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Emme Lev, he Freh Jewh phpher, w Lv, wh w br re K. I my pper I hve e mye he g ere h hgh Lh Rbb Tgh. Te , geery w h whe vg Lh he w mre eepy mr whR erre h wh m e. I h me, r mybe er, heh pe g r Dyev, mre pr m e

y he pwr per, er he Shh h mve Pr.I f e bewee Lev phphy Lh Rbb Tgh bee y he ee ere Lh- rbb hgh r re h ghe rm Cer E-er Erpe rbb hgh geer re hr pp, exep H-m. Tgh here ex me mm mge ere Lhrbb re, h 1) Mhgm, 2) mge Jew Ehh,repreeg e er re, pre , rhx wr, 3) Yehv, he b Lh Jewh

Orhxy. Perhp he y hg h e Lev Lv re,whe efe hree bvemee ereype, Mhgm, e-rbe by Sm M (1984: 52):

A a P a a i

LEVI NAS H ERI TAGE I N

LITHUANIAN RABBINIC THOUGHT

Vilnius UniversityCenter for Religious Studies and Researc

Universiteto g. 9/1-105LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania

e-mail: apazeraite@yahoo.fr

ATH E N A , 200 N r . 1 , ISSN 1822-504

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Te Lh Jew eem hve experee wy erzwh he Jm e. A e h ry Jewh erre rem ymb he pr rgh whh ree by H mveme he e. () Te r whh ee egre Hm

h meme exee reh. T re brey re wmy e wh mussar, erre mr e h beme wer hrgh Rbb Ire Ser. Lev herhe prr r- he ve h Rbb, whe phre, rrepg wh hw hg, he e e qe: My eghbr mer ee re mypr ee.

I h botality and Innity, whh ppere 1961 whe he wrey mr wh he m rbb hgh, he qee he

e Beg y whh h me Weer phphy r e-re re h eye he Other. T be Other, bereey whh e bey he y Beg. T be Otherp rm he bjevg re, rm he rve, erpve b-

jeve hg, epe beg bjevey gzbe, vew he merep gze pwer merg wh h bee g-ze. Te Otherreqre ere re hm gzbe, h reg, merg, bjeg. T y ere re be expree by he wr Eh. Hwever he wr Lev phphy

pper be me wy ere rm h Weer phphy,prmry ree wr he erh r he ef mp he egre Good, virtue, mr w ( he pe ere wh wh mry g b, rgh wrg), yem r hery mr v-e r prpe. T pprh be rme qe: what must

/ can I do or rom what am I obliged to restrain mysel in order to be considereda good person?

Te pprh Lev Eh be rme qe:who is the Other person or me and what must I do in order to not hurt his dignityand, even more, to strengthen his dignity by taking into account his basic needs asliving being and as a human person?

I my pper I w rge h he ep eh EmmeLev, eve he hme h ey erge re ee rm heLh rbb hgh he mer per, r eve erer, wh-g very e me pe h hgh.

Oe gh w brhe Lh Jewh Orhxy,ryze he e he 19h hrgh he begg he 20h e-

ry: ) er he ee he mr mveme, whe her wRbb Ire Ser, whe eer w he yehv Sb K(Kv). T brh Lh Orhxy emphze evepme

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per egry he b rh e, reg ze, pry e- gmillut hassadim (ee e). Te pe mussarwprry emphze he K Sb yehv by pr eer,Rbb Nh Zv Fe, r ever ee (e 19 h begg 20h

ery). I rrve re ee b Ser, h pr r eh, eby he ee h eghbr, he gy pr pepe re y emphze; b) ryze he b y r he y rh he yehv Vzh. Te bew mer hry h brh Lh Jewh Orhxy Rbb Je Dv Sveh.

