Lexington, Kentucky, USA - Managing Geochemistry of Multiple … · 2013-05-13 · SeO 3--C bars...
37
© 2012 ARCADIS 13 May 2013 1 Managing Geochemistry of Multiple Coal Ash Metals of Potential Concern: Practical Geochemical Considerations Imagine the result Jeff Gillow Geochemist ARCADIS U.S., Inc. World of Coal Ash 2013 2013 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference - April 22-25, 2013 in Lexington, KY http://www.flyash.info/
Transcript of Lexington, Kentucky, USA - Managing Geochemistry of Multiple … · 2013-05-13 · SeO 3--C bars...
© 2
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1
Ma
na
gin
g G
eo
ch
em
istr
y o
f M
ultip
le C
oa
l
Ash M
eta
ls o
f P
ote
ntial C
once
rn:
Pra
ctical G
eoche
mic
al C
onsid
era
tion
s
Imagin
e the r
esult
Je
ff G
illow
Geo
ch
em
ist
AR
CA
DIS
U.S
., Inc.
Worl
d o
f C
oal A
sh 2
013
2013
Wo
rld
of
Co
al A
sh (
WO
CA
) C
on
fere
nce
- A
pri
l 22-
25, 2
013
in L
exin
gto
n, K
Yh
ttp
://w
ww
.fly
ash
.info
/
© 2
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013
2
Ou
tlin
e
•U
ncert
ain
re
gu
lato
ry c
onte
xt;
re
vie
w o
f ne
w
leach p
roto
cols
an
d inte
rpre
tatio
n o
f re
sultan
t
da
ta
•U
nd
ers
tan
din
g g
eoche
mic
al co
ntr
ols
on
leachin
g (
focus o
n o
xya
nio
ns)
•V
alu
ab
le i
ns
igh
t m
ay b
e g
ain
ed
fro
m a
n
evalu
atio
n o
f th
e g
eo
ch
em
istr
y o
f le
acha
ble
meta
ls a
nd m
eta
lloid
s
•O
pti
miz
e m
an
ag
em
ent
for
ne
w facili
tie
s,
str
ate
gie
s for
exis
tin
g facili
tie
s
© 2
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013
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Re
gu
lato
ry C
onte
xt
for
CC
P
and
Ne
w L
each P
roto
cols
© 2
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013
4
Co
-pro
posals
in 4
0 C
FR
257…
•
Tw
o o
ptio
ns:
•R
eg
ula
te C
CP
un
de
r R
CR
A a
s S
ub
title
C w
aste
(h
aza
rdo
us
wa
ste
) w
he
n d
estin
ed
fo
r d
isp
osa
l in
la
nd
fills
or
su
rfa
ce
imp
ou
nd
me
nts
.
•L
ea
ve
th
e B
evill
Re
gu
lato
ry D
ete
rmin
atio
ns in
pla
ce
bu
t se
t
Federa
l sta
ndard
s for
regula
tion u
nder
RC
RA
subtitle D
(issu
an
ce
of “n
atio
na
l m
inim
um
cri
teria
” fo
r la
nd
fills
an
d s
urf
ace
imp
ou
nd
me
nts
).
•U
nd
er
bo
th o
ptio
ns, n
ew
da
m s
afe
ty r
eq
uir
em
en
ts w
ill b
e im
po
se
d to
addre
ss s
tructu
ral in
tegrity
.
•N
ew
gro
un
dw
ate
r m
on
ito
rin
g r
eq
uir
em
en
ts a
nd
re
qu
ire
me
nts
for
gro
un
dw
ate
r c
orr
ec
tive
me
as
ure
s
•N
o m
ajo
r ch
an
ge
to
be
ne
ficia
l u
se
ca
se
s, b
ut E
PA
le
ave
s o
pe
n th
e
possib
ility
of “r
efinin
g”
cert
ain
beneficia
l uses.
