ti
.2%
t, f:, r ,6 4,======== nrannon
Arabic names
Nakhla
DisNegemSbot
NoziAgul
Talha
11
Retem
Scih
Lage,um
RemetFeresSceninDomran
Zeta
Etel
Corna
Smarr
-74--
Appendix
Botanical Species Typical of Fezzan. and Particularly of Wadi Al Ajal
jolanical namesPalmaceae
Phoenix dactylifera L.
CraminaceaeImperata cylindrica P.R.Cynodon dactylon Pers.Aristida pungens Desf.Aristida plumosa L.Alhogi Maurorum Med.
,rninosae
arabica Willd.Acoia tortilla Haine.Acacia Seyal Del.Retama Raetam Webb.
CompositaeArtemisia herba-alba Asso.
ChenopodiaceaeAnabasis articulata Dur. et Barr.
PolygonaceaeHaloxylon ar iculatum Bung.Salsola te'tragona Del.Halocnemum strobilaceuM Bieb.Traganum nudatum Del.
PlumbaginaceaeLimoniastrum Gregorianum DR.
TamaricaceaeTamarix articulata Vhl.
RhamnaceaeZizyphys Spina-Christi Willd.
JuncaceaerUS aritimus Lam.
Tnt', / r t10 ,`1
1.921 ;4 ,;;;11, ;; ; h'y , ,;`Immov ! S'+: ',t, ; 'rt28 Se ni-f5 , U.'`,1 'L 171' L Lr 'S 1.1rt t
Bc-nttazi ° o 1 r
t'ropor ty and. Cd."A , t )°,'rDlreit,i,' of the ttt-4,,2,. 4".;¡:;c. 1,1;1; 't's; ; ;;, rPC'
i. 1 o 4.; ;), ,r` g.t,d )
, t 41 '01
In Lit' IL row', toct tnt ' ItoDepa 1-1Hort , yo, '\ s 'so.in ti it,l(to crl Ann L'4;;;;' 1; ;
viu I tc-ri t' ferF,4, etr,'1 ;4'0 ; sC :L^t Lit t't ,;,;(`Z,.1;;, ; OW' ;t j 00/1.1
,r-arne nt, Of ' if,114 , ' r,; ; ,f)..1``"
wh,,tt ,itv9cto ',hoy '6,11 .1610 tr; r' , i, h opOi`i w L !'t'rIT!r;f. qUe8 rov--rin( ; tA ru!bj th,E 7.rv-on tign-torli Cc- I `",-^ -uu; par c.elot,e, "1 tfan
"J'14:": K;tr,f,t3 ":101^,lt,411 , ft,
1.960 Report of /f7 .1,
De ve opaionr, rtrsri }" A rYTA t 7 T. r; 2.1 r(- ti f, p L 7,",r
e 113t__211...o.11
Anytrie r rw.. -,-,),41.511,-v N , tp,tto 1.3,4 ppt", t. , et,t y
on mmovd,ble r-a-up4)(.- rflieoo 01%13 ! nry,,t.- v. t i!,r! ' ocltia I 6 luorlulgt t110 Ci n r!,r!lto!)1.",1W1.1 t; 4'3 ;
THE SYSTEV OF LAN", NA'" 'T r
k,(: h'1 ; C's 4 ; f; " rtot,640 1,00,1 1. prop,E,10,), ,;;`1,,,,, irt f;}, ';'"1 ;1;;`," rt,C"';1, P r'1)
1, lap', titwt4iL ty for trr r '' rL mArialt i.ehrit! 1,0 rth tt 1t'' ',Poo ! o , a t
trrAlitsm,ct.-torr tt 1.ir. A ;iit.,trls, '\'1';;; ' t ,P11!
not coal Lt.th4 <, u ;h `4, ;1 t"; 4.,
41-y r, ,), 1., ; ; -; '1;;; t.1 r,ro,vanct rL titi e.i pt., t',CF10H .1.,St' h I ');;; ( ,,r it.U.t t!-, t. pt. 'i170
co tic,»
11 t,C,',,',011118tt V in o z theon,1 I Act' C1,11 tttr,..i I Do tv,"1-..r.,0,- r,
t,,-, ", ; ;,,,; NY, , r `N, "
of pp 1 o0°,t,h1r" f,
'T.rrto ,, `,; ! !