I Hebrew rm he Bbe, mussar(rmyassar, ph) me me e/gve e, y, e e rm eqee

-vee, -ge behvr, whh y erpree vephme. I he Sepg mussar m e re paidei,a (r.instruction, correction, discipline, science, avis, leon; eg. discipline, correction,doctrine, germ. Bildung) r te strofh,,. 1 Uy he wr e reer g ere -g /hppeg h hve he reqrg prper repe: hge e wy e, ere wyh bere, hge e re wh her epey wh he b-e Other, .e., wh G, hgh h wy pree rve ehg wh be ere mr ge, vre, r pere. I rbb

Hebrew2mussarw e pe, mry, y ve-e behvr. S, bb Hebrewmussarme vr ype e(rm berg he eqee e w behvr verb g), he rbb Hebrew me vee behvr e, mry. Ihe h Ser h wer mussarg b bb meg, y, beme g rme e, paideia, Bildung. Iher y e he mussarhgh Ire Ser heMussarmveme, Imme Ee (1993) He Gberg (1982) hve rgeh epe perep ery hrgrphy eme er-g hm y ree mussar e he pery I-re Ser, h m w hm w hgh. He wmre ree wr e e grp ve m e, r/

1 For example, Deuteronomy 11:2 And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which havenot known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty

hand, and his stretched out arm (Ald>G-ta, ~k,yhel{a/, hwhy> rs;Wm-ta War-al{rv,a]w: W[d>y-al{ rv,a]~k,ynEB.-ta, al{ yKi ~AYh; ~T,[.d;ywI

`hyWjN>h; A[roz>W hqzx]h; Ady-ta,).Job 20:3 I have heard the check of my reproach, and the spirit of myunderstanding causeth me to answer (`ynInE[]y:ytinyBimi x;Wrw> [mv.a, ytiMliK. rs;Wm). Psalm 50:17 See-ing thou hatestinstruction, and castest my words behind thee ((`^yr,x]a; yr;bD> %lev.T;w: rsWm tanEf hTa;w>).)))).

2 A Dictionary of the argumim, the almud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, by Mar-cus Jastrow.

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baalei batim. Wey epe hrgrphy Ire Ser heMussarmveme erpre hm ppe he Haskalah mveme, eve here mh evee maskilim wh w h mussarehg me e-re hm eh, g hm hem. Hwever, Aexr Lvv rm

S. Peerbrg Se Uvery m mpeg p h epe hem wer m reerher Ser ehg per-y, Ser hre wh maskilim he me hpe me rergz he r Jewh wy e: rm pr mmy eer(rbb), rergz he er r reg e he Jew er heb he Kh by r hre he me he 19h ery, mr e pepe. Ser ehg, eve beg ree r Jewh r, qe mpbe wh he gge he 18h ery

phphy, wh h Erpe Egheme. Te ee efe bySer wh he r ep yetzer tov( g e) he be he me r he rrm he hm re (r tikkun middot).Ser ey rege ep rg ry he be h eeme be hebe mr egg h r y he be rm wh were mr rm he Erpe hry ( 2000).

I my er Israel Salanter and Mussar movement in Lithuania inthe 19th century, I rge h r Jewh reg e beme er he me 18h ery er b V, geer hr r

Ph-Lh ey r rbbe. I Eer Sher prve he Se he re were reve he Hmveme. I Weer prve, epey Lh, h w reveby emp beg he rm pr rbb hry. Yehv Vzh w he pe h rm, we he pe h rerg-z r Lh Jewh wy e Jewh rhxy.

Ahgh heMussarmveme he e h he 19h ery prgp rv mveme ree pepe, epey eer, Hh mveme. B eve rv mveme,Mussarh my hg mm wh Hh. Eve Ser hme weme eree e, he e he 19h he begg he 20h e-ry, he h heve rey hm. Te very prje ( mm we Ser) mr e he me r he rrm mprveme ey w hre mm wh he Hm prje E (paideia, Bildung) he er Egheme.3 Repb-

3 See Giacomoni, Paola. Paideia as Bildungin Germany in the Age of Enlightenment. Te PaideiaProject Online: Proceedings of the wentieth World Congress of Philosophy(Boston, Massachusetts U.S.A.,

10-15 August 1998) [von Humboldt]. Available: http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeGiac.htm;also Parait Aura. Izraelio Salanterio musarkaip paidea: dar vienas Apvietos amiaus edukacinisprojektas // Tarptautins mokslins konferencijos Vilniaus yd intelektualinis gyvenimas iki antrojopasaulinio karo, vykusios Vilniuje 2003 m. rugsjo 16-17 d., praneim mediaga.