© 2
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5
EP
A C
CP
Ch
ara
cte
riza
tio
n R
ese
arc
h
•In
itia
ted
in
20
05
:
•E
valu
ate
leachabili
ty o
f m
eta
ls in C
CR
s
•D
evelo
p (
purp
ort
edly
) m
ore
relia
ble
fra
mew
ork
vs. T
CLP
•D
evelo
p h
olis
tic a
ppro
ach t
o life
cycle
managem
ent
•F
ou
r re
po
rts
•R
eport
1: F
eb 2
006
•Im
pact
of em
issio
n c
ontr
ols
on H
g, A
s,
Se
•R
eport
2: July
200
8
•E
xpanded lea
chabili
ty a
ssessm
ent
•R
eport
3: 2009
•M
ulti-site e
valu
ation f
or
more
repre
senta
tive p
rofilin
g (
coal ty
pe,
em
issio
n c
ontr
ols
, etc
.)
•R
eport
4: 2010
•D
ecis
ion S
upport
Tool fo
r C
CR
assessm
ent
& m
anagem
ent
© 2
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CC
P a
nd
Tra
ce E
lem
ent
Ge
oche
mis
try
© 2
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fro
m Izq
uie
rdo
and Q
uero
l, 2
01
2
~alk
, lo
w-C
a
~alk
, ~
Ca
As
B
V
Cr
Mo
Ca
B
V
As
Cr
Mo
Ca
B
V
Cr
Ca
As
Mo
alk
, C
a-r
ich
•Leachin
g b
ehavio
r of ars
enic
,
boro
n a
nd o
ther
trace
ele
ments
varies d
ependin
g u
pon
chem
ical chara
cte
ristics o
f th
e
fly a
sh.
Leached concentration (mg/L)
© 2
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Tra
ce E
lem
ent Leachin
g
(pp
m le
ve
ls)
C
on
sti
tue
nt
Fe
de
ral M
CL
(ug
/L)
Cr
50
As
10
Pb
15
Se
50
F
4000
Mo
40 (
HA
)
Cu
1.3
Sulfate
250
Ash
im
pou
nd
me
nts
– A
s,
B,
Cr,
Mo
, S
e
Reg
ula
tory
Sta
nd
ard
s
(pp
b l
evels
)
Genera
l tr
ends in leachin
g
be
ha
vio
r fr
om
CC
P (
mg
/L)
[fro
m Izq
uie
rdo
and Q
uero
l,
2012]
pH
mg/L
© 2
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9
Cation
vs.
Oxyanio
n S
orp
tion B
ehavio
r
Oxya
nio
ns:
negatively
charg
ed
–m
ob
ile a
t n
eu
tra
l to
alk
alin
e p
H
–C
hro
ma
te (
CrO
42- )
mo
lyb
da
te (
Mo
O4
2- ),
sele
nate
(S
eO
42
- )
Catio
ns:
positiv
ely
charg
ed
–so
rb r
ea
dily
at n
eu
tra
l p
H
–ca
dm
ium
, co
ba
lt, str
on
tiu
m, co
pp
er,
nic
kel, z
inc
Mo
so
rptio
n
liga
nd
-lik
e
Sto
llen
we
rk, 1
99
5
Cd s
orp
tio
n
ca
tio
n
Dzo
mb
ak &
Mo
rel, 1
99
0
© 2
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10 p
H -
Po
int
of
Ze
ro C
ha
rge
(be
low
this
pH
, surf
aces a
re “
+”,
above t
hey a
re “
-”)
© 2
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11
Co
mm
on T
hre
ad
: E
lectr
o-n
egativity e
nhances m
obili
ty o
f oxyanio
ns S
bO
3-
H2A
sO
4- H
AsO
42
-
B(O
H) 3
0 B
(OH
) 4-
HC
rO4
- C
rO4
2-
Mo
O42-
HS
eO
3- S
eO
42
-
© 2
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013
12 A
rsenic
Chem
istr
y
•A
rse
nic
is s
olu
ble
un
less c
on
tro
lled
by a
n in
co
rpo
ratin
g
min
era
l phase. S
ensitiv
e to
:
•p
H (
su
rfa
ce c
ha
rge
& s
tab
ility
of h
ost m
ine
rals
)
•Io
nic
co
mp
etitio
n (
co
mp
etin
g lig
an
ds lik
e H
CO
3- a
nd
H
PO
42
- )
•S
olu
ble
su
lfid
e (
HS
- ) a
bu
nd
an
ce
(co
mp
lexa
tio
n)
•
MC
L =
10 µ
g/L
As(V
) A
s(I
II)
© 2
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0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0 -50
0-4
00
-30
0-2
00
-10
00
10
02
00
30
0
Pla
tin
um
Ele
ctr
od
e (
OR
P/m
V)
Dissolved Arsenic (ug/L)
Zo
ne
of
hig
he
st co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
Su
lfa
te r
ed
uction
:
low
er
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
Aero
bic
environm
ent:
so
lub
ility
co
ntr
olle
d
Ars
enic
Concentr
ations
as a
Fun
ction
of
Bio
geochem
ica
l
Environm
ent
© 2
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14
Boro
n: C
hem
istr
y
•T
he typic
al concentr
ation o
f boro
n in s
oil
is a
bout
30 m
g/k
g w
hile
the t
ypic
al concentr
ation in c
oal
fly a
sh is a
bout
600 m
g/k
g.
