LHC

~E-2.7

~E-2.7

~E-3

ankle

1 part km-2 yr-1

knee

1 part m-2 yr-1

T. Gaisser 2005

Nature Nature accelerates accelerates particles 10particles 10

77 times the times the energy of energy of

LHC!LHC!

where?where?

how?how?

cosmic rays

flux of extra-galactic cosmic rays

1128

7210

19

srseccmGeV103

srsec)103()cm10(eV10

}dEdN

E{E

ankle one 1019 eV particleper km squared per sec per sr

flux = velocity x density :

Ec)dEdN

E(dE4

319

min

max

3

8

E

cmTeV

10EE

log

cmGeV

dEE103

c4

RadiationEnvelopingBlack Hole

Black Hole

p + -> n + +

~ cosmic ray + neutrino -> p + 0

~ cosmic ray + gamma

NEUTRINO BEAMS: HEAVEN & EARTHNeutrino Beams: Heaven & Earth

collapse of massivestar produces a

gamma ray burst

highest energy

particles

we know that :• Black holes accelerate electrons: seen as synchrotron photons

• Black holes accelerate protons: seen as cosmic rays

• Black holes are surrounded by radiation fields and gases

cosmic beam dumps exist

cosmic ray puzzle: where is the black hole ?

Waxman-Bahcall Flux

GZK

HCR d

d21

21

in + decay

oscillations

ee

detection method

lattice of light sensors

• events per km2 year:

dEPdEdN

timearea2N

1128

srscmGeVE103

)GeV(E

10 9

events70EE

log15Nmin

max

gamma ray bursts

WBWBpGRB 2.0f

sources are transparentsources are transparent

Hillas formula

qBRcR

qBRR

R)qBE

(Rgyro