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y r mmy, r ew hm beg, mr e-e weree hre mm Eghee Hm, mm, meprpe he mussarmveme. Ler hggrph eme hepery Ser ege b hm g rbb, h hm-

re r h ew Jew re he r r, hrgr pprh her rbb ( h hw A. Lvv), reve me geerere e he Lh ( we R) Jewh ey he begg he 20h ery, whh Jm beme eqe whEh. Dv K he Ir h me wr heMussarmveme4 me he emp hw hw Eh w mey mp Jm rm he very begg. S, hrgh he geer evepme prre Jewh ey Lh beme mre ebe he qe

je hm gy. Te Jm Lev, we ee hDifcile Libert m Le, eve r pre, regryeqe wh Eh, he Eh je repby. S, eve hLh per Lev w qe wh prper Lh rb-b hgh, h rer emph rm r Jm Eh,mgh be mm wh hge Lh Jm.

Te e hm repby, eve m repby r hewr(), he me ree Rbb Hyym Vz-h (begg he 19h ery), Neesh ha-Hayyim (Soul o Lie):

Sh he Hm w. G rb h meby Ire y hme: Wh ever m I? Wh I he wr wh my mery -? O he rry, he w, er be peereby he hgh h pre h , wr hgh y mme. Hw mpr, expee, mpe h re, beeeverye rehe h r rer e hegh hegh, wr he hghe, pre gh. Rey, we m wh perey erh w er rembe h her he hgh hw eepy h b my reh, wh ree er h me errrmy e (Hyym e Vzhy1986: 1,4).

Lev, wrg rewr r he mmee Freh r Neeh h-Hyym by Bejm Gr, pbhe 1986 Pr, e:M he wr, rere, e, e he CrerHme Begexistshrgh hm eh. Te gm G epe me, G reg y hrgh eh rer, where exy e rere repe her (Lv 1986: X). I.e., he exee Beg e-pe p Eh, whh he phphy Lev pereve he

phere hm , whh vere bymizwot: bh r mr, repe.4 See Kac Dov (1974).

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Mrever he qe hgh Hyym Vzh were ew.Bere hm he e he be hm repby r he very ex-ee he wr, he Beg, w expree by e he hr mussar ex, my phpher Mhe Hyym Lzz. I

h bMeamar ha-Ikkarim (2002), whh he exp he b J-m, Lzz e h G h gve m he pwer eg (w-g, leorer) he Highest Roots. G h efe he hrgh whhhe rme ( mizwot), we he rmg mpry( rgre). Te Highest Roots Cbb pg hemy ree Sephirot. Trgh he rghe m (by bervgmizwot) He, e ree p rm he r, ge m hrghhm he wr, where hrgh he wrg , me r r,

m, p, r ee ge hem, brg er he wr. Depe h, h bee e, he vey Hyym Vz-h w h vy begg he hpg mer Lh JewhOrhxy hrgh he e prje Yehv, e wh meere hre mm wh Hh e prje, heMussarmveme.

I he b Hyym Vzher, wh ze bb ermgy rer gve rgme r pepe eep he mmme (eve r-) bee he m repby hm beg hve r he wr, we

f my pprh Beg y, ere he mpeerbeGhe, whh verbe exee. T wr eve he

Wr() h bey-Beg be mere by he mpe b-jeyg gze, b y experee rree exee, eberm he pr hm beg by he me prper , by eepgve mmme, by rerg ee rm rgre, h-h pere. Gb hm repby he repe he Dve Cre.

Ser ree h Vzher gb, m repby he re-pby wr e eghbr, wr very ree her hm beg,eve rgreg er r mmme. H meh mussaryw prmry he meh prf e w her, evbe e eph he her, hrgh teshuvah. Mybe h p per- repby r he her, r he mmy, - w he p hre mm by Vzher, Ser, Lev hme.

