Library 23

October 2009Meeting No 23

WWRF Library

ARTIST4G, a Joint and Ambitious

European Research Initiative

Eric Njedjou Ntonfo, Bernard Le Floch Orange Labs

WWRF Plenary session, October 22th

ARTIST4G - WWRF October 22th 2

Agenda

Part 1 Chronology of a successful proposal

Part 2 Where ARTIS4G stands today?

Part 3 Why ARTIST4G?

Part 4 Which focus for the projet?

Part 5 The Open Innovation process

Part 6 Project Organization and Operation

Part 7 Focus per actor type

Part 8 Project intended output


Chronology of a successful proposal

March '09 Proposal Submission

Oct '08 First talks with

Operators at WWRF21 in

Stockholm

Sept '08 Idea of a project to foster

4G pre-

standardization

Dec '08 Consortium formation


Where ARTIST4G stands today

Recently passed Milestones

Mid of June '09 ARTIST4G selected by the EU for Hearings

End of June '09 Hearings passed with success

July '09 Budget grant

August EC '09 Official Press Release names ARTIST4G :

"Flagship Research Project for 4G "

September '09 Budget negotiation with the EU

Ahead

January '10 Project start!!

ARTIS4G is so far;

-A commited, joint and

complementary set of

partners

-Able to achieve quick

progress and consensus


Why ARTIST4G?

Mobile Data traffic explosion

Customers use of 3G has moved from Mbytes to Gbytes monthly

Rising availability of USB dongles, datacards and Mobile Internet

devices is a clear leverage

Limited and non-uniform Broadband Mobile experience

New traffic demand poses a considerable capacity challenge on

future systems (4G)

Existing systems favor peak performances


Which focus in ARTIST4G?

Improve user experience of cellular radio systems,

reduce the gap between cell-centre rates and average/cell-edge

rates, to provide:

High spectral efficiency across the whole coverage area

Fairness between users

Reduce the latency

Cater for the need of low cost per information bit

Focus on adaptive and efficient combination of the most promising

technologies:

Interference avoidance

Interference exploitation

Advanced relay techniques


The Open Innovation process in ARTIST4G

Produce:

strong technical consensus

to foster the development

of 4G standards

Demonstrate

key technologies

-Interference avoidance

-Interference exploitation

-relays

Disseminate:

-towards standards

-into fora (eMobility, WWRF)

-into international workshops

(ICT)


Project Description and Organization

WP1

avoidance

WP3

Advanced

WP0 Management activities

WP5 Requirements evaluation

WP6 Laband fieldtrials

WP1

Interference

avoidance

WP2

Interference

exploitation

WP3

Advanced

Relay

concepts


WP5 Requirements and evaluation

WP6 Lab and field trials

WP4 Architectural impact on RAN

7 Workpackages (of which 3 dedicated to research delivery)

"Integrated Project" of 15 partners

Operators, Vendors, Public Research Organizations, Universities

6 countries (France, Germany, UK, Sweden, Spain, Italy)


Focus per actor type in ARTIST4G (1/3)

Operators

WP3

Advanced

Relay

Concepts

WP2

Interference

exploitation

WP1

Interference

avoidance

WP6 Lab and fields trials


WP4 Architecture impacts on RAN


Contributions

- Animate and lead the project

- Steer the requirements

- Build upon 3GPP and NGMN requirements

- New scenario definition

- Ensure user-centric objective throughout the project

- Evaluate concepts performance by simulations

- Provide field trial facilities

- Propose innovations

- work out the most efficient combinations among

interference avoidance, exploitation and relays

- Take care of impacts on the architecture

Coordination

France Telecom-Orange

Project coordinator

WP5 leader

Telecom Italia

WP1 leader

Telefonica

WP4 leader

Vodafone

NTT-DOCOMO

Dissemination

-Bridge between NGMN and the

project to leverage the results at

3GPP

-Liaise with the global research

ecosystem via WWRF



Industry & SMEs

Contributions:

- Evolve 3GPP LTE-A cellular systems by designing

innovative ARTIST4G technology concepts

- Evaluate concepts performance by simulations

- Perform field testing of selected concepts and

algorithms

- Align design and evaluation of concepts with

standardization requirements and roadmaps

- Prepare transfer of research assets to standardization

bodies

- Translate the concepts into RAN requirements and

architectural features

Dissemination:

-Leverage project results at 3GPP

-Feed LSTI with projects learnings

-Ensure public visibility of ARTIST4G through

publications

Composition:

Qualcomm

WP2 leader

Nokia Siemens Networks

WP3 leader

Alcatel Lucent

Mitsubishi Electric

Sequans

Nomor

WP3

Advanced

Relay

Concepts

WP2

Interference

exploitation

WP1

Interference

avoidance







Universities, Public Research

Contributions:

Most upstream contribution in the following research

fields:

- Advanced Tx & Rx signal processing techniques

- Scheduling and Cross-layer Design

- Link-to system modeling, Scheduling

- Interference measurement techniques

- Interference avoidance & control methods

- Advanced Relaying Techniques (interference

coordination, protocols & distributed mechanisms)

- Test Scenario Specification and Proof-of-Concept

of selected algorithms

A Key role in Labs and Field trials

Dissemination:

- Conference and Journal publications

- Academia education (M.Sc. E.E., PhD)

future Mobile Telecom Experts

Composition:

Techn. University Dresden

WP6 leader

Chalmers University of Tech

Eurecom

CEA

WP3

Advanced

Relay

Concepts

WP2

Interference

exploitation

WP1

Interference

avoidance






Interference Management: avoid & exploit

-Coordinated resource allocation across cells

- 3D beamforming

- Inter-topology interference management (macro,micro,

femto)

-Flexible interference control wrt required QoS per service

type

-Advanced receivers turning interference into benefit

-Soft-tuning interference control (avoidance & exploitation)

-Adaptive CoMP based on different user requirements

Project intended output (1/3)

Towards more unfiorm throughput distribution



Towards improved coverage

Advanced relay techniques

- Improved diversity with CoMP combining relays and

BS

Multi-hop relays

-Moving cells with strong requirements on UE

throughput (laptops in a train)

Integration of new concepts in realistic architecture

-taking into account 3GPP RAN architecture constraints to refine the radio

design

-helping refine post LTE products availability and deployments forecasts



accelerating transition from research to standards

Field evaluation

-The most promising innovations will be supported

-Two objectives

-Take account of practical impairments

-Step from performance predictions to reliable

measurements

2 Approaches: Stand-alone usage of each platform

OR integration into Dresden testbed

Offers powerful reference

baseband signal processing

platform

Sequans Platform

TUD Platform

CEA-LETI Platform

Offers reference design board for

to evaluate algorithms on

terminal side

Offers general and flexible

research prototype platform

consisting of base stations and

mobile terminals

Vodafone/TUD

Offer the operation of a large-scale testbed (sites /

equipment / frequencies / backhaul infrastructure)

in Dresden

Starts with LTE Rel. 8 compliant

base stations on which UL/DL

concepts close to evolving Rel.

10 standard will be implemented

ALU Platform


Partial research ecosystem

ARTIST4G builds on outcomes from Celtic WINNER+ and EASY-C,

but also FP7 projects like CODIV and FUTON

ARTIST4G considers outputs from Rel 10 LTE-A Study Item

March 2009

WINNER +

Sept 2010

Jan 2010

EASY-C

ARTIST

LTE-A Study item LTE-A Work item 3GPP Rel 10

Thanx

Contact point for ARTIST4G: Bernard Le Foch

[email protected]

Cooperative RAN

China Mobile Research Institute

Mo Chen, [email protected]

Wireless World Research Forum Meeting 23

Our vision on Next-Generation Radio Access Network

Outline

Review todays Radio Access Network

Joint Exploration from Industry and Academia

Cooperative RAN : Architecture and Its Evolution

Understand future RAN Requirements

Evolution of Radio Technology

20072008 2011

2004

2003

20022001

3GTD-SCDMA

2G

GSM

IP

B3G/4G

TD-LTE/LTE+

19992000

20052006

2009 2010

Mobile Internet
http://www.tgbus.com/image.html?url=http://www.tgbus.com/pc/UploadFiles/200601/20060105153422730.jpg

Review Todays RAN

In current RAN, BTS can not share network resource with

each other, and non-uniformly network traffic result in

excessive network Capex and the low utilization of BTS

from whole view of RAN.

