LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3B: EARTHQUAKES (Continued)
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Transcript of LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3B: EARTHQUAKES (Continued)
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
ITALYPART 3B: EARTHQUAKES
(Continued)
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.
LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• QUAKE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
QUAKE DISASTER QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
UNREINFO
RCED MASO
NRY, BRIC
K OR S
TONE
REINFORCED C
ONCRETE WIT
H UNREIN
FORCED WALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
MEA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
M
EA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
O
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
EO
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
E
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
M6.9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980
M6.3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009
EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE
L’AQUILA EARTHQUAKEA Town of 70,000
M6.33:30 AM
APRIL 6, 2009
• VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS DAMAGED• UNIVERSITY DORM COLLAPSES• VULNERABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGED• AT LEAST 200 DEAD AND 2,000 NJURED• TENS OF THOUSANDS HOMELESS
L'AQUILA AND 26 TOWNS AND VILLAGES DEVASTATED
L'AQUILA: SITE EFFECTS FROM LOCATION IN OLD LAKE BED
ONNA: 3 MILES FROM L'AQUILA
ONNA
SANTA MARIA PAGANICA CHURCH
SEARCH AND RESCUE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
EVACUEE ASLEEP IN CAR
EVACUATION CENTER: UNIVERSITY SPORTS CENTER
EVACUEES: STADIUM
EVACUEES HOUSED IN STADIUM
• Many earthquake survivors had to be transported to Rome for surgery and/or treatment due to shortage of resources in the L’Aquila area
• An Italian scientist claims to have predicted the earthquake on the basis of radon gas emissions from the fault zone. • The Italian Government did not take any action because the technique is controversial.
THIS DISASTER EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS
• UN—PROTECTED
• UN—PREPARED
• UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
FACT: VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OF NO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED,
INCREASINGING DEATHS AND INJURIES
The 5 pm occurrence) instead of a 10 pm occurrence) likely reduced the
number of deaths.
FACT: KNOWING WHERE THE SEISMICALLY ACTIVE FAULTS ARE AND BEING UNPREPARED
FOR THE INEVITABLE EARTHQUAKES LEADS TO UNNECESSAY DISASTERS
FACT: EVEN THE WORLD’S BEST FIRST RESPONDERS, FIND THAT
COLLAPSED BUILDINGS, IMPASSABLE ROADS,
AFTERSHOCKS, and NIGHTFALL WILL SLOW SEARCH AND RESCUE
OPERATIONS AND HINDER EMERGENCY RESPONSE
IRANIAN RED CRESCENT WILLING TO ACCEPT INTERNATIONAL AID
"We would welcome help by any country," said Iran's parliament speaker, Ali Larijani, during his visit to the earthquake-stricken
area on Tuesday, August 14th.
RED CRESCENT ASSETS DEPLOYED
• 1,100 Red Crescent workers were deployed with 44,000 food packages and 5,600 tents for survivors needing temporary shelter.
ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE
ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE
• BUT, EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!