Lessons of Singapore: Getting Financing and Purchasing right
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Transcript of Lessons of Singapore: Getting Financing and Purchasing right
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Lessons of Singapore: Getting Financing
and Purchasing right
Dr Kambiz Monazzam
Tehran - Jan 2007
Most slides are based on Prof Lim Meng Most slides are based on Prof Lim Meng KinKin
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هیچ چیز عملی تر از
یک تئوری خوب نیست
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Singapore: Small but!
Singapura, the Lion City, from the Malay words singa (lion) and pura (city).
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Singapore
Iran
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Area 660 sq km Population 20064.48 million
Area 660 sq km Population 20064.48 million
Singapore
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• late 1300'sp Paremswara settles in Temasik (Singapore). He later moves to Malacca to escape the invading Siamese forces.
• 1400-1500 Golden age of Malacca as a trading entrepôt.• 1511 Portuguese seize Malacca.• 1600 British establish East India Company (EIC).• 1602 Dutch establish United East India Company (VOC).• 1613 Singapore burned by the Portuguese.• 1641 Dutch take control of Malacca.• 1786 Sir Francis Light takes possession of Penang for Britain.• 1795 Malacca transferred from Dutch to British.• 1811 Raffles appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Java.• 1819 Raffles signs treaty with Sultan Hussein of Johore and Temenggong Abdul Rahman of Singapore to allow
British to establish a trading post in Singapore.• 1819-1823 Farquhar in charge of British settlement in Singapore (reporting to Raffles in Bencoolen). Singapore
thrives as a duty-free trading port.• 1823 Raffles oversees transition of Singapore's administration from Farquhar to Crawfurd, then returns to
England (and dies there three years later).• 1824 Dutch formally recognize British rights to Singapore under Treaty of London.• 1826 Penang, Malacca, and Singapore joined to form Straits Settlements.• 1825 Value of Singapore's trade double that of Penang and Malacca combined.• 1832 Singapore becomes administrative headquarters of Straits Settlements.• 1860 Singapore's population exceeds 80,000.
Singapore: Ancient History
Independent Singapore was admitted to the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and became a member of the Common wealth of Nations on 15 October 1965.
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• 1 Ancient times • 2 Founding of modern Singapore (1819) • 3 Early growth (1819–1826) • 4 The Straits Settlements (1826–1867) • 5 Crown colony (1867–1942) • 6 The Battle of Singapore and the Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) • 7 Post-war period (1945–1955)
– 7.1 First Legislative Council (1948-1951) – 7.2 Second Legislative Council (1951-1955)
• 8 Self-government (1955–1963) – 8.1 Partial internal self-government (1955–1959) – 8.2 Full internal self-government (1959-1963) – 8.3 Campaign for merger
• 9 Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) – 9.1 Merger – 9.2 Racial tension – 9.3 Separation
• 10 Republic of Singapore (1965–present) – 10.1 1965 to 1979 – 10.2 The 1980s and 1990s – 10.3 2000 - present
Singapore: Recent History
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Chinese 75%Malays 14%Indians 7.7%Others 1.4%
Chinese 75%Malays 14%Indians 7.7%Others 1.4%
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Independent Singapore was admitted to the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and became a member of the Common wealth of Nations on 15 October 1965. On 22 December 1965, it became a republic, with Yusof bin Ishak as the republic's first President.
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144 years144 years
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GDP per capita (PPP) USD 27,330
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Infant Mortality Rate
2.5
Iran: 26
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Life Expectancy
Iran: 70
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Per
cent
age
Health care expenditure trends: OECD countries & Singapore 1965-2000
U.S.
Germany
Canada
Japan
U.K.