•T
yp
ical concentr
ations o
f b
oro
n in C
CP
leachate
are
less t
han 1
0 m
g/L
, although c
oncentr
ations
hig
her
than 1
00 m
g/L
have
been o
bserv
ed.
•B
oro
n is m
obile
, it d
oes n
ot
readily
pre
cip
itate
, and h
as a
rela
tively
low
affin
ity f
or
sorp
tion,
part
icula
rly in s
and e
nvironm
ents
.
DW
EL =
7m
g/L
Oth
er
sta
ndard
s:
0.5
- 5
mg/L
Med
iaR
ange
(mg/
kg)
Typ
ical
(mg
/kg)
Eart
h’s
lith
osp
her
e5
to
10
01
0
Soil
10
to
30
03
0
Co
al1
to
40
05
0
Fly
Ash
25
to
6,0
00
60
0
Bo
tto
m A
sh5
to 1
400
10
0
FGD
So
lids
25 t
o 2
,000
10
0
© 2
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Boro
n:
pH
of M
axim
um
Sorp
tio
n o
n S
oil
(Sposito,
1989)
© 2
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16 S
ele
niu
m: C
he
mis
try
MC
L =
50
µg
/L
02
46
810
12
14
–.50.51
pH
Eh (volts)
SeO
3--
SeO
4--
H2S
eO
3
HS
eO
3-
HS
eO
4-
FeS
e
FeS
e2
Se(b
lack)
25
°C
JG
illo
w W
ed
Ju
l 0
1 2
00
9
Diagram SeO3
--, T = 25 °C , P = 1.013 bars, a [main] = 10
1, a [H2O] = 1, a [Fe
++] = 10
1
•C
oncentr
ation o
f sele
niu
m in C
CP
leachate
observ
ed u
p t
o
400 u
g/L
.
© 2
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17
Insig
ht
fro
m N
ew
Leach
Te
sts
?
© 2
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013
18 P
roposed
Ne
w L
each T
est P
roto
cols
–
EP
A M
otiva
tio
n
•T
CLP
inclu
des a
n o
rganic
acid
(acetic a
cid
) to
sim
ula
te a
cid
ic
co
nd
itio
ns c
rea
ted
by m
icro
bia
l d
eg
rad
atio
n o
f p
utr
escib
le w
aste
.
•S
PL
P is r
ele
va
nt fo
r th
e le
ach
ing
of tr
ace
me
tals
by a
cid
ic
rain
wa
ter
(pH
4.2
ea
st o
f th
e M
issis
sip
pi; p
H 5
we
st o
f th
e
Mis
sis
sip
pi)
.
