Leveling, cont

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Leveling {Differential Leveling}

Transcript of Leveling, cont

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Leveling{Differential Leveling}

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Lecture Outline

• Definitions• Datum• Vials• Levels: optical, laser, digital• Rods• Differential Leveling• A leveling Loop

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DATUM ELEVATION = 0.0 (MSL)

100

ft

Elevation B = 100 + 4.12 - 6.24= 97.88 ft

Compute the elevation of point B if the elevation of point A was 100.00 ft.

4.12 ft6.24 ft

What is the idea??

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4.12 ft6.24 ft

Elevation B = 100+4.12-6.24= 97.88

What is the idea??Compute the elevation of point B if the elevation of point A was 100.00 ft.

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Definitions

• Vertical Line: a line that follows the direction of gravity• Level Surface: A curved surface perpendicular to the

direction of gravity at every point on it• Level Line: a line that is perpendicular to the direction

of gravity at every point on it, contained in a level surface and is a curved line.

• Horizontal Plane: a plane that is perpendicular to gravity at one point, a flat surface.

• Horizontal Line: a straight line perpendicular to the direction of gravity at one point

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• Vertical Datum: A level surface to which elevations are referred, for example: MSL.

• Elevation: the vertical distance from a vertical datum to a point or an object.

• Mean sea level (MSL): average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period.

• Benchmarks (BM): A relatively permanent artificial or natural object having a point of known elevation.

• Leveling: the process of finding elevations of points, or their elevation differences.

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North American Vertical Datum• Started in 1850’s, first phase completed in 1929• Thousands of Points across the US and Canada

were related to MSL and adjusted, the newly defined MSL defined a new datum called: National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, or (NGVD 29)

• Due to the earth’s crust shifting and changes in MSL, new adjustment was done and more points were added (total of 1.3 million) which resulted in NAVD88

• Shifts are larger in the west: 1.5m in the Rocky mountain area

• MUST MENTION WHICH DATUM

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Level vials

Tube level

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Other level vials• Coincidence-Type level

• Bull’s-eye level

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Levels

• Major types:• Tilting levels: the coincidence level must be adjusted

before each reading, the telescope can be tilted by one screw. Very accurate. See figure 4-11 page 88

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• Automatic levels: use an automatic compensator to level the line of sight. The compensator is a group of prisms suspended by wires as a pendulum. Accuracy varies. Can include a parallel plate micrometer to measure to 1/100 mm.

• Automatic Compensator in an

automatic Level:

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Automatic Precise level

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Laser Levels• Transmit laser beams,

received on a detector. • Create a horizontal or a

vertical plane. • May stop if not horizontal. • More than one detector can be used simultaneously.

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Digital Levels• Employ digital image processing. A micro

computer compares the image of the rod to a pre-stored image of the rod to compute the reading. Rod is bar coded.

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Rods• Graded in feet or meters.

Made of wood, metal or fiber glass.

• Philadelphia: graded to 0.01 ft. Two pieces of 13 ft length.

• Pay attention when the rod is telescopic.

• Metric is graded to 1 cm, and decimeters. Dots for meters.

• A sliding micrometer can be used.

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Rod Remarks

• Before observing, understand the rod. Where the zero is and how it is graded.

• Try a certain reading without a level.• Pay attention if the telescope inverts the

vision.

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Plumbing a level rod.

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4.12 ft6.24 ft

Elevation B = 100+4.12-6.24= 97.88

Elevation computation:

Compute the elevation of point B if the elevation of point A was 100.00 ft.

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Differential Leveling

Backsight (BS) at BM Foresight (FS) at X

• Definition of Backsight (BS), and Foresight (FS)• Elevation of line of sight (HI)= BM elevation + BS at BM• Elevation of point X = HI - FS at X• Consider X a new BM, and repeat for another point , etc..

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Elevation of point B =Elevation of point A + backsight at A - foresight at B

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A Leveling LoopWHY???????

Elevation of Final Point = BM elevation + (BS) - (FS)

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Errors in Differential Leveling

• Minimizing the errors:• ElevationX = EBM + BSBM - FSX• EX, with errors e1& e2 = EBM + (BSBM - e1)- (FSX -

e2) = EBM + (BSBM – FSX) – (e1 – e2)• When is the error not effective?

• The final computation of misclosure

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Adjustment of a Loop• Not the method in the text book.• Errors are proportional to the distance, so are the corrections.• Three wires leveling: • The distance between the rod and the level for a

reading (i) = di = 100 (U-L)• Elevation of Final Point = BM elevation + (BS) –

(FS), then:• The difference in elevation between the first and last

point = (BS) - (FS).• What if you started and ended at the same point?• Get the misclosure.

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• Compute the sums of: BS, FS, dFS, dBS, total (d).

• Correction per unit length= misclosure/ total (d) = C.

• Correction for each reading (i) = di * C = Ci.

• Add or subtract (Ci ) from each reading to compute the corrected reading.

• Compute the adjusted elevation of the desired points only.

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Example

Point BS Dist Corr Adj. BS FS D Corr Adj FS

900 2.10 100 0.80 70

TP1 3.60 100 2.70 100

TP2 3.10 70 4.50 100

Considering the readings in the following table, compute the adjusted elevations of points TP1 and TP2. Elevation of point 900 is 900 ft.

The packet includes a separate table to use

900

TP2TP1

AnswerSum 8.80 270 8.00 270

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Point BS Dist Corr Adj. BS FS D Corr Adj FS

900 2.10 100 0.80 70

TP1 3.60 100 2.70 100

TP2 3.10 70 4.50 100

Answer:

Closing error = sum(BS) – sum(FS) = 0.8. ft

Correction per foot = C =closing error / total distance = 0.80 / 540 = 0.001481

Sum 8.80 270 8.00 270

= 0.001841*1000.148

= 0.001841*1000.148

= 0.001841*700.104

0.40

0.104

0.148

0.4

0.148

= 2.1-0.151.95

3.45

3.00

8.4

0.904

2.484

4.648

8.40

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Remarks–Precision: allowable misclosure.

• Construction: C = 0.02 n ft.• Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee

suggests:C = m k mm

Where K is the length of the loop in Kilometers, C is in mm, and m is a constant according to order and class (first order-class I, first order-class II, etc.): 4,5,6,8, and 12mm.

–Level position is not important, rod position is.

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- Check: the sums of adjusted BS and FS are equal.

- Now, to calculate the elevation of any point such as TP2, imagine that the leveling process ended at that point TP2, then apply the equation to compute elevations including only the readings you will collect if leveling ended at TP2

- What readings won’t be included in the sum(BS) and sum (FS)??

- Elevation of TP2 = 900 + 5.4 – 7.496 = 897.90 ft

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–Rod is not supposed to move or sink while the level is moved.

–Distance between the rod and the level is limited to 100ft, for our use.

–Record the three readings: upper lower and middle to compute the distance.

–Observation table: how does it grow?

–Field work.

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Lab Procedure