' :3 'NO I ' ", tql 1
The tud,y T,t",omet,Wm, ,,,,nt.ruP ct L Y4t, lie 'L;-4) ;;1 ; ,or '
terr, of T,r;
' 1 1, rantl fqr q in019. proparty haverprii to 113
t5 5 51.5 5.'5n I, n' q tnq t.10P4 of;,,,: j,
.5011.10
ttl(tt, PllCti` ttnt
r q t I pro;)ortyt 117, i
tt'tt t.t,
g.tt t
"P t,td 111'1
e
' 14-
q Vtt tt 191.41Zttet t
ts ,LPItt Jff
t4, , 114C, 0,t`t", hrt)e.r,
1921 and 1965
T,-,0,htr;Ornirt`t y
"ng5'5'Y.t:T'R t on
that, on of
ot ¶ )0i.)
(.4 Ad,j01.,-;-,; rer4w
(-}ch t,;J /)EA
ty
-77-
Org'1111Zhio1071 01111,"e''3`0 ;`3,' ,;; t. ),10 rl,,,1 :10 Ul
Cy rfrICV1: 3 MO 9 )111M Lt.t!:`,9 .) 1ri t '({ 0. t)o L L Sljri ,t71 .19
lends. The lv";nteter..., Yrior
both Coo 00coo N' J and the new Law ofadopt ',:ar (1,011OM C 16.10,1'.,w
The mein ,11 t 1t1 t4e,, 1.,4 kr"*6 t ,t,i!",£ti)ijitt ,im i r- Ir'ri J.t1.,-)oanie *!, t,
C1 rniziN01, !to",0 pro v tins. RI o hitya o to l';`,"0
thtl l.yon ttrit.i rW-,4,-.'n in L nd th,-,of tjIt' t4(:,r4r W??,f.. r'\ ..t
(,7 `r»),t r
tb )r 1 !,ed :o fç
Governt-o,k,
1mm. rties arc :dance with the
Pub
(ii) Comm eq.-0-1on of tribes or .
Private prop
(iv) W,kP
The Law of 19or; retair U3 divialon th thcia,!'ïer.?.nceol
k, ro' ,1,k-4 ; so,
BC t I fl1flt v,11 (mot) r ; r.J
Purt,f t,11° ProPurtko Lo.( Q», ,o1 4°,41,Ao
ThP )f drfinoe ,41,) ',
are appropclAted h,í 1t
ept.ci r 103,i for pi;',L LzHe-t tow rr , t
repOt ,..10,T1 or the rt -q` Puh ;)'" ,
This definition of Pd',:,13 l'cnoortlea oc,,* r ,o c;(,0t,r4tHflexible, and consto ten, wdth LLe oo dOrAn'ott. lu daelt0(kf,',ownership.
he re i nt) n t t, Ott \ra C t + r 17 ;-a LO < ti t $10 -1 f) r)e.
Law,, ri(,th kaWS nly rill (MO rl F01 '11,191t.ri tt,t t. (11'0' ;
impregnated birren \aehah), foreoze, ,;owover, ic,,* 1,1r,(c' September 1965, Stato prIv9!,as ttt.nd assjgoed co- t.-Awme 1,,arposee, hyt,1 . thewhich Lo owned by the ',t,re, 1 a an InocTp0Itod o,r,-Czo tHo ;.awodnd Rogglatioho m C000, ,whether tIne 01 1,).1 orethers."
An no recood9ownerehtp .90LIPA (4 Att.e§ tit. rlt,,,W (°()Nri L L reellBscaude or thie nit t,16; ptitev )1,S VP 1.1'1 folit e.yertrr, ,,t'Conina Verde in where may tIr tndt.'ir ni irr tko, ,wnevo04) frf t.:' "i'
of tho project argY1 by d,rescription, Thewe are,o4 tInoer
-78-
nxampisw,+% givrit; 1/ALA +3tato Prupo t no registration exista in theara+A, a10,o/' in 1Anf4 OAMA the. (3tai.e, in te(, rinmol of ;Jnitenders,
ovkoion oLit1ciJ )n Ak'iolt 8 the bew f Otate Property, and in the new1,tvo 1.;net.Mon pe..h,ojt th) .-Iptlif.ito of Iv real rights in these properties.This nonn+Ato,toH an importan pcomot/Qr t v Jtate Property and puts an endto owneini.p 1++,(91)+-0o+,0 'dxd +o 11aer thP implewent911on of land eettlementschemes.
