LEZIONE SESTA LA SECONDA GUERRA ARABO/ISRAELIANA … · 2019. 3. 10. · the terms of the...
Transcript of LEZIONE SESTA LA SECONDA GUERRA ARABO/ISRAELIANA … · 2019. 3. 10. · the terms of the...
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LEZIONE SESTA
LA SECONDA GUERRA ARABO/ISRAELIANA
(continuazione)
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Tre conflitti contemporanei
●1. Guerra Fredda.
●Contenzioso: problema della possibile
penetrazione sovietica in Medio Oriente.
●2. Conflitto arabo/israeliano.
●Contenzioso: non riconoscimento dello stato di
Israele da parte degli arabi; problema dei rifugiati.
●3. Nazionalismo arabo.
●Contenzioso: tentativo potenze ex coloniali.
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La corsa verso la guerra
●1) La prima mossa la fanno gli Usa:
● Patto Tripartito del 1950
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Il Patto Tripartito
●Il 25 maggio 1950, gli Usa, Gran Bretagna e
Francia emisero una Dichiarazione che asseriva:
●1. E' necessario neutralizzare il conflitto
arabo/israeliano per evitare influenza sovietica in
Medio Oriente.
●2. A questo scopo le tre potenze si impegnano a
un embargo delle vendite di armi alle due parti
contendenti.
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Il testo della Dichiarazione
●The three Governments recognize that the Arab
states and Israel all need to maintain a certain
level of armed forces for the purposes of assuring
their internal security and their legitimate self-
defense and to permit them to play their part in the
defense of the area as a whole. In this connection
the three Governments wish to recall and affirm
the terms of the statements made by their
representatives oil the Security Council on August
4, 1949, in which they declared their opposition to
the development of all arms race between the
Arab states and Israel.
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Un impegno poco credibile
●The three Governments declare that assurances
have been received from all the states in question,
to which they permit arms to be supplied from
their countries, that the purchasing state does not
intend to undertake any act of aggression against
any other state. Similar assurances will be
requested from any other state in the area to
which they permit arms to be supplied in the
future.
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Guai a chi inizia una guerra!
●The three Governments, should they find that any
of these states was preparing to violate frontiers
or armistice lines, would, consistently with their
obligations as members of the United Nations,
immediately take action, both within and outside
the United Nations, to prevent such violation.
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La corsa alla guerra
●2) Secondo evento:
●Colpo di stato in Egitto (1952)
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Gli autori del golpe
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Conseguenze del golpe
●Nell'ottobre 1954 accordo tra GB e Nasser per
l'evacuazione della guarnigione inglese dal
Canale entro 20 mesi.
●Ma la GB si rifiuta di cedere la gestione del
Canale agli egiziani.
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La corsa alla guerra
3) Nuova iniziativa Usa:
●Proposta a Nasser
● Middle East Defense Organization (MEDO)
●Finanziamento Diga di Aswan
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La corsa alla guerra
●4) Gli Usa ripiegano sul Northern Tier, ma:
● Patto di Baghdad (1955)
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Il bastione settentrionale
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La corsa alla guerra
●5) Nasser si sente oltraggiato e reagisce.
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La reazione di Nasser
●a) Conferenza di Bandung
●b) Armi all'Algeria
●c) Istigazione proteste contro Hussein di
Giordania
●Ma soprattutto...........................
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La reazione di Nasser
● Richiesta di armi alla Russia
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Le armi sovietiche
●Il 27 settembre 1955 Nasser annuncia di aver
concluso un acquisto di armi cecoslovacche.
●E precisamente:
●230 carri armati
●500 cannoni
●159 MIG
●15 caccia
●50 bombardiari Ilyushin
●Sottomarini e altre navi da guera.
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Prima risposta dell'Occidente
●Usa e Gran Bretagna offrono a Nasser fondi per
finanziare la Diga di Aswan, rispettivamente 56
milioni di dollari e 14 milioni di sterline.
●(Dicembre 1955)
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I sovietici rilanciano
●Nel giugno 1956 l'Urss offre a Nasser un prestito
di 1,2 miliardi di dollari all'interesse del 2% per
finanziare la Diga.
●A quel punto gli Usa ritirano la loro offerta.
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La corsa alla guerra
●6) La reazione degli Usa:
●Blocco finanziamenti per la Diga di Assuan
●Il Fondo Monetario Internazionale nega
prestito a Nasser
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Khrushchev inaugura la Diga (1964)
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La diga sul Nilo
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La diga sul Nilo
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Panorama della diga
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Il Tempio di Ellesyia
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Risposta di Nasser
●7) Dopo il ritiro finanziamenti Usa e GB:
●Nazionalizzazione Canale di Suez
● 26 luglio 1956
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Importanza del Canale
●1) Metà del traffico era petrolifero
●2) Due terzi dell'approvvigionamento europeo
passavano per il Canale (1,2 milioni di barili al
giorno su 2 milioni)
●3) Gli Usa importavano 300 mila barili al giorno
dal Medio Oriente.
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Super tanker (da 162 a 400 metri)
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Altezza del Seawise Giant
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Venti di guerra
●La posizione di Washington:
●1. La nazionalizzazione è un atto giuridicamente
arbitrario, ma....
●2. Contrarietà assoluta a un atto di guerra da
parte di Inghilterra e Francia.
●Dunque:
●Una soluzione diplomatica di compromesso è
inevitabile.
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La prima risposta inglese
●I piloti egiziani non saranno in grado di guidare le
navi e questo autorizzerà un intervento di Francia
e Inghilterra.
●L'opinione pubblica inglese nell'immediato
sostiene la poszione di Eden.
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I piloti egiziani
●Dopo qualche mese si vide che i piloti egiziani
gestivano con perizia il traffico nel Canale.
●Gli entusiasmi per la guerra in GB si raffreddano.
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La Francia si muove
●Da tempo la Francia si era accordata sottobanco
con Israele per vendite di armi allo scopo di
contrastare i raid dei feddayin egiziani.
●La GB non ama molto Israele, ma Eden si
convince a una alleanza.
●Si elabora il piano: attacco di Israele sul Sinai e
intervento anglo francese per cessate il fuoco.
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Attacco!
●Il 29 ottobre 1956
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Operazione Kadesh: tattica di
accerchiamento
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La corsa verso la guerra
●1) Prima mossa: il Patto Tripartito (1950)
●2) Secondo evento: colpo di stato in Egitto.
●3) Tentativo Usa con Nasser.
●4) Ripiegamento su Patto di Baghdad
(concessione agli inglesi)
●5) Reazione violenta di Nasser (armi da Urss)
●6) Contro reazione occidentale (Diga di Assuan)
●7) Nazionalizzazione Suez.
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Conseguenze
●1. La GB rinuncia all'uso della forza
●2. Dilaga il nazionalismo arabo
●3. La Russia mette piede in Medio Oriente
●4. Dottrina Truman
●5. Israele punta sulla soluzione militare