LIBRO DE GRAMMAR PARTE 2

Celestino Hopkins

Present Subjunctive

Mood: attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical

Main clause+connector+subordinate clause

-ar: e, es, e, emos, en

-er/ir: a, as, a, amos, an

Irregulars: dar (de) estar (este) ir(vaya) saber(sepa) haber(haya) ser(sea)

Wedding

W – Wishing/Wanting

E—Emotions

D—Doubt

D—Disbelief

I—Impersonal Expressions

N—Negation

G—God/Greif

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que

Es mejor que

Es malo que

Es importante que

Es necesario que

Es urgente que

Verbs of Will and Influence

Sugerir-to suggest

Rogar-to beg

Recomendar-to recommend

Prohibir-to prohibit

Mandar-to order

Insistir-to insist

Importar-to matter

Aconsejar-to advise

Common Verbs and expressions of Emotion

Algrarse-to be happy

Esperar-to hope

Sentir-to be sorry, to regret

Soprender-to surprise

Temer-to be afraid, to fear

Es triste-it’s sad

Ojala que-I hope, I wish (that)

Expressions of Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial Dudar-to doubt

Negar-to deny

Es imposible-it’s impossible

Es improbable-it’s improbable

No Es Cierto-It’s not true, it’s not certain

No Es Seguro-It’s not certain

No Es Verdad-It’s not true

Object Pronouns

Pronouns are words that take place of nouns. Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb. Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an action is done.

Indirect: me te le nos os les

Direct: me te lo/la nos os los/las

Position of Object Pronouns

Direct and indirect object pronouns (los pronombres de complemento directo e indirecto) precede the conjugated verb.

Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine.

No le guarde la seccion deportiva.

Ella los consigue gratis.

Nunca la quiere leer.

Object Pronouns Cont.

When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may be either attached to the infinitive or placed before the conjugated verb.

Indirect: Debes pedirle el dinero de la puesta.—Le debes pedir el dinero de la apuesta.

Direct: Voy a hacerlo enseguida.—Lo voy a hacerenseguida.

Lo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea that has no gender. (Lo pense—I thought about it.)

Object Pronouns Cont.

When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may be either attached to the present participle or placed before the conjugated verb.

Double Object Pronouns

The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when they are used together in a sentence.

Me mandaron los boletos por correo.—Me los mandaron por correo.

Te exijo una respuesta ahora mismo.—Te la exijo ahora mismo.

Object Pronouns Cont.

Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las.

Le damos las revistas a Ricardo.—Se lasdamos.

Les ensena el periodico a las reporteras.—Se lo ensena.

Atencion

When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain proper word stress.

Third to the last.

Prepositional pronouns

Mi-me, myself Ti-you,yourself Ud.-you,yourself el-him,it Ella-her,it Si-himself,herself,itself Nosotros/as-us,ourselves Uds.-you,yourselves Ellos-them Ellas-them Si-themselves

Prepositional Cont.

Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions. Except for mi, ti, and si, they are identical to their corresponding subject pronouns.

A+ Prepositional Pronoun is often used for clarity or emphasis.

Object Pronouns Cont.

The pronoun si (himself, herself, itself, themselves) is the prepositional pronoun used to refer back to the same third-person subject. In this case, the adjective mismo/a(s) is usually added for clarification.

When mi, ti, and si are used with con, they become conmigo, contigo, and consigo.

Quieres ir conmigo al museo?—Do you want to go to the museum with me?

Object Pronouns Cont.

These prepositions are used with tu and yo instead of mi and ti: entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, segun.

Todos estan de acuerdo menos tu y yo.

Affirmativo

Tu-simply drop the s

Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven

Ud/Uds-put in yo form and change to opposite vowel

Los irregulares-TV DISHES

Negativo

Tu-put in yo form and change to opposite vowel, add an s

Los Irregulares-TVDISHES

Ud/Uds-same as affirmativo

Los Irregulares-TV DISHES

Mono Verb

Let’s sit down

Sentemosnos

Drop the s

Sentemonos

Vayamonos changes to Vamanos

Demonstrative Adjectives

ese., esa, esos, esas – all mean “that”

Este,esta, estos, estas – all mean “this”

Aquel, aquellos, aquella, aquellas – all mean “over there”