Singapore
Year
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Health expenditure as % of GDP
IMR
/1,0
00Cost-effectiveness Comparisons: Health Expenditures and Infant Mortality
Taiwan
Hong Kong
Singapore Japan
Australia
Germany USUK
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Health spending as Per capita
% of GDP spending
1. France 9.8% $2,3692. Italy 9.3% $1,8553. San Marino 7.5% $2,2574. Andorra 7.5% $1,3685. Malta 6.3% $5516. Singapore 3.1% $8767. Spain 8.0% $1,0718. Oman 3.9% $3709. Austria 9.0% $2,27710.Japan 7.1% $2,37337. U.S.A. 13.7% $4,18793. Iran 4.4% $108
Efficiency: WHO Rankings 2000
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Singapore Inpatient Care System
Hospitals 24
Hospital Beds 10500
Public Hospital beds 80% 200-2500 Bed H
Private Hospital beds 20% 60-500 Bed H
Public Hospital Tiered Pricing
Bed Occupancy Rate 80%
Average Length of Stay 5 day
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Singapore Inpatient Care System
• Large Important Centers:– Singapore General Hospital (SGH) – National University Hospital (NUH)
• National Health plan : 19831. First Financing
2. Then Hospital Reform
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Outpatients: 80% go to Private 20% go to Public
Inpatients: 20 % go to Private
80% go to Public
Public – Private Mix
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Public vs. private health expenditure
Taiwan 66% 34%
Hong Kong 54 46
Thailand 51 49
China 49 51
Malaysia 48 52
Korea 41 59
Japan 32 68
Indonesia 25 75
Iran 43 57
Singapore 21 79
Public Private
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Key Health Care Reforms
1983 National Health Plan 1984 Medisave 1985 Hospital Restructuring 1990 Medishield 1993 Medifund
1993 White Paper-Affordable Health Care 2000 Clustering / Eldercare fund
2002 Eldershield
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Reasons Behind Reform
• Demand for Hospital Care is going up
• Anticipated Tax revenue expected to go down in relative terms
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Reform Goals
• To secure healthy population through active prevention & promotion of healthy lifestyle
• To improve health system cost – efficiency
• To meet rapidly aging population growing demand for health care
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Reform Threats
• Complete Dependence to GOV Taxes
• Moral Hazard
• Hospital Induced Demand
• Low People Responsibility
• Punishing of people who stay healthy
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Singaporean Values & Famous Proverbs
• Self Reliance
• Strong Family Ties
• “Save for rainy day”
• “Charity begins at home”
Social Context
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Government Expenditure Private Expenditure
Public vs. Private financing Singapore 1965-2000
Financing reform: 3M system
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Singapore’s Health Care Financing Philosophy:
Avoid either extremes
Free Market(open–endedhealth insurance)
Free Healthcare(egalitarian welfarism)
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“Singapore believes that welfarism is not viable as it breeds dependency on the
government. It has adopted a policy of co-payment to encourage people to assume
personal responsibility for their own welfare, though the government does
provide subsidies in vital areas like housing, health and education.”
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• Personal responsibility• State as payer of last resort
Philosophy:
Government:subsidy
People: co-payment
+
Formula:
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Financing Options
• Self pay (include user fees)• General tax revenue financing • Insurance:
– Social insurance: Compulsory; Public or private management
– Private: Voluntary• Community Financing• Individual Savings Account
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Reforms in health care financing
- 3 “M”s
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Compulsory for working individuals
Contributions to personal accounts.
Contributions matched by employer
Tax exempt
Earns interest
Medisave
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• Employer & Employee paid 20% of Wages to Central Provident Fund
• X % of employee’s wage go to Employee’s Medisave Account.
Medisave
Age % to Medisave
X <34 %6
35 - 44 %7
45> Retirement or reaching to a ceiling 20,000 S$
%8
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• Employer & Employee paid 20% of Wages to Central Provident Fund
• X % of employee’s wage go to Employee’s Medisave Account.
Medisave
Age % to Medisave
X <34 %6
35 - 44 %7
45> Retirement or reaching to a ceiling 20,000 S$
%8
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Payment :Full Charges of low class wardsPartial charges of high class wardsHave maximum daily limits
In 2001, 262,000 Singaporeans (or 85 per cent of the total number hospitalized that year) used Medisave to pay their hospital bills.