In short-term, point-to-point link with single antenna has

been difficult to improve system performance further, and

interference is well known as the main limiting factor of

spectral efficiency in OFDM system .

Multi-cell signal joint processing can provide higher

performance gain through using interference suppressing

and precoding for mimo than the inter-cell coordinated

scheduling

High Capex &Low utilization efficiency

Interference as the main limiting factor of wireless

systems' spectral efficiency

Dynamic work load existed in mobile network

Outline





Challenges from Increasing CAPEX and OPEX

Dramatic increase in CAPEX 3G/B3G/4G signals travel shorter distances

than 2Gs, more cell sites are needed Up to 80% CAPEX can be in the RAN Most of RANs CAPEX concentrated in

building up cell sites in RAN

Wireless equipment makes up only 36% of CAPEX, 60%+ CAPEX is non-productive Cost of supplementary equipment and site deployment should be more concerned TCO=CAPEX+OPEX, OPEX even account for over the 60% of TCO. The cost of wireless equipment is less than 20% of TCO

Capacity Improvement Network Deployment With Low Cost

GAP

A large gap between the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of mobile data rate and the CAGR of mobile traffic.

Mobile traffic to increase 66-fold between 2008 and 2013 with CAGR of 131 percent The peak data rate from UMTS to LTE+ increase with a CAGR of 55 percent

Drive down bandwidth costs and be able to roll out new services faster Voice volumes are steadily increasing, data volumes grow quickly but revenues are not The operators constantly hold down bandwidth costs and require a high-capacity access network

with deployed some novel techniques to meet the growth of data traffic

Idlebusy

Dynamic Workload: Nature of Mobile Network

Residential District Central Business District

Idle busy

Current RAN can not adapt the non-uniformly workload and result in inefficiency of resource utilization

Support dynamic resource aggregation and sharing among base stations

Emerging Technology and Future Direction

Middle/Small

scale BBU

RRU

Large scale BBU

RRU

Gateway

RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

sBBU

S1

S1

X2NB NB

IuB

GGSN

IuB

SGSN

RNC MME / S-GW

eNB eNB

2

3

4

eNB+

Layers

Reconfigurable Radio Technology : +Network Architecture Becomes Flatter:

Distributed Base Station: Cloud Computing from IT industry:

What is the Next-Generation RAN

Trend

Ubiquitous indoors at home, in the street, in a field

Very flat network is desired and ideal for IP

Reconfigurable frequency / bandwidth is necessary

Multi-standards should be supported simultaneous

Requirement

Always on wireless connectivity and higher bandwidth

Lower energy consumption means lower carbon emissions

Reduce cost (Capex and Opex)

Improve utilization & Scalability

Next-generation BTS should

Have high spectral efficiency and energy-efficient

Have higher scalability for different kinds of deployment

Be able to support dynamic resource aggregation

Be easy to support collaboration among platforms

Have higher flexibility for different standards

Outline





Architecture of Cooperative RAN - Our Vision of Next-Generation RAN

Civil work, Site Support(Power, Air-conditioning, etc), Site Rental and O&M account for over 60% of TCO.

Inter-cell Interference is well known as the main limiting factor of wireless systems' spectral efficiency .

point-to-point link with single antenna has been difficult to further improve system performance and

X2+ PHY/MAC

RRURRU

RRU RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

X2+

Virtual BS Cluster Virtual BS Cluster Virtual BS Cluster

Load balancer

& Switch

Load balancer

& Switch

Base-band

PoolPHY/MAC PHY/MAC PHY/MAC PHY/MAC PHY/MAC

Optical transmission

network

Cooperative

Radio

Base-band pool - >

Low CAPEX & OPEX Dynamic Load Balancing

Cooperative MIMO ->

High Spectral Efficiency

Low TCO of Cell Sites Benefits from Base-band Pool

Site Rental BTS HW

(outdoor)

BTS HW

(indoor)O&M Power &

Air conditioningCivil Works BTS HW

(outdoor)

Base-band Pool

High Spectral Efficiency Benefits from Cooperative MIMO Systems

Partial cooperation Full cooperation

Cell spectral efficiency gain(UL): 10-30%

Cell-edge user throughput gain(UL): 40-50%

Cell spectral efficiency gain(UL): 140-150%

Cell-edge user throughput gain(UL): 420%

Cooperative System: Cooperative Multi-Radio Transmission and Reception

ObjectiveImprove spectral efficiency and cell-edge user throughput

Ideal Case Study

Capacity Up-bound Capacity Up-bound

Advantages of CRAN to Mobile Operators

Low CAPEX & OPEX (Saving costs on site rental, site support equipment, civil works,O&M is easy to maintain in a centralized style)

Network construction can be achieved in an economical, flexible and fast mode

Energy efficient base stations: energy used for signal transmitting will be reduced.

Capacity improvement through cooperative MIMO techniques( joint transmission, scheduling and detection).

Resource aggregation and dynamic Load-balancing across base stations.

Challenges of CRAN Architecture

Efficient Transmission of Radio Over Optical Networks

High throughput and low delay link between RRH and BBU Trade-off between the compression efficiency and the transmission performance Network deployment and topology of CPRI over OTN

Virtualization technologies to collaborative all of the physical base-band units into single virtual processing platform(Base-band pool)

Cooperative Multi-Point Processing Technology(RS SchemeUE feedback andmeasurementHARQ, etc.)

Dynamic Radio Resource Allocation Based on Network MIMO

User grouping and joint scheduling algorithm for mulit-cells Radio resource allocation based on the ICIC and power allocation scheme for muliti-cells. Optimization on network deployment and cell clustering

PoC System of CRAN

Efficient transmission of radio over optical networks

Transmission

NetoworkTransmission

Network

Macro RRU

Micro RRU

Macro RRU

Micro RRU

Macro RRU

Micro RRU

BBU

Optical fiber

IQ Data

IQ Data

Uplink and Downlink of the CoMP-JP systems

Synchronization

RSUE feedback and measurementHARQ

Joint Scheduling, MIMO Group Setup

WiiSE Node

LTEeNode B

HSSMME/SGW

From LTE-Advanced to WiiSE- Takes mobile broadband beyond IMT-Advanced

Internet

SAE

WiiSENode

Flat ArchitectureBaseband Pool

WiiSENode

SAE

SAE

WiiSENodeMain

LTEeNode B

WiiSENodeMain

WiiSENodeRadio

WiiSENodeRadio

Baseband

Unit(PHY) PDN-GW

Radio Protocol (MAC,RLC,RRM)

Cloud Computing ( IT resource)

Distributed Baseband Pool (Baseband resource)

Long-term Vision

Outline






Lead and Drive Technology Innovation

Promote International

Standardization Cooperative RANJoint Innovation

Operators, vendors and academic organization

ITU, 3GPP, IEEE, IETF

Accelerate Industry Development

Evaluation and field trials

Cooperation and Cognition as the

Booster for Next Mobile

Communication Networks

Frank H.P. Fitzek

Aalborg University

Content

Short CV

Mobile Communication Networks

Cooperation

Cognition

Social Mobile Networks

CV

Head of Mobile Device group at Aalborg

University Denmark

Leading Nokia Innovation Network on

cooperation in wireless networks

Main interests are on cooperation and

cognition in wireless networks

What are the current hot topics?

Engineers talk about LTE, MIMO, OFDMA,

Network Coding, JSR82, SIP, SDP, ...

Consumers talk about iPhone, Android, Apps,

Skype, Facebook, MySpace, ...

