Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Policies toward innovation andentrepreneurship in Europe - do they

address gender?

Barbara Liberda, Olga ZajkowskaUniversity of Warsaw

Warsaw University of Life Sciences

21.05.2015

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

1 Motivation

2 InnovationsHeterogeneityQuadrlupe Helix ModelEvaluations

3 Wrap up

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Why do we care?

Howmuch do we lose by underrepresentation of womenin innovations and entreprneurship?

Do innovation and entrepreneurship policies addressgender?

Should they?

Why?

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Why do we care?

Women in technical fields face isolation, lack of access toinfluential social networks, mentors, sponsorship, and rolemodels.

Work-family pressures affect technical women’sadvancement.

Organizational cultures are unwelcoming hurting recruitmentof technical women[Simard & Gammal, Anita Borg Institute, 2013]

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Effects

Macro effectsWelfare effects [Busolt & Kugele, 2009; Hsiech et al.,2013]

below potential life cycle income of half of the populationgender earning/wage gap

Growth effects (below productivity possibility frontier)

Micro effectsgender innovation potential gapinequality in access to entrepreneurshiplack of economic independence, lower social and politicalpotential

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Sources

Main source: ideas.repec.org

key words used: gender, innovation, policy, evaluation,quotas

peer-reviewed articles and working papers

250+

Additional resources (reports)

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Goal functions

Policy goals usually do not correspond with the motives ofenterprising individuals

People desire personal profits, or autonomy, or are forcedinto entrepreneurship[Hessels, 2008]

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Measures— examples

% of female students by fields/disciplines

% of women in research institutions

nr and amount of grants by gender

% of female patent holders (ie. Sweden- 5%)

% of females in engineer-type occupations

% of self-employed women

% of female company owners

% of companies majority-led by women

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Traditional approach to innovation analysis

European innovation policies treat companies asepresentative agent that has a production function notsensitive to gender issues [Fagerberg, 2003, 2009, 2015]

Discrimination- Becker type— in the long time should causedifferences in profit

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Traditional approach recommendations

GEM 2011 recommendations on Policies and Priorities

Enhance education — general and entrepreneurial

Simplify government regulations

Balance desire for economic security with reduced levelof entrepreneurial activity [Estrin, 2011]

Encourage R&D transfer (tech commercialization)

Facilitate participation by women

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Policies:

taxes (All EU countries, except for Germany and Estonia,have implemented tax incentives for R&D- depending onregion (Poland), sector/technology (Belgium, UK), SME(Malta, Norway), start-ups (Norway))

subsidies

institutional conditions (legal framework, property rights)

Although these solutions do not address gender directly, theyaffect male and female entrepreneurs differently.

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Analysis approach

Approach to analyse innovation and entrepreneurship genderpolicies

gender innovation gap- including innovations in science,product, process, organization etc. [Lindberg et al., 2014]

gender entrepreneurship gap- including capital access,contact networks [Rost, 2011]

Our focus is on the intersection of these areas: innovations inentrepreneurship.We make an implicit assumption: most entrepreneurship isinnovative

Schumpeter: innovation only takes place with change

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Innovation modeling

Modeling innovations in the literature

Innovation Systems (National, Regional, Technical,Sectoral) [Carlson, 2002; Bergek, 2008]

Tripple Helix Model: university-industry-government[Etzkowitz, 2000]

Quadruple Helix Model [Lindberg, 2014]

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Motivation

Innovation modeling- Quadrlupe Helix Model

INDUSTRY

UNIVERSITIES AND SCIENCE CENTERS

GOVERNMENT NGO

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Heterogeneity

Companies heterogeneity

5 sectoral patterns of innovation [Tidd et al., 2001]

Routinised technological regimes: dominated mostly byscale-intensive firms

Specialised equipment suppliers: transfer theirknowledge to other businesses in the form of machineryand installations

Entrepreneurial regimes: dominated by science-basedfirms

Supplier dominated firms: weak in-house R&D capabilities(core of LMT industries)

Information intensive sector

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Heterogeneity

Entrepreneurs heterogeneity

Entrepreneus differ in motivations and aspirations[Hessels, 2008]

Mostly opportunity driven entrepreneurship generateinnovations [Detienne, 2007]

Women were more likely to utilize a Learn/Innovatesequence and men were more likely to utilizeLearn/Acquire and Learn/Replicate sequences [Detienne,2007]

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

Government-based policies

Rising awareness

all sorts of WLB support

Specific programs

March 2014 European Council: STEM [Craig et al., 2007]