- Art31,1Aor of t,'itos r -111o+, l'h' eommuat )roi)ortyor "ow, -1" Pk.ctr., of i re pees'ione
.1.1i)o)+ .,+ rroalt+; 0.1 'k ; qr.(' or= the
tc2+,olo 1+0' o' +.,.+)±1.1 vil'i,ttn3 m.lth voiitmar,y
,9v),1,10 )0 >lot ond ther krt. ,01
! ,r of lq(.7, nd.1* exp]oited
in lin+++ vi rri and iriW-ts *.Itheut oontlictine,pit++ +II, Lh, th,ly DCA l:OMMOD
oct ina 1i new Z,qw aer;ie1)0tL sufruct in subject
++Ln+ +:111+-t aith 4+,10 logislation inTho- 04r-1.3r ,)1 t+ne end of Artinie whioh may CAUSA
1;,qp tl,eoo lands, An the Articde states
Li)°, o, t;Os'+ oniori ç, "owlot. tr++cs cputnine odi them".
(b) tro ',,w i+eivai o properties h+41. Article 7
ir provotten w} eh (-in be dinpoemd
+,i1+run.to.4 todioo )+0'o5nfA'-'"dk
k_,10 (JAW knit w,arltae2,o purpeaes) wvs cons:Lderedtri ,c,,,,,"rty %r C:91.1c1. tt.7 tn legal alienations,
0.:or /1190.0 r th( cstahlisoer ::+f VIP lilikfy the inoome, iou++1 ae, ene0 -ii"rcmitho i:e6.inn:fie ti' R tipulated,
vii,f(01'1 or -7,'1Y onoid or 0, cooici tn :Len persons appointed byh. 0,°t:tWor ,t th dL,athq lt moiAld go to the charity
+, irittG:Oed. is 1e;.3ved froo Islamic11I r'Cq t I Q) A-11E. Law
k0-) `olo th?4,1 no of i?,11 '0,- oi nompulsor,y andfi.,r the mdjicLoation it rights The owrer
of Oio eri is OtkiKeo r o request. investigation and regibtrition and themnat 1005+0.,' the noT,eanriry t)rovistone for the ndondioation of
ric,hto, aa n ronwit thin regnost. Under tht.e lultkonal res.istration theDookrtm,,,,nt oF,rr,y, out an 7',ir,aetigotion onTWas request7ed to do ROby ati fefo..renty0; vp,-;n.in, Or tha, .ather hand. the Dop3rTment can of its own
tioc,:rd n10 wittn+ut 7;nr, '» (4 ef 'u ene announce twit one of the areas -toliu0 otid vi)19,eA auniaot to th Procedures of i0judication and
lglotratIon, Tire sjotso Io wnown ae .e;eiralpleruz_r_lVt, ion, The Law of+idontod only 'tie optionil uystert nf Aildndor4tLiori arid Pegietriitionp and
:here te no mentl'in lq 17.'hie nem LAW CY complAsry veFletra. Deeree andthe tw differ with regs+%t to tha effeet registration. Artlele 95 of theDa,ireo atets that trie, Yoelotrnikon vecords constitute )egal proof of realrighto in fTM6,4011If± 1,Zs'lpb;titIA, Phi :lodeament does not provide The proteotioninten6f,d 010 sye-/-1 roal rightev chic!) ta fundamentany
(e)
besed on the prinoiple of unlimited power in the regiutration of real rights.But Article 73 of the new Law etates that the recorde of immovable property areproof of the validity of the particulars contained therein.
There ie aleo a difference between the Decree and the Law as to the effect ofposseseion and prescription on the recorded rights. Artiole 97 of the Deoreestetes that whoever poseeeses the property for fifteen years shall obtain theright of ownership of the land by prescription in the name of others. Thismeane thet regietration doee not prevent claiming the ownerehip of land byprescription, while in accordance with Article 73 of the new Law it isimpoesible to rely upon the olaimieg of the ownership of the property byprescription as long as there is a temporary oe permanent document regardingthe property. There is no doubt that the rulo adopted by the new Law agreeswith the alma of the syetem of regiotration of title which gives completeprotection to the owner whoee real rights are recorded.
D. The Procedures and Provisione for the Adjudithe Law of i6The Adjudication of Righte begins with an application to be submitted by the
person concerned to the Head Office of the Department or the Registry Office in thearea of the property. The application must include full particulars regarding theproperty as to site, area, value and real rights on it as well as the particularsof all the concerned parties.
Before the adjudication of righte by the Registration Office, the personconcerned must be notified that the Office will carry out the necessary investigations.This notification will be effected first by notification to the persons adjacent to theland, the Sheikh and the Imam of the tribe, of the application for adjudication andits particulars and the day assigned for adjudication, and, aecond by poeting publionotices, including particulars of the property and the names of thoee applying foradjudication. The notification and the posting of notices must be completed in ampletime before the commencement of the adjudioation procedures.