Engineers and Consumers have a different view

on the future of mobile networks

Therefore technology should be seen as the

service enabler and nothing else

Cooperation and Cognition

Cooperative principles emerging across several segments

Socio-technological:

Clear predisposition to cooperate aiming at common and self benefits

Cooperative principles applied in: Internet, distributed initiatives (Ebay, Linux,

OpenSource, Wikipedia, file-sharing/distribution, etc.), cooperative computing

(grid and distributed computing, etc.), wireless communities, etc.

Technology:

A large array of new techniques has been and it is actively developed with

cooperative underlying principles.

Cognitive principles are also identified as fundamental for future

wireless networks

Highly heterogeneous wireless ecosystems require awareness of the

surrounding environments

Acquired knowledge can be used to better exploit (radio) resources

Type of Networks

S

o

rtran

g

e

N

etw

o

rk

C

e

llu

la

rN

e

tw

o

rk

S

o

rtra

n

g

e

N

etw

o

rk

C

e

llu

la

rN

e

tw

o

rk

Coexistingnetworks

Complementarynetworks

Cooperatingnetworks

w

id

e

area

lice

nsed

sp

ectru

m

licen

sefree

lo

calarea

c

en

tralized

d

ecen

traliz

ed

S

h

o

rtran

g

e

N

e

tw

o

rk

C

e

llu

la

rN

e

tw

o

rk

Cooperation in Wireless Networks

altruism cooperation

Noncooperation

(defection)

OSIlayers(17)

usersterminalsaccesspoints(basestations)

achievable

datarate

QoS

coverage

networkcapacity

BERperformance

reliability

security

complexity

spectral,power &

energyefficiency

cooperativeservices

newbusiness

opportunities

algorithms funcionalities

Collaboratingentities

Cooperativehorizon

Benefits

Operational

scenarios

Cooperationin

wirelessnetworks

sharing/augmenting

deviceresources

unicast

multicast

broadcast

uplink

downlink

distributed

centralized

access

architectures

composite

distributing

approach

Cooperation in Nature

Stand-alone: Cheetah

Optimized on speed only

It is the fastest of all land animals

and can reach speeds of 120km/h.

Evolutionary Trap

While resting the cheetah risks a

50% chance of losing its catch to

other predators

Cooperation: Hyena

Optimized to work

together

Hyenas live in very large

clans between 10 and

100 members for

cooperative hunting

Cooperation in Nature

Cooperation: Vampire Bat

Bats live in huge groups

Hunt alone/Blood suckers

Need blood every 60 hours

Able to share

Sharing is based on cooperation but

not on altruism

Detection of cheaters is possible

Reciprocity is the key

Cooperation: Monkey

Cooperation among monkeys

with delayed benefit

Delay depends on group status

and ranking

The more you help the more

you get

Tolerance in pay off

Cellular-controlled short-range

communications

C

e

l

l

u

l

a

r

l

i

n

k

(

C

)

C

e

l

l

u

l

a

r

l

i

n

k

(

C

)

Wireless Grids

Builtinresources

Userinterface

resources

capability

extension

capability

augmentation

BasicWirelessGrid

Wireless Grids

Summary of Advantages

Increased data rate per cluster

Increased robustness due to diversity

Decreased energy consumption due to lower

energy per bit ratio on short range

communication link

New services due to capabilty

extension/augmentation

Interesting Research Fields

Network coding to increase the efficiency for

inner cluster communication

Service discovery

Multimode vs Software Defined Radio (SDR)

air interface

Cognitive Networks

Cognition (awareness, knowledge) is not a new concept in

wireless networks (not only cognitive radio).

Scheduling

Cross-Layer Design

Link Adaptation

A Cognitive Communication System (CCS) is defined as a

system:

Being aware of its wireless environment by means of its own

perception and/or by specific signaling protocols among its

components.

The components (such as the terminals, layers, etc.) are able to

react by changing or adapting themselves according to the

acquired knowledge while aiming at fulfilling certain pre-

established goals.

Cognitive Cycle

1 2 3

A

!

B

1 2 3

A

!

B

1 2 3

A

!

B

userinterfaceresources

camera display sensor

speaker microphone keyboard

builtinresources

storage CPU batteryspace

power/

energy

timefrequency

radioresources

socialresources

I

We

sense

understand decide adapt

KEYRESOURCES


Already today mobile phones are used for

social networks

Adding contextual information of mobile

phone (position, surrounding phones, etc)

leads to social mobile networks


Context awareness with

the neighbourhood is

achieved by

In-built sensors

Microphone/Camera

Accelerometer

GPS

Short range

communication

Bluetooth

WLAN IEEE 802.11

Cellular

Mobile sensors

Short Range

Cellular

Nokia Sensor

Nokia Sensor 2005

Gedda-Headz

www.gedda-headz.com
www.gedda

What is Gedda-Headz ?!

CanCan HandyHandy WebWeb BandBand

Gedda-Headz Games

Gedda-Headz Web Community

Conclusion

New architecure of mobile communication

networks are based on usage of cellular and short

range communication

Combined short range and cellular

communication results in cooperative mobile

networks

Cognition is essential to form cooperative

networks

Social mobile networks are using cognition and

are the base for cooperative networks

Books

F.H.P. Fitzek and M. Katz. Cooperation in Wireless Networks:

Principles and Applications -- Real Egoistic Behavior is to

Cooperate!. 2006. Springer.

F.H.P. Fitzek and M. Katz. Cognitive Wireless Networks: Concepts,

Methodologies and Visions Inspiring the Age of Enlightenment of

Wireless Communications. 2007. Springer.

F.H.P. Fitzek and F. Reichert. Mobile Phone Programming and its

Application to Wireless Networking. 2007. Springer.

:40-48pt

:26-30pt

:

: Arial

:35-47pt

:

:24-28pt

:

:

Evolving TD-LTE towards

TD-LTE-Advanced

Mr. Rakesh Tamrakar

Datang Mobile Communications Equipment Co., Ltd.

:32-35pt

: Arial

:30-32pt

:

:

:20-22pt

(2-5) :18pt

:

: Arial

:18-20pt

(2-5):18pt

:

:

CONTENT

TDTD--SCDMA Development OverviewSCDMA Development Overview

Road of TDRoad of TD--LTE and LTE and TDTD--LTELTE--AdvancedAdvanced StandardsStandards

TDTD--LTE and TDLTE and TD--LTELTE--AdvancedAdvanced

DT on TDDT on TD--LTELTE--AdvancedAdvanced

:32-35pt

: Arial

:30-32pt

:

:

:20-22pt

(2-5) :18pt

:

: Arial

:18-20pt

(2-5):18pt

:

:

largelarge

--scale TDscale TD

--SCDMA trial in SCDMA trial in

20062006

Technical certification programs in 2002Technical certification programs in 2002

Industry chain formed in 2004Industry chain formed in 2004

Established standards and improved it in 2000Established standards and improved it in 2000

expanded largeexpanded large

--scale TDscale TD

--

SCDMA trial in 2007SCDMA trial in 2007

TD-SCDMA Industry Development in China

:32-35pt

: Arial

:30-32pt

:

:

:20-22pt

(2-5) :18pt

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: Arial

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(2-5):18pt

:

:

CONTENT


Road of TDRoad of TD--LTE and TDLTE and TD--LTELTE--Advanced StandardsAdvanced Standards



:32-35pt

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:

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(2-5) :18pt

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:18-20pt

(2-5):18pt

:

:

2001-2006 2007

TD-HSPA+

DL:>25.2Mbps

UL:>19.2Mbps

DL:100Mbps

UL:50Mbps

HSPA+

DL>40MBps;

UL>10Mbps

2010 2008 2009

GREAN

~600kbps

TD-HSDPA

2.8~8.4Mbps

TD-HSUPA

2.2~6.6Mbp

s

WCDMA

384Kbps

HSDPA

1.8/3.6Mbps

HSDPA

7.2Mbps

HSUPA

1.4~5.8Mbps

GPRS/EDGE

~200kbps

TD-LTE

DL:100Mbps

UL:50Mbps

TD-LTE-A

ITU

IMT-Advanced(4G)

100Mbps~

1Gbps

FDD LTE-A

ITU

IMT-2000

LTE FDD

3GPP TD-LTE Standards technology evolution

100Mbps~

1Gbps

:32-35pt

: Arial

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:

:

:20-22pt

(2-5) :18pt

:

: Arial

:18-20pt

(2-5):18pt

:

:

TD-LTE & FDD-LTE standardization process

synchronized

LTE FDD standard

LTE TDD standard

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

RAN1 WI Completed RAN2/3/4 WI Completed RAN5 WI Completed

RAN1: Physical layer

RAN2: L2&high layer

RAN3: Interface

RAN4: Performance

RAN5: Conformance

www.datangmobile.cn

DATANG MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT CO.,LTD.

