Lessons on Interoperability: The Shootings at Columbine
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Transcript of Lessons on Interoperability: The Shootings at Columbine
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Lessons on Interoperability: The Shootings at Columbine
National Capital Special Operations Symposium
Ottawa, Ontario
November 14-15, 2012
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Presentation Outline
Case Study: Columbine
Lessons, Problems, and Barriers
Improving Interoperability and Response Outcomes
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Columbine High School
Approximately 2,000 students 120 Teachers 20 Staff Personnel 75 Classrooms 25 Exterior Doors Gymnasium, Cafeteria, Library
and Auditorium 250,000 square feet
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Explosives
“Walk in, set bombs at 11:09
for 11:17. Leave….”
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Small Arms and Knives
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Improvised Explosive Devices
46 EXPLODED DEVICES Outside 2 Library 26 Class/Hall 14 Cafeteria 4
30 UNEXPLODED DEVICES Outside 13 Library 5 Class/Halls 6 Cafeteria 6
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Initial Operations: Fire/EMS
Triage/Transport
Transported 26
Triaged over 160
Staging Resources
Fire Strike Team
Command and Control
Communications
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Fire/EMS Organization
P IO L IA S O N
S A F E TY
A ID E
S E C O N D A R Y E M S
S TA G IN GE M S
C O M M U N IC A TIO N S
TR IA G E
TR A N S P O R TA TIO N
M E D IC A L
TR IA G E
TR E A TM E N T
Y U K O N /C A L E YD IV IS IO N
TR IA G E
TR E A TM E N T
E A S TD IV IS IO N
TR IA G E
TR E A TM E N T
W E S TD IV IS IO N
S TA G IN GF IR E
TA S K F O R C EF IR E
O P E R A TIO N S L O G IS TIC S
F IR E /E M SC O M M A N D
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Initial Operations: Law Enforcement SWAT
Find shooters
Protect students
Transport wounded
Secure perimeter
Check evacuees for weapons
Reunite parents and students
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Law Enforcement Organization
In it ia l S W A TTeam s 1 -4
S econ d ary S W A TTeam s 5 -9
S W A T S tag in g
Tac tica l S n ip ers
Tac tica l O p era tion s
C H S C on tro l
In te rview in g
P aren t C on tro l
Tran sp ort
E vacu ation
In n er P erim eter
O u ter P erim eter
S tag in g A reas
P aren t C on tro lV ic tim A ss is tan ce
S cen e C on tro l
C rim e S cen e
C oron er
S earch
In te llig en ce
P aren t C on tro lV ic tim A ss is tan ce
In ves tig a tion s
L A W E N F O R C E M E N T
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Jefferson County Schools
Help get students out of building
Account for students
Move students to another location
Reunite students & parents
Mental health service
Victim advocates
Brief families and media
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Communications Problems
Controlling ground-space
Incompatible communications
Channel congestion
System overload
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Command and Control Problems Weak coordination
Low situational awareness Paramedics under fire
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Impact
Slows down the response
Creates inefficient use of resources
Reduces operational effectiveness
Endangers first responders
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Unified Command: Strategic Objectives
Secure perimeter
Locate/eliminate shooters
Reach/move wounded
Triage, treatment, transport
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Joint Operations: Total Response
FIRE6 Departments
166 Personnel
EMS7 Agencies
80 Personnel
LAW ENFORCEMENT28 Agencies
Over 900 Personnel
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Incident Dynamics
Improvised Explosive Devices
Small Arms Fire
Multiple Casualties
First Responders Taking Fire
Structure Fire
Crime Scene
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Incident Details
188 Shots Fired by Harris and Klebold
141 Shots Fired by Law Enforcement
89 Improvised Explosive Devices
15 Killed
160+ Triaged
24 Transported
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Lessons Learned
Information Situational Awareness
Communications Redundancy Multi-channel/system operations
Command and Control Resource Management
Joint Operations Multiple jurisdictions and disciplines
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Common Problems Planning
Independent Planning Jurisdictional/Organizational Boundaries
Organizing Not Coordinated or Integrated Separate Structure/Process
Communications Incompatible Systems Congestion/Overload Loss of Infrastructure
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Operational Outcome Factors
Inter-Organizational Planning
Response Structure
Decision Making Process
Communications Systems
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Planning Options
No Planning Not important, not enough
time
Position Based Planning This person, in this position,
does this function
Threat Based Planning If/Then
Jurisdiction Based Planning Separate Structure/Process
Capabilities Based Planning Objectives/Priorities/Resources
Joint Regional Planning Integrated and Coordinated
Structure/Process
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Response Planning
C3 Requirements
Operations Simple/Complex
ImpactDamage
ThreatScenario
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Organizational Structure
Separate
Coordinated
Integrated
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Separate Structure
O LP
IC
O LP
IC O LP
IC
O LP
IC
O LP
IC
A B
C
D E
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Coordinated Structure
O LP
IC
O LP
IC
O LP
IC
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Integrated Structure
Unified/Joint Command
Operations Planning Logistics Fin/Admin
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Operational Decision Making Cycle
Sense Making
DecisionMaking
Execution
Assessment Planning
Action
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Social Context of Decision Making
Local view of operations
Local actions effect others
Available time effects success of operations
Common intent to achieve coordinated action
Develop common ground before incident
Consistent exchange and interaction builds social
relations
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Results of Improved Social Relations
Improves acquisition and interpretation of information
Reduces decision time and improves quality of decisions
Reduces uncertainty regarding roles, responsibilities and abilities
Reduces goal conflict Improves coordination Improves ability to adapt
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Communications Systems Effective coordination depends on efficient
communication Development of systems based on typical
incidents High frequency events Simple Low information demands
System not capable of dealing with catastrophic incidents Low frequency events Complex High information demands
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Frequency and Complexity
ComplexSimple
Frequency
Low
High
Complexity