Adjudication of righte is based on documents submitted by the persons concernedor those kept in the registers of the Department. If no documente are available,the adjudication is to be based on information submitted by the Sheikh or head of thetribe or the Mutasaref of the place, containieg particulare of the property, and itebounclaries. Minutes must be taken by the investigator, in which he shall record thesiteetion of the possession and information given by concerned persons such meneighbours, the Sheikh of the tribe and the Imam.
On the oompletion of the adjudication the Office shall announce the resulte,and the notice shall contain a comprehensive description of the property andinformation regarding its owner. The notice shall be posted for a specified periodof time and in different places. A copy of the notice shall be sent to the applicante,to persona concerned and to the Imam of the tribe.
The persons concerned shall have the right to object to the results of theadjudication before the Registration Office within a limitad period of time. Theobjection shall be reviewed by a committee attached to the Office of Land Registration,oomponed of the Head of the Office and two Libyan members to be appointed by theMinistry of Juetice. The committee shall give its decision after hearing thestatements of the persons concerned and after completion of the investigations, theInterview, and hearing of the witnesses if necessary. The Committee shall prepareminutes of all the proceduree and inform all persons concerned,
'4,')`)k) T'03 670 , 04q 00 0 101,qï 1 0 4' IX Y .14 t!),r') ol F.41 to u special11.1,W o 01' ; ;A++ ofttroprl ee ttie
t+VVVVV0,r.r'o t+ij C+,o+' +n," 1 r. tt+40 prominent[ocoo ti ni ,lotT:re 00A-i oor,Imittee not bound bymq 1 o 4101,° On 0 OP , jJ 'jVVVV, q;,1.} ;1,4V1i Owf 7pl.o the .tu-i.tt of Apea]
t doc+, .1, 4,+++++a V.t A ,k,'An+/ +++ ''1+ ++ a 0,1 tft.'i pe,°i+,`cl jf tTtLft .+py,o V
VVV, (tc, + 011 '+++), 3,o0r+ '
nvo ,00t t: 0017 t 47C t,t , oo ¡MO 4 r OS VV j.401110)24'7 4 toff,MO, J POC VVVV 004 wholt ',AUC 4 i )4) 4700 ) ro t ot? oC pl:opeety,h , j jsw 0,0 , , 1 j, : 4 4 40) i 144. I 6 ,,a10 2.o.).;.:Lonon. In tbeorrIc; oh, VJT NO 0 r)1:'y .1 1'0 C000 00r V
t ik 1 k á '`r ;°1.,T, tit+, 1,4 C Qut'C' " '1,,poon.0 I 6t6V VVV VVVrIJJV wilto t ion
oovod tV V ;'6L )1 I.;? C 'JCCJA... 7shr4 not beenrf0."00,{ I, VC 6k: , 0.-41.uo,elept tt deedmod o itTroanot','( ctee0
Co ", ;AO), 6's ('4001: 1. '1 î,A) ,)4;. VT 1 WE, ,10 .:)1.' rneee,one ot I 16,11V VtV o,y. ; t ne t.roioc on
,t A o iotoc J ,1 .V °'/ of the
0.0
In accord,tnce V thehe " .es must be registered:
1. ,t/ '11.J60,(101, ,i'tnrwr yt.rnto"n0,:e one t)ftVIV''+Don) V V
V sq±sIC4, ryr tbeqe tR as W0.1;VJVt, t.00/ ejn,,,L1 , t 6, rwu, nr .w tV 21.4.,i Grc 7 0 1+."47. ,hese rights6s., e,.0,d 01 VJ J 10. oe,.1, '.6r11 ukt:Atc,d tween parties
tnj( )'n, no VirI ro to+ troc,11, ,w1 A
2.+ j t i Otle + C kto VOr+ '): n'w o +.; tne tit Ofpoi.,o/t -'y , 1,yt, '1 u I A 61-, t 7;,,eoo rights
are not To+, 'Jo+
The r .gh t
o, 1,tt,tti t o, 0'; cyit)I,,,;. too jV
a 1..ert.rage. Thett,),,, roe, j, k J V VVVVVV1. fl Cokk' tn 'osrtzt
ltles of usufruct if its period exceeds 9 years.To,.) ('!' Lind tne .,..,0,/e LI( .1re re latnd.
ro t `'A o' 11Jior ',I's., 0( 1; ,jur'e,:miii/r11,t3 7 t,te..6 , r,i',,
E. Relation between the System of Land Registration and Land Settl m nt
Thr+ ttove:dailet0 ()) 0)41.,1' \1K w) Glw No. 1 yen r 196)1%.,e rn ..oy the PO V. ILV,L '0' N , , A , t rtc.' e ,lintr Out Jj, titovernment
tt, r,o) on ,t) ì bn,,) o. * J tiC IJA, reoommenned oyDireetp,. toff iltrrcrvn 14 0", (.11100t). Mir;t01,Prrs. Thla neassstatee the
, + :0,11) ty oi nventir 4 L' oi evrr I:vov ori'kor to 1.,rovi de lo;e, as ttler /poi th31 j ty and seoa ri to ?,1n:teQt tc.1 10td t eo Isretens ono trce ',4).rd party.