2004/11

RAN#40

Functional

freezing

TS approved

2006/6

2007/6

2008/6

ongoing

RAN#26

SI

Requirement

Targets

Candidates

RAN#32

SI close

WI start

Proposals

Evaluation

RAN#36

Phase2 finish

Phase3 begin

Specification

LTE-Advanced

TD-LTE Standardization Process
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


SID for LTE-Advanced --- 3GPP RAN#39 (2008/3)

System Requirement TR36.913 for LTE-Advanced --- 3GPP RAN#40 (2008/6)

TR36.814 LTE-A Physical Layer Aspects --- > 3GPP RAN1 (2010/3)

ITU evaluation and submission --- > 3GPP RANs (2009/10)

Evolution to LTE-Advanced (IMT-Adv)

2009 2010 20112007 2008

ITU-R WP5D

Proposals

Evaluation

Consensus

Specification

Proposals

Evaluation

Consensus

Specification

Proposals

Evaluation

Consensus

Specification

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9#10

#11#12

FDD LTE-A

TD-LTE-A

Study Item Work Item

2008.032010.03 2010.12
www.datangmobile.cn

:32-35pt

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9

IMT-Advanced Timetable

Step 1 and 2: issuance the circular letter ,

Development of candidate RITs and SRITs.

#1 #2 #3

#4

2009.2

#5

2009.6

#6

2009.10

#7 #8 #9

Step 3: submission/reception

of the RIT and SRIT

proposals.

Step 4: evaluation of candidate RITs and SRITs

by evaluation group

ITU-R WP 5D meeting

2008 2010

#10

2011

Step 5,6and7

Step 8:development of

Radio Interface Recommendations

2009.10

2010.6

Self-evaluation

submission

2010.6

Evaluation Group

submission

Step 5: Review and coordination of outside evaluation activities

Step 6: Review to access compliance with minimum requirement

Step 7: Consideration of evaluation results, consensus building and

decision

2009

:32-35pt

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:

:

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(2-5) :18pt

:

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(2-5):18pt

:

:

Candidate RITs

:32-35pt

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CONTENT





www.datangmobile.cn


Overview of TD-LTE

TD-LTE is TDD mode, and is the long term evolution of TD-SCDMA standard

TD-LTE is TDD mode, and is the long term evolution of TD-SCDMA standard

LTE ensures the vitality of 3GPP

techs in the next 10 years. It is the

largest standard research project

against non-3GPP techs.

Variable Variable

bandwidthbandwidth

LowLow--delaydelayHighHigh--speedspeedHighHigh--

efficiencyefficiency
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Unpaired spectrum and single frequency

point,

Flexible spectrum utilization;

Supporting asymmetric services;

Utilizing channel reciprocity (simplifies

smart antenna, measurement and

control);

Channel estimation and

demodulation finished in single

slot, scalable and flexible

technical expansion, easy to

introduce JD

Cell search, random access,

synchronization, power control,

scheduling etc., packet - optimized

air interface; improved user

experience

Inter-cell interference coordination;

Advanced multi-media broadcast

system/mobile TV

Pre-synchronization enables

reliable handover;

Mitigate interference and improve

data rate;

Friendly

Baton Handover

OFDM+SDMA

Flexible RRM and scheduling;

dynamic channel allocation (DCA);

SFN enabled by interference

mitigation

Adaptive multi-

antenna (SA+MIMO)

Increase capacity and suppress

interference;

improve data rate and spectrum

efficiency;

Self-contained slot

structure

Optimized L1 procedure

Time-division duplex

Software Radio

Low cost and smooth

migration

System

synchronization

TD-LTE Technologies
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


-- Based on the development and evolution of TD-SCDMA, regarding TD-LTE

and IMT-Advanced TDD as its next versions;

-- Based on maintaining backward compatible, guaranteeing TD-LTE and TD-

LTE Advanced to be the most competitive TDD system in the world

-- To improve and optimize system performance, and meet the requirement of market and

application;

-- To keep backward compatible and stable version, guaranteeing TD-SCDMA and TD-LTE

smooth migration

-- To optimize TD- LTE based on TDD characteristics, to meet all kinds of LTE

requirements

-- TD-LTE and its evolution should meet stand-alone large scale network deployment, also

support hot-spot coverage;

-- To maintain the healthy development of TD-SCDMA industrialization

-- To develop extensive international cooperation, push forward TD-LTE and its evolution.

TD-LTE Advanced Consideration

Views on TD-LTE Advanced

Evolution Principle
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www.datangmobile.cn


Meeting the requirement of next generation networkMeeting the requirement of next generation network

Datangs views on TD-LTE Advanced

Relay

Enhanced EMBMS

Carrier Aggregation

HeNB Enhancement, etc

Comp

Enhanced MIMO&Beamforming

TD-LTE Technology
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


LTE Advanced is the evolution of LTE

All relevant requirement in LTE are valid also for LTE-Advanced

LTE Advanced should meet or exceed IMT-Advanced requirements

within the ITU-R time plan

LTE-Advanced System Requirement

LTE-A

LTELTE

ITU requirements

Network

Synchronization

Spectrum

Efficiency

Coverage

Mobility

Latency

Peak Data

Rate

1Gbps

500Mbps

DL:30bps/HzUL: 15bps/Hz

Up to 350km/h

transition time from Idle mode to

Connected mode is less than 50 ms
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


LTE-Advanced key technologies

Carrier

Aggregation

Multiple

Antenna

RelayCoMp
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Carrier Aggregation

CA conceptAggregation of a set of component Carriers

LTE-Advanced requires larger bandwidth than LTE (20MHz).

Difficult finding larger spectrum and backward compatibility

issues.

What is the solution?

Solution for

complexity

Solution for

spectrum

issues

Solution for

backward

compatibility

CC specific design

Utilization of

frequency

fragment

Backward

compatible CCs

accessible to R8 UEs
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Datang contribution in Carrier Aggregation

Guard band issuesDL control

channel design

Random access

process design

UL/DL asymmetric bandwidth and

number of component carriers

UL control

channel design

Load balancing on

component carriers
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Multiple Antenna

High order MIMO Transmission SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO

Higher Peak Data Rate and spectrum efficiencyHigher Peak Data Rate and spectrum efficiency
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Datang contribution on

Multi Antenna technique

In LTE-Advanced Study Item phase Datang demonstrated expertise in Multi

Antenna technique, submitted many proposals in 3GPPactively contributed in

standardization of LTE-Advanced.

Multi-Stream Beamforming Scheme

UL Non-codebook SU-MIMO Scheme

Reference Symbol Design

DL High order MIMO Transmission
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Cooperative Multi PointCoMP

UL/DL transmission scheme

DL data mapping

DL reference signal

CQI/PMI/RI feedback

Antenna calibration and delay

J

o

i

n

t

t

r

a

n

s

m

i

s

s

i

o

n

C

o

o

r

d

i

n

a

t

e

d

S

c

h

e

d

u

lin

g

Datang pro-actively participated in CoMP research and standardization process,

extensive research of JP and CBF in TDD system, submitted many proposals in

3GPP.
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Relay

Relay as a new entity in the wireless Relay as a new entity in the wireless

network, connected to network, connected to eNBeNB through through

wireless link.wireless link.

