Levels of archaeological theory illustrated 2
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Levels of Archaeological Theory
1. Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—classification)
2. Middle-Level—Describe Function (Experimental Archaeology/Ethnoarchaeology)
3. High-Level—Explain (Cultural Materialism-Processual Agenda)
4. Postprocessual Critique—Explain(Postmodernist interpretivism)
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Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—
classification)
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Ancient Hoko River Baskets
Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—
classification)
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Basket attributes (Croes, 1977)
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Basket shapes (Croes, 1977)
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Sample basket type,
(Lachane, BC, ~2000 BP)
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Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—
classification)
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Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Middle-Level—Describe Function (Experimental Archaeology/Ethnoarchaeology)
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High-Level—Explain (Cultural Materialism-Processual Agenda)
Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
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One way (a materialist approach) to classify (separate) components of a culture
• Infrastructure
– Modes of Production and Reproduction
• Structure
– Domestic and Political Organization
• Superstructure
– Values and Beliefs
Idea
tio
nal
Ad
apti
ve
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Hoko River
Musqueam NE
3,000 BP
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~1,000 BP
~1,000 BP
~1,000 BP ~2,000
BP
~3,000 BP
~2,000 BP
~3,000 BP
~500 BP
~2,000 BP
Basketry attribute
unrooted
cladogram
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Basketry AttributesRooted Cladogram
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Hoko River
Ozette
Musqueam NE
Qwu?gwes
AC
ConwayFishtown
Water Hazard
Biederbost
~3000 BP
~2000 BP
~1000 BP
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Bas
ketr
y/Et
hn
ic T
rad
itio
ns
Phasesbased on stonebone and shell artifactsCoast Salish Wakashan
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3,000 years of cultural identity through specific basketry styles for Squaxin Island Tribe and all Coast Salish Peoples
Slanted CladogramBased on basketry attributes
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A
B
C
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One way (a materialist approach) to classify (separate) components of a culture
• Infrastructure
– Modes of Production and Reproduction
• Structure
– Domestic and Political Organization
• Superstructure
– Values and Beliefs
Idea
tio
nal
Ad
apti
ve
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Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Postprocessual Critique—Explain(Postmodernist interpretivism)
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Hoko RiverVincent CookeExcavatingA 3000 yr oldCedar BarkCape and Pack Basket
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The Post-processual critique rejects:
• The cultural evolutionary generalizations
• The processual search for universal laws
• Explicitly scientific methods
• The processual emphasis on objectivity and ethical neutrality
• The processual view of culture as an extrasomatic means of adaptation
• The processual emphasis on etic phenomena