Too lr.w1 Jt...oww)tocl f'rr AOkkfia/0 max be K) private* nr.,6tit:* 40 toe ,,,op tho Vbyan (,ev!,-Tutptv, .°4;
-3 1-
aeeord,non with the Libyan-iteli4n Agreement of 1956, 9nd the forent lende; b triballand eeseessed end exploited by members of tribes. The tribal lendo comprise nboutre:en-enthe ef the lande suiteble for oultivetion ip Cyrenelea.
With regerd tu the Private Government lends, the Lend Regietretion lawneeeseitates the eeteblishment or a reeister for State Property, whether it is publicor privete property. The Immeireble Property nf the State end of the public incorporetedboelmo must be registered. But, moet or the Immovable Prooerty of the Stete ie motregistered in the neme of the State up to the preeent time. Even lends reverted to theLiteyen Government,aaecordanne with the Libyen-Itelien Agreement of 1956, are stillregintered in the name of time Italian Settlement Aetherities. These linde have mepsahowlee their ereme and boundaries. The non-regietretien is aue to the big shortageof technical end legal staff in the Department of Land Registretion. It is eseential,when the Depertmenl hes nn edequete number or suoh officiele, te begin theregAstretion or the Private Government Lands, eopecielly lends reverted to the LibyanGovevnment in ineordInce with the 1956 Agreement. Teesm fermi are presently beingreolaimed fer dietribution. This registration, in eddition to its protection to thePriveim Government lands muet be achieved in eccoreence with the Regietretien Law.The rmeastretion uf Sale Contrects issued by tbe Stite te the settlere must bepreceded by,the registratioe of the Private Government lande.
The tribal lands, as oe f nl, iii Article P or the Land Regietratioe hew are"the (emmunal tribal propertiee ,q1lih are utilleed by the tribns in eceordance withloeal ceetome, traditions end eabite, provided that they do not curefl,et withlegielation ana the principies of public order in foree in the countey. Theue lanaeare owned, in eemmon, by the reelding tribes end must be registered in eceorlance withthe provisions of this Law."
The Law otatee lhat it is neceosary to eeteblieh registere for the communaltribel properties, stating in them the wiye or utilieation of these properties,the neme or the tribe or tribes and divieims of the tribee, femiliee ind originscr the tribes whien heve the rignt of usufruot. It is not permiesable to granttemeerery or permanent title deeds Ifter the regietr,tien of communei trihalpropertioe -13 i r,le in the otee uC private property. It is sufficient te issue aproperty eertifieate giving a deecription ef the eondition oC the aforeoail property.
These provisions indicate that the richt of the holders on tribe! Linde isonly eonrined to the right of usufruct end that the Rekbah of land is indisputablebetween the Stete and the tribee.
It was found, when discuseing the matter wete fCioialscf the Departmentof hend Registration and on geeing the e-eiers, eepeeeelly those perteining totribal lende, thet the registration of t e ,7. eende ,s clot been star ted Bence theissue oC the 19i=1 Decree. The reason Co the non-registratien eppears to be thenon-existence of eurvey 'napa which are aae basis of land regietretion for theselande. The Department has en inadequate number of technical eaff ner thepreparation of meps these areas. Also, the tribal people heve no motive forclaiming the regietretion as they deal on these lands aecoreing '7o rulee derivedfrom old 'noel cuoteme and traditions.
The implementation of Settlement Schemes on tribal la13 needs the achievementof the following stepes
1. The Department of Lao! Registration shall announce that the a thesettlement echemos are due to be establisned snail be aubjtot e ee system ofcompuleory registration. The Department shall carey out regietretionprocedures without pending a request from the concerned parties
2. The adjudication of righte on these areas 'Mall he carried out together with adescription of the properties and the ntruoturee eetablished upon them, as wellB.B the names of the holders and their rights. Survey maps ehall be prepared fdrall the area in accordance with the provieions of the Law.
On completion of the prooedures taken for the adjudication of rights, the namesof the holders of these areas shall be defined, together with their specifiorights on the latid. The regiotration ehall be completed in different registersin accordance with the results of the adjudication.