Deployment flexibility

Coverage extension

Throughput

enhancement

Decreased OPEX

Innovation and optimization: Integrating current system design, evolved

network architecture and application in TDD systems.
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


CONTENT




www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Datangs confidence in TD-LTE-Advanced

Dedicated to TDD technology

FS2 frame structure inherited

TD-SCDMA characteristic

Profound expertise and innovation

Further evolution of TD-

SCDMA technology
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Datang leads the TDD Technical Evolutions

Step 1

Datang is the pioneer of TD-SCDMA standards,

dedicated to standards evolution and development of

industry.

Datang is backbone of TD-SCDMA technology.

Datang is leader of 3GPP TDD technology

standardization and one of the main contributors, leading

TD-LTE technology and standards development

Datang possesses core TD-LTE IPRs.

Datangs expertise in TD-SCDMA

and TD-LTE will be broadly applied

in LTE-Advanced, will lead TD-LTE-

Advanced standards development.
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Datang Mobile Focuses on the Future and Fully

involved in the TD-LTE-Advanced Research

Datang already

has invested lots of

resources and

committed to TD-

LTE-Advanced

research and

development.

Datang is

proactively

contributing to TD-

LTE-Advanced

standards, holds

leading position in TD-

LTE-Advanced

technology .

Datangs expertise in

TDD technology and

profound experience in

product development will

provide the very

competitive TD-LTE-

Advanced solutions for

the operators
www.datangmobile.cn

www.datangmobile.cn


Win-Win

Further cooperation in LTE-A, 4G and Beyond

4G.

Enhancing deeper cooperation in technical

research, standardization activities and industrial

development.

To investigate further cooperation fields and

modes within the cooperation

framework.
www.datangmobile.cn

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WA DR

4Towards a Future Internet embracing the

Wireless World

Henrik AbramowiczEricsson Research, Project Coordinator 4WARD

http://www.4ward-project.eu/

20-22 October 09 4WARD Consortium Slide 2

WA DR

4 Contents

Business PerspectivesOverview of 4WARD projectInnovationsSummary


WA DR

4INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS - The Big Picture

World Internet Users and Population Stats

19% penetration

+16%+9%+2%

+27%

Nov 06 March 07

Mar 07 June 09

+52%+17%+6%

+43%+50%

+11%

+41%

25% penetration

+33%+79%

+6%


WA DR

4

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Sub

scrip

tions

(mill

ion)

Mobile Broadband includes: CDMA2000 EV-DO, HSPA, LTE, Mobile WiMAX, TD-SCDMAFixed broadband includes: DSL, FTTx, Cable modem, Enterprise leased lines and Wireless Broadband

Fixed

Mobile

80% mobile2014

140 M HSPA

Broadband Subscription, 2/3 mobile in

2012

Internet is evolving towards Internet is evolving towards a Mobile Interneta Mobile Internet


WA DR

4

Current Business Trends and Tussles

Merge of business segmentsConsumers, producers change towards prosumersfor networking service and contentVertical oriented business models move towards horizontalOperators moving up the value chain- who will invest in infrastructure ?Single architecture vs polymorphic How can vertical segments like e-health be supported How to support sensors and sensor applications

End-to-end principle vs domain concepts


WA DR

4Present problems

Mobility and Mult-homing

Scalable Routing

OperationalCost

Security & Unwanted traffic

Privacy & Trust Reliability and

Availability

Quality of ServiceAddressing & Identity


WA DR

4 Problems from a technical perspective

Large capacity of transport 1,000 times by 2030 (Peta bps)

Electric power consumption of core routers and data centers

1 nuclear power generator per 100 core routers?Difficulty to guarantee bandwidth and handle paths

essential limitation of packet switching systemDifficulty of congestion control

long fat pipe (bandwidthdelay product) problem, fairness of usersAvoidance of break down

several tens of seconds order needed for rerouting in wide areasDifficulty to introduce multi-homed gateways

explosion of routing table by multi-homing

source


WA DR

4 Expectations on the Future Internet

Open, flexible and participatory user and provider are dynamically attached roles a playing field for doing business

Information-centric rather than bit-centric at the network levelPredictability to allow critical and M2M applications to operate reliablySecurity that nevertheless keeps thegenerativity1 of the network intactLow cost to access, deploy, scale and operateSmall carbon dioxide footprint...

1 see Zittrain The Future of the Internet and how to stop it


WA DR

4Towards Future Network Technology

Evolutionary Incremental Research

Clean Slate Research

Future Network

Internet today

Internet today

4WARD


WA DR

4Migration from research to real networks

Current Internet

Clean Slate research

Extension to current IP

Overlay/Underlay/Control

Network Virtualisation or should we dare to think of tailor-made networks, fit for the purpose and reliable?

Remember: the value of a network is proportional to N2 due to the

connectivity it provides to its participants(Metcalfes law)

Remember: the value of a network is proportional to 2N due to the

facilitation it provides to its participants(Reeds law)


WA DR

4

The Facets of 4WARD

Combination of clean-slate researchapproachesto address theNetwork of theFutureSize: Roughly 23 MTime 2.5 yearsEnding June 30 2010

AA

A

P

P

P

P

Fold

ing

Po

int

Endpoint Forw

arder

Architecture Framework

Network Virtualisation In Ne

twork

Man

agem

entN

etw

ork

of I

nfor

mat

ion

Generic Paths

Business Innovation

UsageS

ocio

-Eco

nom

ics

Policy

Gove

rnanc

e


WA DR

4 Internet in transformation

NetInf

VNet

GP

Subjects & Objects

INM

INMIPv6

httpsip

IPv4

Files & Mails

Pages & Media


WA DR

4

Network VirtualisationThe Future Internet Playground

Network virtualisation as a meta-architecture in a commercial setting enables

co-existence of diverse network architectures deployment of innovative approaches new business roles and players

infrastructure-/network-/service-providers Lower barriers of entry Market place for shareable network resources

Provisioning and virtualisation management framework

On-demand instantiation of virtual networks at large scale

Virtualisation of diverse resources in a common framework

Routers, links, servers Extension on the virtualisation of the

wireless infrastructure Self-deployed interworking between virtual networks

VirtualRouters

provisioning

VirtualNetworks

Physical networkresources

L1, L2 base

New L3-1 New L3-2 New L3-3

Vnet1 Vnet2 Vnet3

Resource virtualization layer

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM


WA DR

4

Infrastructure Provider AInfrastructure Provider C Infrastructure Provider B

VNet Provider

VNet Operator

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM


WA DR

4 Network Design: What is needed?

Network customisationNetwork customisationVirtualization technologies will allow the concurrent deployment of multiple specialised networks (the best network for each task, device and technologies) A good toolkit to preserve principles (such as interoperability) and to meet multiple requirements is envisioned

Efficient Design Process to reduce the time to deploy new services

To develop an innovative model-driven design process able to minimise the time requested to develop new network solutions that are able to meet the desired requirements.

No more patchwork design in the network To achieve lean network solutionsthe approach must include efficient ways to compose functionalities in order to meet the desired requirements (e.g., QoS, Mobility, Security) operational costs should be considered

Assured Interoperability and different Business Models

Solutions are explored to preserve the interoperability among the different designed networks (if needed) and the support for multiple business models (advanced interconnection models)

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM


WA DR

4 Building blocks of a new architecture

Basic principles of the network architecture Strata and Netlets

Supporting the Design Process Repository

Vertical strata: more related to network organisational issues.

Netlets: functionalities in the network nodes

to construct Strata and

Netlets

Horizontal strata: data flow including the according

control flow

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM


WA DR

4

Node Architecture Implementation

Offers a general node architecture where new features can be instantiated.