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Conclusion

I he ep eh Lev pper me pe e hemer Lh rbb ep he meg he hm -

he emy he rre hm beg G, re Jewh my r we mussarerre, epey he mussarep Ser. Vzher eq eepg mzwwh hm repby, rerrg he emph r rm hm (repbe) e wr ew hm beg merLh Jm rm he begg he 20h ery, ee bym hmm, mre reg yer evepe mussare,reg he mer eq Jm wh Eh, be ppre-

e he Lh herge Lev. Received 2006 08 14Accepted 2006 09 12

reFerenCes

1. A Dictionary o the argumim, the almud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, by MrJrw. Fr pbhe 1903, Pheph. Repre Ire: HOREB.2. Ee, I. 1993. Rabbi Israel Salanter and the Musar Movement. Pheph, Jerem: Te Jewh Pb-

Sey. Frm Hebrew r. by Jh Chpm.3. Gm, P. Pe Bildung Germy he Age Egheme. Te Paideia Project Online:Proceedings o the wentieth World Congress o Philosophy(B, Mhe U.S.A., 10-15 Ag 1998)[v Hmb]. Avbe: hp://www.b.e/wp/Pper/Me/MeG.hm.4. Gberg, H. 1982. Israel Salanter: ext, Structure, Idea. Te Ethics and Teology o an Early Psychologist o theUnconscious. New Yr: Kv Pbhg He.5. Hyym e Vzhy, Rbb. 1986. LAme de la Vie. (Neesh ha-Hayyim). Pre, r e m-mere pr Bejm Gr. Ce Le Dx Pre, VERDIER.6. Hyym me-Vzhy. 1989. Neesh ha-Hayyim. Ire: Be Br.7. Kz Dv. 1970. enuat ha-Musar. oldotiyah ishiyah we-shitutiyah. .1, e Avv: Srm Abrhm z.8. Lv E. 1986. Pre Rbb Hyym e Vzhy. LAme de la Vie. (Neesh ha-Hayyim). CeLe Dx Pre, VERDIER.8. Lzz, Mhe Hyym. 2001. Meamar ha-ikkarim ( ). .: . (Hebrew R).

9. M, S. 1984. Lire Lvinas. Pr: Le Ser.10. Pr, A. Izre Ser musarp paidea: r ve Apve m e prje //arptautins mokslins konerencijos Vilniaus yd intelektualinis gyvenimas iki antrojo pasaulinio karo, vykusiosVilniuje 2003 m. rugsjo 16-17 d., praneim mediaga. 2004. V: M .11. Pr, A. 2003. Izraelis Salanteris ir Mussar judjimas Lietuvoje XIX a. K (PhD he, pbhe).12. , . 2000. ( ) ( pbhe, ppere ver).

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A a P a a i

LEVINO PALIKIMAS IR LIEUVOS RABINIKOJI RADICIJA

sAntrAuKA

E. Lev e epjje pr ee pe, rm mermLev rbje myje XIX . pm mprm: mg vemremgm r prm mg r Dev y rejje mprm,em y m rj, p p r mussar(rbeve r mr) err. y m rj j erprevV G my Chm V (1749-1821), r v vee

Nee h-Hm (Gyvem e) pj m, e r memg vem evegm r pem ve egzjepe, e r e, re r ev v m , eve yr g e ve, be r B, e j bvm. Ijpe b myb v vem, v em, ej,y re gem, re je yp m bje, pemepj r Izre Ser (1810-1883), e, b phg em. y Apve jjme (Haskala) r Izre Ser pve-

me musarjjme r r m myb bv pere hm myb rm (p vrj r myb). G XIX . pb. - XX .pr. jzm Rj mperj (pp r Lev) y (e r eb regg) r jem prj -e (r gr e ve) mm pryg E. e jzm m-pr pe g b m v Lev pve, r j permg r e eg reg y my Levje, be hmp, rje g, v, j gyvem Przjje, g j-m rb err r rj, r jm yp rm bv Hm

V be Izre Ser my.Raktaodiai: Lev, e, Lev rbj rj, v.