In the case of distribution of these areae to the holders who fulfil theconditions of settlers, then theee areas must be registered in the name ofsuch holders in accordance with the provisions of the Law. In the case wherethe holdere do not fulfil the Conditions of Settlers, then the ownership mustbe expropriated and compensation should be paid in lieu in acoordance with theLaw of Expropriation of Property for Public Use. Subsequently, the land shallbe Bold to settlere selected for the distribution, and the title deed shallbe registered in the name of the purchaser.
F. Evaluation of the Libyan Land Registration Law
The system of registration of titles followed in Libya in accordance with theLaw of 1965 givee absolute power to the registration of rights in the concernedregisters. Article 72 of the Law states that the registers of immovable propertieswill have the power of confirming the validity of the particulars mentioned therein.As this system provides a complete protection to the ownership of immovable property,as long as the right iB confirmed in the regieters, therefore, nobody can claim thisright even if he is the real owner. This system is also of great use in making landa marketable commodity since it gives a great deal of security.
The new Law deleted the text which existed in the old Law concerning thecompuleory system of registration, but this does not mean that this system cannot befollowed under the new Law. It is recommended that detailed provisions of thissystem be included when the Executive Regulations of the Law are being prepared. Thissystem realizes many privileges, especially that usually the parties concerned donot claim the adjudication of their rights on land. This is the present situationin moet lands particularly tribal property. The system of compulsory registration'shall require establishment of circulating committees and legal staff to carry outthe adjudication of rights in areae selected for land eettlement.
The new Law does not stipulate that the Heada of Offices, who give the ordersof regietration of rights in different registers, and thecfficials who carry out theoperation, shall have certain legal qualifications. It is recommended that it bentipulated in the Executive Regulations that the Heade of Offices shall haveUnivereity Degrees in Law. As previously stated, the registration of rights in theregisters and the lapse of time to refute the registration gives an absolute powerto the registration. This necessitates that those who iesue the order forregietration, that is the Head of the Registry Office, must study the legal documentsta erelure the existence of the legal elements and that the request for theregistration is correct, and that there is no objection against the registration, andthat the disposer shall be the owner of the land, and that he shall have the rightto make the transaction and that the person disposed to gain the ownership is capableof doing so. Also, those who carry out the procedures of adjudication of rightsshall have the right to see the title deeds, to listen to the witnesses, makeprocge verbal of all the procedures taken, and must be well trained from the teohnioaland legal points of view to perform such works. Moet of the legislation referring tothe land registration, particularly those adopting the system of registration of titles,etipulates that those who carry out the procedures of adjudioation of righte and those
who are responsible for giving orders for registration ehall be magistrateu or havelegal qualifications.'
Articles 23 and 25 of the Law permit the refutation against the result of theadjudication of rights, before a Commission attaohed to the Land Registration Office.The Commiseion shall comprise the Head of the Department or of the Office, and twomember:3 selected from among prominent dignitaries reeiding in the area. It isrecommended that this stage should be oancelled as the refutation would be uubmittedto the person who made the deoision of the adjudication of rights. Thus, he would beinfluenced by hie opinion during the course of the investigation and consequently,the refutation before him would be ineffective. The members who are not technicallyqualified would most certainly be affected by the opinion of the Pnad of theCommission.
In the case of failure to refute before thie Administrative Commission in theperiod of time defined in Article 23 of the Law, the right of refutation will not beforfeited. The concerned party is allowed in certain cases defined in Artiole 33to make a refutation against a temporary title deed within one year from the dateit was published in the Official Gazette. Thiu is therefore a further reason tocancel the refutation before the first Commission. The concerned party may refer thematter to the Refutation Commission on Immovable Propeety, Lefined in Article 28 ofthe Law, which ie presided over by a Magistrate. The wio, t ton of thie recommendationwould simplify the procedures of refutation and assist YEtly in the quickstabilization of ownership.
4. The Law permits the refutation against the temporary title deed within a periodof one year from the date of its publication in the Official Gazette where it isproved that the adjudication of rights was based on fraud committed by the concernedparty or forgery of the proofe and documents. For the same reasons, refutation canbe made against the permanent title deed before the Court of Appeal within a periodof five years from the date of issue of these final title deeds. This provides theopportunity, without justification, for the disputes to continue for a long periodof time. It is unnecessary to permit the refutation to be made for different periodsof time and before different authorities as long as the reasone for refutation are thesame. It ie recommended that the refutation against a temporary title deed should befinal and no refutation should be admitted Ngainst the permanent title deed for thesame reasons. It is also recommended that the period of refutation against a permanenttitle deed be reduced.