Excellent framework for supporting the design and implementation phases for new network protocols

Virtualisation technologies will allow the concurrent deployment of multiple specialised networks . (the best network for each task, device and technologies) We need a good toolkit to design

networks in an efficient way

Network customisation

Framework to support the network architect

Building blocks to model networks

Model Driven approach for making easier the mapping from requirements to first implementations

Best Practices to assure interoperability

NAMNAM

SAMSAM

Network Architecture Model

Software Architecture Model

Blue Print ofNetwork

Architectureand

ImplementationPlatform

Implementation

NAMNAM SAMSAM

4WARD Architecture Framework

NAMNAM SAMSAM

Detailed Require-ments Analysis

Detailed Require-ments Analysis

Network Architect(steers design)

Network Architect(steers design)

Business Idea

Business IdeaBusiness Idea

Business Idea

Com

posi

tion D

istributionCom

posi

tion D

istribution

NAM Design

Com

posi

tion D

istributionCom

posi

tion D

istribution

SAM Design

Design Patterns,Abstract Strata,

Netlets,Functional Blocks

Guidelines forInteroperability

Guidelines forComposition

(Meta) Modeling(Meta) Modeling

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM


WA DR

4 What is Content in the Network?

FutureContentNetwork

Focus on information

We got WWW, overlays and CDNs are we done with content support in the network?Content today is a hostage of location, application and access

Evolution

A

C

D

E

BA

BE

AC

AE

BA

DE

AD

EE

B

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

Todays InternetFocus on nodes


WA DR

4Problems Resulting from the Host-centric View

No common persistent naming scheme for information URLs and IPs overloaded with locator and identifier functionality

Moving information = changing its name (404 file not found errors) => Use flat namespace for persistent identification

Low latency, world-wide scalable Name Resolution for flat names difficult DNS requires hierarchical namespace No. of data pieces >> no. of machines!

No consistent representation of information (copy-independent) No consistent way to keep track of identical copies Different encodings (e.g., mp3, wav) worsen problem

Information dissemination is inefficient Cant benefit from existing copies (e.g. local copy on client)

Also true for Content Distribution Networks like Akamai No anycast: e.g., get nearest copy Problems like Flash-Crowd Effect and Denial of Service

Security is host-centric Mainly based on securing channels (encryption) and trusting servers (authentication) Cant trust a copy received from an untrusted server

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

Problems can be solved in a consistent mannervia an information-centric architecture


WA DR

4 Information-centric Innovation

Design of a new network architecture based on information-centric paradigm Rather than based on a host-centric paradigm

Innovations that the Network of Information brings Naming scheme for naming information World-wide scalable Name Resolution mechanism for flat names IOs as representation of information Enable efficient information dissemination

Benefit from available copies, anycast, solve Flash-Crowd Effect, Secure information-centric architecture by embedding security into

identifiers

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM


WA DR

4

Locator

InformationObject

Identifier

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

Content in a Future Internet

A content-centric view Step 1: identifier/locator split Step 2: introduction of Information Objects

Information Objects (IOs) Represents semantics

File (e.g., a text, movie, song) Service Stream Real-world object (e.g., a book, person)

Contains no bit-level content Can contain metadata Can link and aggregate information Can interact with network services Secure naming scheme based on ID


WA DR

4Content-Centric Network in Practice

Network delivers content from closest locationA variety of transport mechanisms may be usedIntegrated caching (short-term memory)Aggregation helps you choose the right representationSearch for related informationVerify authenticity and control access

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

DNN

H

H H

H

H

HH

H

H

DNN

DNN

DNNDNN

DNNDNN

DNN

API

API

API

API

API

NetInf


WA DR

4

In the Future Internet access is wireless and core is fibre packet still the best container?Is it efficient to do transport innovations only as over- and under-lays?

Generic Path conceptual innovationsRe-thinking the end-to-end principle How can state information in the network be confined? Generic Paths consist of two or more endpoints

Design of a recursive architecture based on Generic Paths and aimed at facilitating the development of applications

Invoke the same procedures and the same API for creating Generic Paths, which are instantiated according to the context

the implementation of techniques which are difficult in today's Internet Mobility management

Interlayer and multipath routing the introduction of QoS and novel techniques (e.g., network coding)

Design of a general framework for describing resources in futurenetworks ontology-based approach to resource description to facilitate the design of

services

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM


WA DR

4 Generic Path conceptual innovations

Re-thinking the end-to-end principle How can state information in the network be confined? Generic Paths consist of two or more endpoints

Design of a recursive architecture based on Generic Paths and aimed at facilitating the development of applications

Invoke the same procedures and the same API for creating Generic Paths, which are instantiated according to the context

the implementation of techniques which are difficult in today's Internet Mobility management

Interlayer and multipath routing the introduction of QoS and novel techniques (e.g., network coding)

Design of a general framework for describing resources in futurenetworks ontology-based approach to resource description to facilitate the design of

services

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

4WARD Consortium Confidential


WA DR

4NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

Management?!

The most urgent need in a dynamic world is Self-ManagementAutomation of Management is a research topic since many yearsDoes it provide in practice more than automated settings on FI routers?Can we rely on this?What are the new approachesin this area?

15/10/2009 4WARD Consortium Confidential


WA DR

4In-Network Management: a new paradigm

Limitations of todays approach

1. Network infrastructure is developed and deployed first2. Management functions are added as separated

functions. Examples: because it is not supported by the network:

e.g. test capability at different layers because it is not accessible for management:

e.g. congestion control of transport layerChange

configurationRetrieve statusof the network

analyze

In-Network Management (INM)

1.Built-in at design time2.Monitoring and optimization functions as embedded capabilities of network components3.Rather co-design than retro-fit

Reliability and cost-effectiveness of NM will be competitive advantages!

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

In Network Management=

Competitive Advantage


WA DR

4The INM Approach in Emergency Scenario

Emergencyservice Disturbingservices/Changingconditionsorfault

Network Infrastructure Service

provider

Management of emergency services under changing

conditions

Operator

Alarmdevice

Communityservice

NetInf

VNet

GP

INM

INM

Monitoring functions always present on the network nodes

Anomaly detection enables quick reporting of faults

Distributed aggregation of metrics provides Real-Time Performance Indicators

Adaptation is performed locally Re-routing is based on dynamic cross-

layer metrics (e.g. layer-2 quality) Objectives are self-organized according

to network conditions

Benefits in the scenario Fault detection is an always-on feature Basic functionalities are guaranteed Operators interfaces are simplified

15/10/2009 WPx/Slide 27 4WARD Consortium Confidential


WA DR

4 Summary

Mobile and wireless will be the dominant access to InternetEvolution rather than Revolution but thinking out of the box to get major break through such gradually transforming the InternetTo create a Future Internet, we have to connect innovations in all areas of the networkBuild in experimental scale and have the commercial use in mindThe hard work is the integrationof concepts towards the

Network of the Futureas a family of networks

I2 Society

SHEN Lei

2009.10.20

Agenda

1. I2 society=Industrialization * Informalization

2. Highlight of the current situation in China

3. Use cases

Dynamic Enterprise

Smart Grid

Etc.

3 | I2 society | October 2009 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent Shanghai Bell 2009

Industrial vs Informalization

Informalizational Revolution:

Diversity

Dynamic

Industrial Revolution:

A fundamental economic change;

Society had a hard time adjusting to the new economic system.


Industrial Revolution

Process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by

industry and machine manufacture.

It began in England in 18th century.

It was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830, then spread to Belgium

and France. Other nations lagged behind.

Eastern European countries lagged into the 20th century.

Not until the mid-20th century did the industrial Revolution spread to

countries as China and India.

Different countries,

Different steps,

Different situation to enter I2 society.


Highlight of the Current Situation

Agriculture society

Industrialization began and still developing

jump to

I2 SocietyInformation Revolution

Broadcast

Education

Law nomocr

acy

demoncracy

Welfare

City

IndustrySociety

Environment

More educati

onPerson

ality

Network

Globalization

Knowledge

Informalization Diversit

y

Industrialization Informalization

Inherit, Develop

Innovation


Dynamic Enterprise (Public Service Platform)

Fix NetworkxDSL / PON / FTTB

DDN / FR

Wi-Fi802.11a/b/g/n

Mobile NetworkGRPS / EDGE /

CDMA 3G

ID

authentication

Data protect

Backup&Restore

Access Right Control

VPN connection

100%auto patch recovery

Enterprises

Public service platform

Innovation, Security

Security policy

Subscri. Manag.