•C
on
ditio
ns in
a C
CR
la
nd
fill
ca
n b
e a
cid
ic o
r a
lka
line
, d
ep
en
din
g
up
on
th
e p
rop
ert
ies o
f th
e s
ou
rce
co
al, a
nd
po
llutio
n c
on
tro
l
eq
uip
me
nt u
se
d in
th
e p
lan
t.
n
chem
ical
an
alys
es
Ln
L
B
LA
n s
amp
les
S 2
S n
n
B
A
S 1
© 2
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013
19 E
PA
Mo
tiva
tio
n
•C
CR
la
nd
fill
pH
ca
n v
ary
(a
nd
tra
ce
me
tals
are
no
t a
lwa
ys m
ore
so
lub
le u
nd
er
acid
ic p
H (
ars
en
ic, b
oro
n, se
len
ium
an
d th
alli
um
ca
n
be m
ore
solu
ble
under
alk
alin
e p
H c
ond
itio
ns)
•L
iqu
id c
on
ten
t o
f th
e im
po
un
dm
en
t/la
nd
fill
ma
y v
ary
•N
ew
extr
actio
n p
roce
du
res e
xa
min
e m
ultip
le p
Hs (
2-1
3)
an
d liq
uid
-
so
lid r
atio
s.
•E
PA
Me
tho
ds a
nd
“P
re-M
eth
od
s”
•M
eth
od
13
13
(9
/12
) -
Liq
uid
-So
lid P
art
itio
nin
g a
s a
Fu
nctio
n o
f
Extr
act p
H u
sin
g a
Pa
ralle
l B
atc
h E
xtr
actio
n T
est
•M
eth
od 1
316 (
10/1
2)
- Liq
uid
-Solid
Part
itio
nin
g a
s a
Function o
f
Liq
uid
-So
lid R
atio
Usin
g a
Pa
ralle
l B
atc
h P
roce
du
re
•D
raft M
eth
od
s 1
31
4 a
nd
13
15
M
on
olit
hic
1 S
am
ple
n
an
aly
tica
l
sa
mp
les
A1
L1
A2
An
L2
Ln
Δt 1
Δ
t n
or
Mo
no
lith
Co
mp
acte
d
Gra
nu
lar
n L
each
ing
In
terv
als
Δt 2
© 2
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Inte
rpre
tation o
f Test R
esults
•A
t th
is p
oin
t th
e u
se
of te
st re
su
lts h
as n
ot b
ee
n c
lea
rly s
tate
d b
y
EP
A –
cla
rification is e
xpecte
d in the fin
al C
CP
rule
.
•T
he
exp
ecta
tio
n is t
ha
t le
ach
te
stin
g u
sin
g n
ew
pro
ce
du
res w
ill b
e
req
uir
ed
fo
r n
ew
an
d e
xis
tin
g a
sh
fill
s.
•R
ece
nt p
ub
lish
ed
wo
rk b
y E
PA
pro
vid
es in
sig
ht in
to h
ow
th
e te
st
resu
lts m
ay b
e u
se
d (
Th
orn
elo
e, 2
01
0):
•“T
hro
ugh the u
se o
f th
e L
EA
F test m
eth
ods, le
achin
g b
ehavio
r
ca
n b
e m
ore
accu
rate
ly p
red
icte
d r
esu
ltin
g in
th
e c
alc
ula
tio
n o
f
a m
ore
re
liab
le s
ou
rce
te
rm fo
r u
se
in
mo
de
ling
po
ten
tia
l
imp
acts
to
hu
ma
n h
ea
lth
an
d e
co
syste
ms.”