G. Surveying and Mapping
Present Situation
Basic cadastral maps and field surveys play a leading role in the differentstages and procedured of land registration. The adjudication and investigations ofrights on land ownership, boundary erection and demarcation, preparation of cadastralplans and indexes, all require the services of engineers, surveyors, draughtsmen etc.
During the couree of various studies and visits made by membere of the Teamto the Department of Land Regietration in Benghazi, it appeared that the Departmentsuffere greatly from ehortage of technical staff as well as of legal staff. Atpresent, the Department ie unable to do any new property registration in either ruralor urban areas. Most registrations of property were done during the Italianadministration.
At present the Department undertakeethe following functions:
TherP arefield end orfj.sdreughtimen. Thecompletion by '.
2.
Parcellation of 3n' n iingo, which are alreudy registered, into smallerparcele or units. ihAet.rp, of parcellation is mostly done in propertiesnear the big eities sud towe for housing purpoems. The practice is thatthiu percellet1 n is o,rrie ut by private engineering firme and submittedto the Depsrtmert t 'strtion by the owner of the land for checkingand approtevery new paroel, and issuance of the necessarydocumente.
Settling all boundary henever these occur. The Survey Sectionat preeent is mostly this type of work.
1 the
iB nt euitalS. eeeommederequiree B. more suitable hullin good csndition, stored infor each item.
:nizetie,
15,000 tstanding cases of title registration waiting for somesletiov, which reeks the servicee of field surveyore and
Also ,000 case title registration awaiting finaltechnical and lessl
Arert rrom tnie, th.ra is a tremendous amount of cartographic work and finalenmpletion for sresertiee 'ere ny registered. Fes' example, all the cadastral plans,indexee tina other orisieel materisl for areas slreedy regiutered are drawn in pencilseateed nf ink, whien mekeo the hndling of these valuable documents by differentseetione in the Depeitment estremely difficult und may bring about serious probleme.Therefore,it is of the usseat importance to Ink these plans as early as possible.Furthermore, a second rss, should he prepared of all these documents.
With resird tn the teohnieal staff working in the Department, a few surveyorsfrom the Lebnnen, Jordan snd the U.A.R. are employed, and they are working moetly onbnundsry dieputes snd pareeUetion, as referred to above.
aecommodation, the present office building in Benghazithe staff, particularly the Survey Section, which
preserve all the survey materials and documentsabinete, shelves and drawers, and with a record
The rvey Y3act.ion is nt pret 'ro uueble to carry out all the tasks andrensonsihilitiee uired to epeed us land registration, both in rural and urban areas,due 11I11117 o io of technieel etnff, esieeially engineers, eurveyors and draughtsmen..Ta mePt the Isereeeed demand for lsnd regietettinn in both agricultural and otherleivelopment ressremmee in the country, the qection needs to be strengthened both in,echnisel ,It.,cr esuipment seasshes to be created within the Section.less ut,rr be immedieely order that the Section shall functionproperly end efficiently. Furthelsesss=, ,tfl Seetion should be raised to the level of sDivieion ITVJrn issortance.
A senSor Surveyor Engineer (University Level) with sufficient experience shouldr.cruited as Chief of this Division.
In the future, the Survey Division should consist of the following seotions:
(a) Map Drawing.. and Indexing on: to be in charge of maps, drawings, indexesIna reproduction of 911 other originals. The Section is at the present timeIr need of, a competent and efficient drawing and reproduction set-up to carrynut all the work required for land registration. It will be the responsibilityof ouch an office to ink all the transparencies and originals which wereprepared during the Itftlian a,!ministration which so far remain penoil drawn.lit will be useful also to prep9re second fair-drawn originals of all thesedocumente on non-shrinkable trensparencies euitable for offset printing for
future recorde.
Offset or ozalid printing'copies should he made aviiinhle for the daily useof the staff of the Department of Land Yegtetv)tion and also for otherDepartmente. Handling of the originaln and tronel,drenciee nhould he nvoidad.At present, all theue penoil drawn originals are mnintatnad in a propermanner.
It is difficult to start lithopvery oomplicated and requires specIt is reomme1od. that only contofor dlily offc Use but lithogrdshould be H'1 the Nitionn
-85-
rim, reproduction as this type of work istr,liced staff and huge inveetment.°luting Le employed for multi-reproductionurinting on large Rolle production
,ty Dernrtment in the future.