System remote monitor

Computer Location

Delete data from remote

Industry application


Dynamic Enterprise (Public Service Platform)

Biological Structure Support

Nerve Collect Information

Vein Arrange resources

Ligament Control the risk


Integrated airline information service

Weather report center Travelers

Airport

Dynamic city traffic information

Data Center

Airport parking place

Dyna

mic w

eathe

r

report

Dyna

mic

fligh

t

info

rmat

ion

Par

king

info

Traffic Monitor Center

Telecom Network

SMS / WAP / WEB / Call

Center

Integrated info broadcast

Self checkin

Airline companyTicket/Checkin

Information exchange


Value of Public Service Platform

Society Improve information usage level, eliminate digital divide

Reduce cost, help business, decrease information asymmetry

Employee Learn to be a new knowledgable people , improve the capability to use the platform and tools in this information world

Improve quality, efficiency, team spirit

Enterprise Reduce cost, improve the competence

Scientific management, Improve the quality of decision making

Industry Have a good view of the operation in the value chain

Have a good base to optimize industry structure, management, etc

Government Provide the reliable, accurate and prompt information for government to make the decision

Create information environment to serve the industry and society


Smart Grid: Requirements for the telecom side

10 | Presentation Title | January 2008

The key requirements of an Integrated Communications Infrastructure to support a

number of applications across the Smart Grids are listed below:

Provide reliable transmission over wireless wireless and fiberfiber--opticoptic systems.

Provide IPIP--based networkbased network to support new applications and services.

Provide Scalability and Quality of Service Scalability and Quality of Service to prioritize mission-critical applications data

transmissions over other non-critical traffic and be highly survivable and resilient.

Ensure network and operational system securitynetwork and operational system security.

Facilitates twotwo--way communicationway communication between devices, users and the utility. This allows a user to

manager intelligent in-home appliances and devices based on time-of-use rate structures as

determined by the utility.

Chinas national grid

Smart Grids Plan of SGCC by 2020

2009 - 2010 2011 - 2015 2016 - 2020

Plan and Trial

Planning and technical specification making

Trail of key technology and products

Start to build Optimization Focus on the *UHV transmission and upgrade distribution

Offer control and interactive service in the grids with key technology and equipments launched

System optimization to meet international standard from technology and equipment point of view


www.alcatel-lucent.comwww.alcatel-sbell.com.cn

1/25Mischa Dohler, CTTC - 2009

Doceitive Radios Centroid of Cognition & Cooperation

Mischa DohlerCTTC, Barcelona, Spain

23rd Wireless World Research ForumBeijing, 20 October 2009


1. Cooperative Networks

2. Cognitive Networks

3. Doceitive Networks

4. Conclusions

Outlook


Cooperative Networks


Canonical Cooperative Architectures


Different Intro to Cooperation

Track Record of Cooperative & Relaying Systems:relaying protocols have been implemented in parts by the satellite community for nearly five decades and by the radio community for almost a centurysupportive relaying has been analyzed in the information theory community for about four decadescooperative relaying & space-time processing over realistic fading channels is now about 10 years old

Misconceptions Prevailing Until Today:major gains are due to pathloss not fadingAF-type relays are not suited for time-division operationcost and power consumption of AF-type relays is not that low


Aggregate Pathloss Gain

Pathloss versus distance is highly non-linear, significant aggregate power gains:

source and destination separated by d metersregenerative relays placed equidistantly yielding N relay segmentspathloss equation L = b + 10nlog10(d / N)

Some further observations are:breakpoint distance is changed which impacts signal & interferenceshadowing gains increase with increasing relaying segments Ntransparent relaying deteriorates e2e shadowing and pathloss


No Time-Division With AF

Hardware limitations as of today dictate:no viable in-band relaying (due to absent full duplexing)no storage of analog signal (due to heavy sampling)

BPF

1 BPF2


Cost Comparison

AF versus DF in with numbers of Q4 2009:

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 1080

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Production Volume [log]

App

roxi

mat

e C

ost [

Eur

os]

Transparent Architecture; fc = 900 MHzRegenerative Architecture; fc = 900 MHz

Regenerative Architecture; fc = 2 GHzRegenerative Architecture; fc = 5 GHz


Complexity/Power Comparison

3GPP-type relay based on transparent or regenerative hardware:

Some further observations:an analog AF-type radio needs to be instructed and thus typically also needs digital hardware components


... for more detailed information ...


Cognitive Networks


Canonical Cognitive Cycle


Different Intro to Cognition

Definitions of Cognitive Systems:Rigorous: ... processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem solving. [1]Alternative: ... a system which is working under conditions it was not initially designed for. [2]

Some observations on Cognitive Radios / Systems:(CSMA is actually an early form of a simple cognitive system)(most contributions today are actually on opportunistic radios)there are not so many opportunities in the spectrumfrom 3 methods, geolocation is the unlikely winnerlearning time does not match channel dynamics

[1] http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/def_cognition.htm[2] Apostolos Kontouris, Orange Labs, France, 2007.


Opportunities in Interleaved Spectrum?

Apparently large amount of spectrum unused [3]:

However [3]:

[3] @ Prof William Webb, Head of Ofom R&D, UK, from presentation at CTTC, 15 April 2009

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Opportunities in Interleaved Spectrum?

Study conducted by Ofcom concludes [3]:benefits estimated to have value of 200m-300mDTT e.g. has an equivalent value in the region of 50bnthus maximum of 0.5% probability of interferenceshould however be less than 0.1% to be sure that benefits will exceed costs(e.g. reduced confidence in DTT may result in a greater loss of value!)

Hidden Node sensing margin [3]:varies in dependency of environment but is up to 35dBthis is beyond any non-cooperative sensing techniques


Hidden node margin (dB) for % of locations Environment 90 % 95 % 99 %

Densely urban 18.5 22.4 29.2 Urban 28.1 30.2 32.5

Suburban 30.5 31.4 32.9 Rural 14.9 15.6 16.6


The Unlikely Winner [3]

Sensing:no additional infrastructure or standardization neededeffective use of white space as long as false positives are avoidedhidden terminal problem results in some residual probability of interference

Beacons (pilot channel):requires an infrastructure to transmit as well as a databaseInterference / hidden terminal problem still occursnot Ofcoms preferred option

Geolocation:requires a database, devices to self-locate, licence holders to update databasemakes most effective use of the white space (as long as updated)if correctly set up there will be no interference



System versus Learning Dynamics

Dynamics of surrounding environment can be decomposed:

Highly-dynamic variations yielding short coherence times:mainly due to fading, power control, etc.convergence of cognitive algorithms typically too slow to adapthowever, opportunistic access (without thinking) is possible

Quasi-static variations yielding large coherence times:mainly due to shadowing, pathloss, geographic location, etc.convergence of cognitive algorithms typically within coherence timehowever, all terminals in proximity would come to same solution


Doceitive Networks


Case For Doceitive Systems

From cognitive and cooperative approaches we learned:in most interesting cognitive cases, learning alone is seemingly not efficienta lot of vital information facilitating cognitive access will be stored centrallycooperation facilitates exchange of information on local basis

Doceitive Radios / Systems:introduce rigorous framework for above observations, where

radios are encouraged to teach other radios

origin is from docere = to teach (cognoscere = to know)mimics the so-far-successful society-driven teacher-pupil paradigmelements of this are already in cognitive systems (no claim of novelty)


Canonical Doceitive Cycle

Observing

LearningActing

Teaching

Learning


Context is very much applicable to Problem Based Learning (PBL):

Proponents of PBL:Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Michael Gardener, Jrme Bruner

Teachers using PBL:encouraged to be coaches not information giversprovide learning communities where students discuss their methods/outcomes

Pupils using PBLwork as a collaborative team using critical thinking to synthesize and apply knowledgepupil apprehend through dialogue, jigsaw, questioning, reciprocal teaching, and mentoring

Problem Based Learning in Society


Cognitive + Cooperative Doceitive System:

Projecting into Telecommunications

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Finding parallels from PBL in telecommunications, some interesting and pertinent research areas open up, such as:

Information Theory: How much side information needs to be taught to pupils? Impact of feedback, renewal rate, etc.?