© 2
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21
5th
%95
th%
HBN
10x H
BN
100x H
BN
0.0
01
0.0
1
0.11
10
02
46
810
12
14
Arsenic (mg/L)
pH
5th
%95
th%
HBN
10x H
BN
100x H
BN
1
10
100
1000
02
46
810
12
14
Boron (mg/L)
pH
AaF
A -
Me
dia
n
ow
n p
H
BFA
- M
ed
ian
ow
n p
H
All
Fly
Ash
- M
ed
ian
All
Fly
Ash
- 9
5th
%
5th
an
d 9
5th
% o
f p
H
Hea
lth
Bas
ed N
um
ber
(H
BN
)
10
x H
BN
10
0x
HB
N
1
10
100
1000
02
46
810
Boron (mg/L)
L/S
(L/k
g)
100x H
BN
10x H
BN
HBN
0.0
01
0.0
1
0.11
10
02
46
810
Arsenic (mg/L)
L/S
(L/k
g)
100x H
BN
10x H
BN
HBN
Fro
m K
osson e
t al.,
2011
Exam
ple
Results fro
m M
eth
od 1
313
© 2
013 A
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ay 2
013
22
AaF
A -
Me
dia
n
ow
n p
H
BFA
- M
ed
ian
ow
n p
H
All
Fly
Ash
- M
ed
ian
All
Fly
Ash
- 9
5th
%
5th
an
d 9
5th
% o
f p
H
Hea
lth
Bas
ed N
um
ber
(H
BN
)
10
x H
BN
10
0x
HB
N
0.0
1
0.11
10
100
02
46
810
Selenium (mg/L)
L/S
(L/k
g)
100x H
BN
10x H
BN
HBN
Fro
m K
osson e
t al.,
2011
5th
%95
th%
HBN
10x H
BN
100x H
BN
0.0
1
0.11
10
100
02
46
810
12
14
Selenium (mg/L)
pH
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
23
Op
tim
ize
d C
CP
Imp
ou
nd
me
nt
an
d L
and
fill
Ma
nag
em
en
t
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
24
Mo
nito
red N
atu
ral A
ttenuation –
Applic
ation t
o Inorg
anic
s
(IT
RC
, 2010)
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
25
Mo
nito
red N
atu
ral A
ttenuation –
Applic
ation t
o Inorg
anic
s
(IT
RC
, 2010)
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
26 C
on
sid
era
tio
ns fo
r A
rse
nic
So
rptio
n
•S
uffic
ien
t iro
n:a
rse
nic
mo
lar
ratio
•S
tab
ility
fa
cto
rs
•p
H •D
eve
lop
me
nt o
f n
eg
ative
su
rfa
ce c
ha
rge
at h
igh
pH
•L
oss o
f fe
rric
iro
n s
tab
ility
at lo
w p
H
•C
om
pe
tin
g o
xya
nio
ns (
ph
osp
ha
te, ca
rbo
na
te)
•D
ispla
cem
ent of ars
enic
•S
tab
ility
un
de
r ch
an
gin
g r
ed
ox c
on
ditio
ns
•R
ed
uctio
n o
f a
rse
nic
an
d d
isso
lutio
n o
f fe
rric
iro
n m
ine
rals
Sorp
tion
Iro
n (
hydr)
oxid
e [
Ferr
ihydrite
] A
rsenic
(V
) A
rsenic
(II
I)
As
OH
OH
OH
Oxid
izin
g E
nvironm
ents
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
27
Tre
ata
bili
ty T
estin
g –
Enha
nced
Mitig
atio
n o
f C
CP
Le
ach
ate
•F
err
ic iro
n a
dd
itio
n to
fly
ash
pro
mo
tes th
e fo
rma
tio
n o
f fr
esh
ly
pre
cip
ita
ted
iro
n o
xyh
yd
roxid
e.
•T
he
Fe
(OH
) 3 w
ill s
orb
an
d r
eta
in
bo
ron
an
d o
the
r o
xya
nio
ns.
•p
H, iro
n:tra
ce
ele
me
nt ta
rge
t m
ola
r
ratio
•A
dve
ctive
-flo
w c
olu
mn
exp
erim
en
ts
were
used
to s
imula
te long
-term
gro
un
dw
ate
r le
ach
be
ha
vio
r o
f fly
ash
.