(b) Field Survey Section: in char 1nd surveys in connect:on with theLand Registr-,tion. An ndequat r.!he euri.,yors and engineers should berecruited to carry out the field aria work. This SPotion it, to he sub-divided Inc() the following sub-sectins:
) Field Control Survey: in charge or gpdund control such Rs trianguldtion andtr,nsv.erse on dirrerPnt orders roinired in the preparation of basic.cadastral maps and boundary demirodlion. rhe gpodetic computatlors, shallbe carried out dna the coordioitos ne used as bases for cadnotrni works.
ii) Bounddry dem trr t ions rc %11 dell mdinly with the bounddry ereot ons andsettlement or 111 disputes related to these boundaries. The st,rvPyors ofthis sub-section shall r,ccompacy ',he committees in charge or collecting thecldl,mo on trino ownernhip and other. richts on lando and aesiot the committeeon technical mIttera.
and Inspection' in charge of se vice trnining and new staff ona 1 aspects of cndastral surveys, This Off: 0P nhdll carry out the taskof inspecting and obecking thP work carried out by all SectIone, andreport periodically to the Director of the Division.
StorPs: in h- ,n of storing aerial photogrdpbe, cadastral maps andplans, field equipment Rnd All origirvd1 matPrials, etc. All th,se materialsnhalt he maintained in good crinition with a register kept for esb storeditem.
3. Tools and Equipment Required for Surveying and Mapping
To assist the field staff in their work it is neceesary furnishthe Division of the.Surveys with enginoering instruments and field equicment in orderto speed up and improve the field work. The following equipment is requlred initially'
theodolites Ord order) and tv4 .?na order, for angle mmtsurement..Two -Ipirtt levels for verticol control.Ten complete plan table outfits.Tour precise tacheometers.Four optical distance measurnmPnts.Contact printing equipment - Rt least two machines are required.One reproduction camera or coryinv camera.Two eintocraphe for enlarging or reducing tito mnp scale.A surficient number or itmei tapes, linen tapen, char's, oleo, etc.Trigonometric tables and hooks for coordinated computiticTen survey binoculars.
5.
d umbrellas.stat: kelery.
Field equipment such as ten other field camping equipment.At least eix Land Rovere foe fild survey parties.
The iave list of inseeuments should be increased as the field work increases.
4. Technieel Staff Reee;r
The ieartment of Lam', :ratiOn is in great need of the followingtechnicians:
One Senior Survey Engineer as Chief of the Survey Division with enoughexperience in 17leJl.,eqtral Surveys.
Geodete ue or .Technician in field of control survey and itscomputation,
One Senior Draughtsman.
At least twente Serveyers with enough experience in cadastral survey andand. field uac tI eeeing.
Staff in 3. and 4. couid be selected from the Arab speaking countries,due to the fact that they shall have more contact with the people in thefield, While staff mentioned in 1. and 2. can be selectedfrom any source.
arks
The Department of Land Registration, in general, uses the cadastral plans andmaps prepared during the Italien administration as bases for settling all boundarydisputes in urban and rural areee.
In the case of the ex-.flr1t farms in the Jabal Al Akhdar area, there are onlyI lens on a scale of 1;25,000, which is the only material left and is not
boundary demarcahons or settling disputes. There are no farm boundary,Ions, nor any kind of coordinates which would help in re-establishing
e farm boundary mark whenever required in an accurate manner.
When N.A.S.A. starts the reclamation and development of these farms morearguments and disputes will arise. It is important that both N.A.S.A. and theDepertment of Land Registration, together with other concerned authorities should workon the establishment bf all boundaries of the ex-Ente farms as early as possibleand eomplete the regietrution of these farms in the name of the State before theeinutes and claims hender any improvemente.
The Department of Land Registration has not yet registered these farms in theneme ef the Libyan Government, as was stated in the 1956 Agreement. Recently, theslecie Of' the exente farm area was covered by a series of large scale maps (scale
10Dee) and aerieil photographs on a scale of 1:15,000 prepared by photogrammetricM,1, ad if neeessary theee maps coulee be enleeged tc 1:2,500 without Toeing any of
their eccuracy. These mapa are suteetsfc erel poees and land registration.3etA er,wramme should be worked out te hrunc.auj marks of these farms as
early as posaible, these survey meter a Iteee or boundary demarcation.
Farm 'Joule should be marked on the and their coordinates esta)
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and located by photogrammetry and aerial triangulation. This latter prooedure wouldsave a lot of time and effort. The same procedure could be applied in other areasoutside the ex-Ente farms. For land regiatration in urban areas, cadaetral plansand maps on Basle 1500 - 111000/1,:2000 should be used and a numerical cadastralshould be applied in establishing the coordinates of any property corners. While,for the time being, a graphioal cadastral could be applied in rural areas, ingeneral aerial photographs and photogrammetrios should both be applied in order tospeed up the registration both in rural and urban areas.
TIP, .'Aftl'I,AMPAROMA
Tel, 630674
MR 24/7.69/E 00