Wireless Channel: What are the coherence times of the channel? Do they allow sufficient time for learning/teaching?

PHY Layer: How much rate/energy should go into teaching?

MAC Layer: Can we re-use known broadcast approaches?

System: What is the optimal ratio teachers versus pupil?What is the optimal teaching schedule?Should every pupil also be teacher?What exactly is best taught?Is emergent behavior now possible with this dialog?

Projecting into Telecommunications


Conclusions


Conclusions

Cooperative Systems:well understood ... and ... well misunderstoodlarge aggregate pathloss gains, less fading gainsimplementation specific problems prevail

Cognitive Systems:generic definition has complicated rigorous approachlittle truly cognitive systems so far as most are opportunisticconvergence time of truly cognitive protocols does not match system dynamics

Doceitive Systems:... yet another generic concept ... butcapitalizes on advantages of both cooperative & cognitive systemsfacilitator for more efficient spectrum utilization at minimum cost

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!"#$%&&*,&*',',A) and send the result to device B, in the Access & feedback MAC header field of the Ack frame. When device B receives the Link Feed Back (FDB) from device A, it will adapt its data rate accordingly, if the medium condition hasn't changed, device B won't change his data rate. If the FDB is x, device A should change his data rate to Sx Mbits/s (see table in the figure 8).

The link adaptation algorithm should also check the number of retransmissions. If the data rate is Sx Mbits/s (2x ), and if device A has sent a MAC frame twice, and hasn't received any acknowledgment, it should change his data rate to Sx-1 or to another lower data rate (Time slot 4 & 5 in our example).

In the last example (Fig. 6, Time slot 5), the acknowledgment from the device B indicate a FDB to 1; which will lead, from the device A and during a next time slot, a further speed reduction to S1

This link adaptation algorithm should improve also the QoS allowing a quick adaptation when the quality of the medium changes.

IV. OWMAC FRAME PRESENTATION

A. General OWMAC frame format

The OWMAC frame consists of a fixed-length MAC Header and an optional variable-length MAC Frame Body. The MAC Header is illustrated in figure 9. The Frame Control gives information about this frame, for instance the Version, the security level, the acknowledgment policy or the Frame Type. The Frame Type field is set to the type of frame that is being sent. Table Frame Type on figure 9 lists the valid frame type values and use of each of the individual frame types.

The OWMAC Destination specifies a single device for a unicast frame, a group of devices for a multicast frame, or all devices for a broadcast frame. There are four types: Private, Generated, Multicast, and Broadcast. It follows the address range defined by the WiMedia Alliance [21]. The OWMAC Source field is set to the MAC address of the transmitter of the frame. The Sequence Control field identifies the order of MSDUs/MCDUs and their fragments. The Sequence Control field is reserved in control frames.

The Frame Payload field is a variable length field that carries the information that is to be transferred to a device or group of devices. The Frame Payload length ranges from zero to "MaxFramePayloadSize" which is 4096 octets. If the Frame Payload length is zero, the FCS field is not included, and there is no MAC Frame Body.

The FCS field contains a 32-bit value that represents a CRC polynomial of degree 31. It is calculated using the standard generator polynomial of degree 32.

Fig. 9: MAC Frame format

B. The Beacon frame

The Beacon frame is described in figure 10.

Fig. 10 - BEACON Frame

Paper WWRF

7

After the PLCP Header, the frame is constituted by a Device Identifier, following the EUI-48 recommendation [22].

Thereafter, from the Beacon Frame, a focus is made on

specific points: The Information Element (IE), the Reservation Protocol (RP), the Broadcast traffic and the Emergency traffic.

For each type of information, an Information Element (IE)

is defined. IEs can be included by a device in its beacon at any time and may optionally be requested or provided using the probe command.

The Reservation Protocol (RP) enables devices to reserve

one or more TSs that the device can use to communicate with one or more neighbors. A device shall announce its reservations by including RP IEs in its beacons. A reservation is the set of TSs identified by RP IEs with the same values in some specific fields.

Broadcast Traffic Indications: The Broadcast Traffic

Indications field is one of IE and contains zero or more Traffic Indication fields. Each Traffic Indication field informs neighbors of the device of its intent to transmit frames carrying OWLLCP broadcast or multicast traffic.

Emergency Traffic Indications: Emergency traffic is another IE (ID = 0) and can be either sent in Beacons or in reserved time slots. If the emergency message is too long (around 1700 characters), a device will have to reserve some TS to send its emergency message.

If all the time slots are reserved, the device will indicate in its Beacon which time slot he wants to use to send its emergency message (the time slots preempted for emergency traffic must be taken from all the devices, to make sure all devices release time slots if needed).

After two super frames, each device should have updated its Beacon accordingly. The device wishing to send an emergency message, should then send its emergency message in the released time slots. The emergency message is encoded in Unicode UTF-16LE format [23].

V. OWLLC FRAME FORMAT

A. The OWLLC frame

The Optical Wireless Logical Link Control (OWLLC) frame format is described in figure 11.

An OWLLC frame is an OWMAC data frame. The

multiplexing MAC header is used to specify the type of OWMAC data frame.

The multiplexing header for all OWLLC Frame is the

OWLLC Protocol ID 0X0102. The OWLLC Frame Type field is set to a value from Table 2, which contains a list of OWLLC Frame Types and the names of the frame types.

Fig. 11- OWLLC Frame format

Value OWLLCP Frame Type

0 Standard Data

1 Abbreviated Data

2 Control

3 Association

4255 Reserved

Table 2- OWLLC Frame Type field encoding

B. The OWLLC standard Data frame

The OWLLC standard data frame format is described in figure 12. In this case, the OWLLC Frame Type field is set to zero.

The Optical Wireless Service Set IDentifier (OWSSID) field is set to a value used by the transmitting device to identify the Optical Wireless Service Set (OWSS) for the data frame. We could imagine a wavelength selection adapted to the service type proposed, for instance HD video, voice or best effort. This element will improve also QoS.

The Destination Address field is set to the EUI-48 [22] of the ultimate destination of the frame. The Source Address field is also set to the EUI-48 of the original source of the frame. The Type/Length field is set to a type or length value.

The Data field contains the payload of the frame as received

from the OWLLC client. The format is defined according to the value in the Type/Length field. For instance, in figure 12 the protocol ID is 0x800, the data payload is therefore an IP packet.

Paper WWRF

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Fig. 12- OWLLC Standard format Example

C. Broadcast MAC frame used for VLC

An abbreviated data frame is a shorter version of the standard data frame, as illustrated in figure 13. As there is only downlink traffic in SWO VLC system, the destination address is the broadcast address, i.e. 0xFFFF.

Fig. 13- Abbreviated data example used for VLC

VI. CONCLUSION

In this paper, we presented the key goals of the OMEGA

project with an emphasis on the projects Smart Wireless Optical (SWO) work. The SWO work aims on combining optical wireless communications techniques in order to provide robust communication by use of either IRC for a full duplex Gbps line of sight or VLC for broadcast coverage at lower data rates. In order to reach theses targets, an Optical Wireless MAC (OWMAC) protocol has been developed.

This OWMAC protocol performs the necessary

management and control to provide the best optical connectivity possible. It is required to take into account the unique characteristics of the wireless optical channel. Based on TDMA, this OWMAC protocol is wavelength independent. It is able to propose a link adaptation from 128 Mbps to 1024 Mbps on multi-sectors coverage with half duplex or full duplex transmission.

Face to numerous services and security level, the protocol is

also able to propose handles meshed or star topology, unicast, broadcast and multicast traffic via OWMAC or OWLLC frames. It also integrates function such as an emergency message even in case of saturation traffic or Quality of Service (QoS) parameters for a connectivity adapted to the user wishes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n 213311 also referred to as OMEGA. The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of their colleagues. This information reflects the consortiums view, and the Community is not liable for any use that may be made of any of the information contained therein.

Library 23

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