Horizon 2020 ”Promoting Gender Equality in Researchand Innovation”

COSME

Vanguard Initiative ‘New Growth through SmartSpecialisation’

Wome Resource Centres (Sweden) [Dandila et al., 2009]

Austrian PPPI

Dutch To The Top

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

Government-based policies

Youth entrepreneurship support pillars

Fostering an entrepreneurial mindset, attitudes andculture

Providing information, advice, coaching and mentoring

Removing perceived practical barriers and easing accessto credit

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

Universities and research institutes based policies

Scholarships in technical fields (Poland, Estonia)

Scholarships and grants targeting specific subgroups

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

Universities and research institutes based policies

European Platform of Women Scientists in 2008 ’Bestpractices in terms of what has worked in attracting morefemale scientists to research careers and retaining them’

1 Gender-sensitive teaching

2 Emphasis on the importance of the integration of thefamily perspective with regard to career development inorder to attract female scientists to research careers-with parental leaves and child care support

3 Incentives for female PhDs and post-docs led to morefemale Assistant Professors- several other propositionswhich boil down to quotas in employment andpromotions

4 Promoting female networking and mentoring

5 Equal pay

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

NGOs/civil society based policies

[Lindberg et al., 2014]

Collaborative platforms for women-led SMEs

Legitimating and linking women-led SMEs togovernmental and academic actors

Developing competences and process innovations relatedto entrepreneurial venturing outside traditional TripleHelix constellations and

Carrying individual and societal aspects ofentrepreneuring

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

Policy mix

Need of cross-disciplinarity [Fagerberg, 2003](Borras, 2013)

Law regulations -property rights, competition (anti-trust)policy regulations concerning R&D and innovativeactivities by firms in the market, bioethics and otherethical regulations related to innovative activitiesEconomic transfers- positive incentives in cash and in kindSoft instruments

Voluntary technical standards at the national orinternational levelCodes of conduct for firms, universities or public researchorganisationsManagement contracts with public research organisationsPublic-private partnerships sharing costs, benefits andrisks in the provision of specific public goodsCampaigns and public communication instruments

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

Countries’ examples

Innovation Norway— offers mentoring programmes forwomen and implements measures within the frameworkof a national programme for women’s entrepreneurship

ARENA (Norway)

Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth—measures in a national programme for women’sentrepreneurship

VINNOVA— research within the area of Gender andInnovation, Needs-driven Gender Research forInnovation, Applied Gender Research for Strong Researchand Innovation Milieus (TIGER) programme

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Quadrlupe Helix Model

Bottom-up initiatives, company-level solutions andorganisational policies examples

All types of encouraging girls into STEM (Geek Carrots,Django)

Instrumentl- crowdfunding platform set up by femaleresearchers for female researchers

#ChoosePossibility Project (List of Female Tech Founders& Growth CEOs)

ekspertki.org

http://www.femaleinteraction.com/

Gendered Innovations (Stanford)

Companies’ growing awareness (see: Google), GenderBalanced Scorecards

other...

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Evaluations

Evaluation studies [Pettersson, 2007]

In Finland and Denmark formulations in policies indicatethat gender inequality rarely perceived as a problem evenif discussed

Gender inequalities and gender issues are primarily seenas a woman-issue

Gender is not mainstreamed in innovation policies

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Evaluations

Evaluation studies [Chowdhury, 2014]

Countries that have large number of female participate inthe labor market and have higher level of educationexperience more entrepreneurial activity than theircounterpart

Higher level of entrepreneurship is also evident incountries with lower level of corruption

Policy makers should also create programs such asflexible training programs and policies such as subsidizedchild care, access to female mentors/leaders that betterprepare women to succeed if they decide to undertake anentrepreneurial venture

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Innovations

Evaluations

Gender and Innovarion policies are still exclusiveinstances in EU

European policies are very general, not addressinginnovations explicitly. They correctly point out WLB issues.

Although the need to include gender perspective intoinnovation policies starts to be recognised, almost noevaluation studies yet exist. Current discussion is still mostlyabout concepts, not evaluations in economic sense.

Policies toward innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe - do they address gender?

Wrap up

Conclusions

In order to properly address gender issues, companycannot be treated as representative agent

Quadruple helix model: gender mainstreaming overresearch, education, academia, NGOs and civil society

One size does not fit all- we need a policy mix and policydiversity [Buvinic, 2014] supporting both high-tech andlow-tech industries

Allowing for natural growth instead top-down solutions

The policy instruments need to be evaluates and adjustedover time