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
28
• pH
settle
d a
t 7
to 8
fo
r du
ration o
f te
st (3
7 p
ore
volu
mes)
23456789
10
V1
V3
V5
V7
V9
V11
V13
V15
V17
V19
V21
V23
V25
V27
V29
V31
V33
V35
V37
V39
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
ore
Vo
lum
es
pH
Infl
ue
nt
Wa
ter
Co
ntr
ol C
olu
mn
Me
diu
m D
os
e
Hig
h D
os
e
0.0
0
0.0
1
0.1
0
1.0
0
10.0
0
V1
V3
V5
V7
V9
V11
V13
V15
V17
V19
V21
V23
V25
V27
V29
V31
V33
V35
V37
V39
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Po
re V
olu
me
s
Arsenic Concentrations (mg/L)
DL
=0
.01
0 b
y IC
P
DL
=0
.00
2 b
y IC
P-M
SD
L=
0.0
035 b
y IC
P-M
S
En
ha
nc
ed
So
rpti
on
by I
ron
: G
W a
ffecte
d
by le
achin
g f
rom
sla
g
•In
fluent
pH
was 3
– 6
, w
ith
ars
enic
at
5 p
pm
.
•Ir
on-a
mended b
ackfill
reduced a
rsenic
concentr
ations t
o <
0.0
1
mg/L
in e
fflu
ent
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
29
Boro
n: T
reatm
en
t
•P
recip
ita
tio
n
–M
ost
natu
rally
-occurr
ing b
oro
n m
inera
ls a
re
alk
alin
e
oR
equires m
ain
ten
ance o
f pH
>11
–C
an incorp
ora
te in s
om
e m
inera
ls
oH
ydro
talc
ite
•S
orp
tio
n a
nd
co
-pre
cip
ita
tio
n
–S
ele
ctive r
esin
s (
2g/L
of
resin
)
–A
lum
inum
hydro
xid
e,
iro
n h
yd
roxid
e,
magnesiu
m o
xid
es
Resin
Iron
hydro
xid
e
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
30 Te
st R
esu
lts –
Bo
ron
Co
ntr
ol
0.0
0
0.2
0
0.4
0
0.6
0
0.8
0
1.0
0
1.2
0
01234567
02
46
81
01
21
4
Boron Speciation (Fraction of Species)
Boron Extracted by TCLP (mg/L)
pH
Unit 1
Unit 3
Unit 4
B(O
H) 3
B(O
H) 4
-
B(O
H) 3
+ H
2O
= B
(OH
) 4-+
H+
pK
a=
9.2
4
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
31 Se
len
ium
:
Tre
atm
ent
•H
arn
es
sin
g iro
n
min
era
l
tra
ns
form
ati
on
s
–T
reatm
ent to
<0.1
µg/L
–D
evelo
p lasting
treatm
ent
capacity
and p
rote
ction o
f
reduced s
ele
niu
m
thro
ugh t
he b
uild
up o
f
iron
min
era
l phases
Fro
m F
endo
rf,
20
06
xy
zx
y
z
xy
z
Mix
ed F
e2
+/F
e3
+
oxid
e
•m
agne
tite
Fe
2+
ca
rbo
na
te
•sid
eri
te
Fe2+
aq
IRB
Mix
ed F
e2
+/F
e3
+
hydro
xid
e
gre
en r
ust
•ca
rbo
na
te
•sulfa
te
Fe
2+
sulfid
es
•m
ackin
aw
ite
•gre
igite
•pyri
te
co
nve
rsio
n
Iro
no
xid
es
& o
xy/h
ydro
xid
es
Fe
3+
sili
ca
tes, cla
ys
re-o
xid
atio
n
Am
orp
ho
us ir
on
oxy/h
ydro
xid
e
•go
eth
ite
•fe
rryhydri
te
Fe
2+
so
rbe
d t
o
Fe
3+
min
era
ls
Se(V
I)
Se(0
)
Deve
lop
lasti
ng
tre
atm
en
t cap
acit
y&
pro
tection
of re
du
ced
sele
niu
m th
rou
gh
the b
uild
up
of
reactive
min
era
l p
hases in
th
e a
qu
ifer
010
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
70