On average, each patient withdrew about S$1,500.
Status of Medisave:
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Catastrophic insurance, covers expenditure for major illness such as:
Long HOS stayCancer Chemotherapy
MediShield
Can Medisave cover catastrophic health Expenditures?! Why
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MediShield:Claim limit /YearClaim limit /Person
"deductible"
coinsurance: 20%
MediShield
Premiums automatically deducted from Medisave / orIf people wants to pay separately
%0.5 ?
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MediShield
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In 2001, MediShield covered 2.02 million
CPF members and their dependants.
MediShield paid out 91,000 claims
amounting to S$64 million.
Present status of Medishield:
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Endowment fund
interest distributed to public hospitals, to pay hospital bills of
needy.
Hospital Medifund Committees appointed by Government
Medifund
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Status of Medifund
In 2001, 156,800 applications (or 99 per cent of all
applications) for Medifund assistance
amounting to S$26.9 million were approved.
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MEDISAVE:
compulsory savings plan
MEDISHIELD:
catastrophic insurance plan
MEDIFUND:
a health endowment fund
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Markets\PrivateSector
Broader Public Sector
Core Public Sector
B A C P
Hospital reform
B - Budgetary UnitsA - Autonomous UnitsC - Corporatized UnitsP - Privatized Units
C
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• Raise efficiency & service standards
• Improve productivity
• Cost control
• Give Management flexibility
Hospital Reform Goals
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Hospital reform
• Select 11 HOS for pilot (6+5)
• Started with one new HOS
• Corporatized pilot Hospitals
• Use commercial accounting
• Increase Price for Quality • Make HCS ( Health Corporation of Singapore )
& Pilot HOS is under it, (HOLDING of HOSPITALS)
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Hospital reformElements Delegation of each element
Decision Rights Labor, Remuneration, Deployment of labor & other resources
Residual Claimant Full to their budget + GOV subsidies decreasing over time
Market Exposure subsidies decreasing, Less budget allocation, more revenues from “sales” (15% to 55%)
Accountability accountability to board of directors
Social Functions Internal Cross Subsidization, GOV Subsidies for poor
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Hospital reform problemson Implementation
Problems SolutionsGeneral Resistance Implement over time
Staff Resistance 3 Options: join 80%, 1 Y Delay, Stay as Civil Servants
Doctors go to private Increase their earnings 5-6 times greater average wage
Extra Demand for not C/E services
-
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Graded ward subsidyCross Subsidization
Class Subsidy Difference
A 0% 1-2 bedded, air-conditioned, attached bathroom, TV, Phone, choice of doctor
B1 20% 4- bedded, air-conditioned, attached bathroom, TV, Phone, choice of doctor
B2+ 50% 5-bedded, air-conditioned, attached bathroom
B2 65% 6-bedded, no air-condition
C 80% >6 beds, open ward
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Admissions- Public & Private Hospitals
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1980 1985 1992 1995 1996
Year
Perc
enta
ge
Private
A
B1
B2
C
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Hospital Reform Results
Admissions Go UP Cost recovery 40-60%
Administrative costs increase 5-10%
Revenue increases more than costs
Administrative Staff 1/6 of Cure staff
Waiting time decrease
Length of stay decrease but increase in C wards
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Medifund
Medishield
Medisave
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Example 1:
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Example 2:
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Elderly as % of Population (1997)
United States 13United Kingdom 16Japan 16Hong Kong 10 Taiwan 8Korea 7Singapore 7Iran 5.2
But 3Ms is not enough…
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Demographic transition: % population > 65years
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Eldercare Fund (2000)
• $200m Initial capital injection; further capital injections from budget surpluses. Interest income to fund operating subsidies to voluntary nursing homes for elderly & other step-down care services.
• Goal: $2.5billion capital by 2010Now: $900 m.
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ElderShield (2001)
• National severe disability insurance covering long-term care (home care or nursing home).
• Low annual premium from Medisave.