Single: Jurisdiction Discipline Level of Government
Multiple: Jurisdictions Disciplines Levels of Government
Information Exchange Amount and Rate
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Barriers to Integrated Operations Denial/Avoidance
Financial Limited Resources Competing Priorities
Technical Obsolete Equipment Incompatible Systems
Cultural Competition Territorialism Self-Sufficiency
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Operational Effect
Separate Structure Separate Process Separate Systems
Delayed information Inaccurate information Incomplete information Different levels of
awareness Unclear reporting
relationship Conflicting decision
strategies Inefficient resource use Increased risk to personnel
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Improving Response Effectiveness
Technology
People
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Inter-Organizational Approach
Technological Independent organizations that need to talk to
each other Communications systems are the primary
concern Operational practices do not need to change
Operational Inter-dependant organizations that need to work
together Operational systems are the primary concern Operational practices must change
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Definition of Interoperability
Technical Interoperability: the condition achieved among communications systems when information can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily between users
Operational Interoperability: ability of agencies to accept services from other agencies and to use those services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together
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Common Sense Definition
The degree to which organizations or individuals are able to operate together to achieve common goals.
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Developing Technological Solutions
Focus Communications systems, equipment
Purpose Establish a link – voice/data
Problems Ignores importance of operational practices Does not recognize complexity of large scale
incidents Impact
High dollar cost, low impact on effectiveness
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Developing Operational Solutions
Focus Regionalized Operational Networks
Purpose Integration, Collaboration, Coordination
Problems Difficult to change organizational culture Denial, competition, territorialism, self-
sufficiency Impact
Low dollar cost, high impact on effectiveness
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Separate vs. Integrated Operations
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Unity of Effect
MaximumNegativeImpact
MaximumPositiveImpact
ConflictedEffects Cancel Out
Positive SynergyPositive Effects Build on
One Another
Negative SynergyNegative Effects Build on
One Another
0
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A New Framework
Old Framework Interpretation: Interoperability is a technical problem Approach: More money, better technology
New Framework Interpretation: Interoperability is a people problem Approach: Change the way we work together, use
technologies to support operational networks
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Operational Networks
Relationships formed in order to work together to pursue shared goals, address common concerns, and attain mutually beneficial ends.
Organizations exchange information and undertake joint activities but retain their individual autonomy
Organizations rely on trust and embedded social relationships to provide effective services and reduce costs
Problems are typically resolved through discussion, and rules and norms of reciprocity ensure cooperation
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Initiating Operational Networks
Small groups of leaders
Accept interdependence
Acknowledge shared latent risk
Motivated to improve capacity and performance
Approach: change working relationships
Goal: small wins, build network gradually
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Developing Operational Networks
Determine which organizations should be included in the Ops Net
Understand the nature of current relationships
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Relationships
Number of links
Type of interactions
Level of interactions
Strength of relationships
Willingness to commit to collective action
Power and decision making
Accountability
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Interactions
Breadth Depth Frequency Level Strength/Trust Content/Issues
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Operations
Incident Structure ICS/NIMS Integrated
Decision Process Assessment Planning Action
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Operational Performance
Organizational Integration Decision Coordination Quality of Information Shared Awareness and Understanding Resource Coordination
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Outcomes
Lives Lost/Saved Property Damage Social, Political, Economic Impact Time to Recovery
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Evaluating OP NET Interactions
Breadth Depth Frequency Level Strength/Trust Content/Issues
Fire B Law EMS
Fire A X X X
Fire B X X
Law X
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Evaluating OP NET Operations
Incident Structure ICS/NIMS Integrated
Decision Process Assessment Planning Action
Fire B Law EMS
Fire A X X X
Fire B X X
Law X
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Evaluating OP NET Performance
Organizational Integration
Decision Coordination Quality of Information Shared Awareness
and Understanding Resource
Coordination
Fire B Law EMS
Fire A X X X
Fire B X X
Law X
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Evaluating OP NET Outcomes
Lives Lost/Saved Property Damage Social, Political,
Economic Impact Time to Recovery
Incident A Incident B Incident C
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Preventing C3 Breakdown
Operational Break down cultural barriers Develop a joint operations mentality Establish regional C3 practices Integrated structure and process Regional planning and leadership
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Preventing C3 Breakdown Technical
Multiple channel/system operations Regional communications Leverage existing equipment,
infrastructure Back-up communications systems Offload logistical communications to
secondary channels or systems Use currently available, affordable
solutions
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Improving Response Outcomes Bring your operational network together Map out how the Ops Net functions
Who included How work together – Structure/Process How exchange information – Communications
Evaluate current performance against criteria Develop goals for future performance Plan changes operational and technical
approach to achieve goals
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Improving Operational Performance
DecisionProcess
Organizational Structure
CommunicationsTechnology
Performance
People
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“Even if you are on the right track, you will get run over if you just sit there.”
Will Rogers