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0 -10
00
10
02
00
30
04
00
Sulfate (mg/L)
Selenium (ug/L)
Tim
e (d
ay
s) re
lati
ve
to
fir
st in
jec
tio
n
Se
Sulfate
Active
an
aero
bic
bio
stim
ula
tion
with
ferr
ou
s
su
lfate
ad
ditio
n
Dem
on
str
ation
of re
sid
ual
treatm
en
t cap
acity
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
32
Conclu
sio
ns
•N
ew
re
gu
lato
ry c
on
text m
ay r
eq
uir
e a
dd
itio
na
l G
W m
on
ito
rin
g a
nd
co
rre
ctive
actio
n
•U
nd
ers
tan
din
g g
eo
ch
em
ica
l d
rive
rs o
n t
rac
e e
lem
en
t le
ac
hin
g
fro
m C
CP
will
pro
vid
e fo
r th
e im
ple
me
nta
tio
n o
f o
pti
miz
ed
ap
pro
ac
he
s to
me
et n
ew
re
qu
ire
me
nts
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
33
Ackn
ow
led
ge
me
nts
•C
o-a
uth
ors
:
•C
hris L
ute
s, P
ete
r K
ariher,
and D
ave L
iles
(AR
CA
DIS
, D
urh
am
, N
C)
•M
icha
el H
ay (
AR
CA
DIS
, B
ou
lder,
CO
)
34
Imagin
e the r
esult
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
35
Ap
pro
ve
d i
n 1
99
5 t
o a
ss
ess
rele
ase
rate
s f
rom
so
lid
nu
cle
ar
waste
•D
em
onstr
ate
no p
ub
lic e
xposure
to
leached
rad
ionuclid
es
•D
ep
art
me
nt
of
En
erg
y (
DO
E)
an
d
Nucle
ar
Re
gula
tory
Agen
cy (
NR
C)
•H
anfo
rd S
ite in R
ichla
nd,
WA
(D
OE
Pacific
Nort
hw
est
Nationa
l Labo
rato
ry)
So
lid
cyli
nd
ers
im
me
rse
d i
n l
ea
ch
ing
so
luti
on
•S
ynth
etic o
r site g
roun
dw
ate
r
•S
olu
tio
n v
olu
me
s r
ep
lace
d s
eq
ue
ntia
lly
over
11 d
ays
AS
TM
C1
308
Ove
rvie
w
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
36
Rece
nt
use
fo
r m
inin
g a
pp
lica
tio
ns
•A
do
pte
d b
y N
eva
da
fo
r b
ackfill
geo
ch
em
ical chara
cte
riza
tio
n
•S
ucce
ssfu
lly u
sed t
o s
upp
ort
perm
itting
for
the
Ba
rric
k G
old
str
ike
Min
e
•B
ein
g u
sed f
or
the
Nevada C
opp
er
Pum
pkin
Ho
llow
Pro
ject
ND
EP
is r
eq
uir
ing
min
ing
lab
ora
tori
es
ob
tain
sta
te c
ert
ific
ati
on
•A
ugu
st
1,
201
3
•W
ET
LA
B (
Spark
s,
Nevada)
AS
TM
C1308
Ove
rvie
w
htt
p:/
/ndep.n
v.g
ov/b
sdw
/la
b_m
inin
g_in
dustr
y.h
tm
© 2
013 A
RC
AD
IS
13 M
ay 2
013
37
Perm
it c
on
dit
ion
s e
sta
bli
sh
ed
•S
tren
gth
req
uir
em
ent
•C
om
pre
ssiv
e s
tre
ngth
of 30
psi
•M
inim
um
co
mpositio
n r
eq
uir
em
ents
•A
t le
ast
3 w
t. %
su
ita
ble
bin
de
r
•O
ver
2 w
t. %
of th
e b
inde
r m
ust
be
ord
inary
Port
land
cem
ent
•A
t le
ast
50 %
of th
e b
inde
r m
ust
be
Port
land
cem
ent
•E
xa
mp
les
•3%
Port
land
cem
ent-
no f
ly a
sh r
equir
ed
•2
% P
ort
lan
d c
em
en
t- 2
% f
ly a
sh
re
qu
ire
d
Min
imu
m c
om
po
sit
ion
is p
roje
ct
sp
ecif
ic
Recent
Meth
od
Ap
plic
atio
n