• Cash payout $300 per month up to 60 months.
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Summary of financing philosophy:
individual responsibility +
risk pooling+
government subsidies
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Framework for financing healthcare
Medisave:
MediShield:
Medifund:
+ ElderCare Fund
+ ElderShield
“No one will be denied needed health care because of lack of funds”
- Prime Minister Goh, 1993
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Hybrid Healthcare Financing Framework
Employerbenefits
(36%)
Medisave(8%)
MediShield(1.7%)
Cash(29%)
Individual Financing
Medi Fund
(0.3%)
GovernmentSubvention
(25%)
Total Healthcare Expenditure
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No matter who pays at point of care,whether it is
Government Employers, Insurance, Medisave, Out of pocket
ultimately, citizens themselvesbear the burden
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• Autonomy - free from civil service constraints.• Integration – seamless healthcare• Accountability – cost and quality indicators • Competition - clusters
Singapore’s health care delivery reforms:
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Management Responsibility Management
Responsibility MOHMOH HCSHCS
HospitalsHospitalsHospitalsHospitals
Hospital Restructuring
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1985 National University Hospital Pte Ltd1988 National Skin Centre Pte Ltd1989 Singapore General Hospital Pte Ltd1990 Kandang Kerbau Hospital Pte Ltd1990 Toa Payoh Hospital Pte Ltd1990 Singapore National Eye Centre Pte Ltd1992 Tan Tock Seng Hospital Pte Ltd1993 Ang Mo Kio Community Hospital Pte Ltd1997 National Dental Centre Pte Ltd1998 National Heart Centre Pte Ltd1998 National Cancer Centre Pte Ltd1999 National Neuroscience Institute Pte Ltd2000 Institute of Mental Health2000 Alexandra Hospital
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Western Cluster
Tertiary Hospital
Regional Hospitals
Polyclinics
Eastern Cluster
Tertiary Hospital
Regional Hospitals
Polyclinics
2000: “Clustering”
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Alexandra Hospital
National University Hospital
Tan Tock Seng Hospital Woodbridge Hospital / Institute of Mental Health
NHG Polyclinics
National Skin Centre National Neuroscience Institute
(9 polyclinics) NHG Polyclinics
NHG Polyclinics
NHG Polyclinics
NHG Polyclinics
NHG Polyclinics
NHG Polyclinics
NHG Polyclinics
NHG Polyclinics
•Seamlessness
•Synergy
National Healthcare Group
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Demand-side(Patient)
Cost-sharingCost-sharing MediShieldMediShieldMedifundMedifund
MedisaveMedisave
Supply-side(Provider)
Case-mixCase-mix Case-mixCase-mix
ProblemProblem
SolutionSolution
Rationale behind Singapore’s Health Care Reforms
CompetitionCompetition
QualityUtilizationQualityUtilization
Moral Hazard
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Goals of health care system
• Quality • Access• Cost
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Health care expenditure as % of GDP
United States 14
United Kingdom 6
Iran 4.4
Singapore 3
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Spending enough?
Singapore
Iran
UK
USA
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Public or private?
Public Private
Public
Private
Provision
Fin
anci
ng
TraditionalMarket
New paradigm: Partnership?
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Society’s values
Self-payPrivate
Private Insurance
Mixed Community Financing
Social InsurancePublic
Government Revenue
Self-payPrivate
Private Insurance
Mixed Community Financing
Social InsurancePublic
Government Revenue
Private
Public
Self Reliance
Solidarity
Risk Pooling
}
{
{
Who? What? Why?
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Affordability
AccessQuality
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Why Singapore Is Successful?In the hospital organizational reform
1. High Capacity of its Public Administration
2. Political system that are conductive for Structural Reform
Lessons of Singapore
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1. Innovative Financing
2. Organizational reform
3. Cross Subsidies in delivery
4. Risk Transfer to people
Lessons of Singapore
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1. High Social Capital
2. Disciplinary People
3. Imitate the best but adapt
Lessons of Singapore
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