Lessons Learned from Military Operations, and Use of ... · wheeled combat vehicles at our disposal...

Lessons Learned from Military Operations, Lessons Learned from Military Operations, and Use of Simulatorsand Use of Simulators

Lessons Learned from Military Operations, Lessons Learned from Military Operations, and Use of Simulatorsand Use of Simulators

1September 5th 2012

Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Department for Driving Training Department for Driving Training

-- Permission Authority Permission Authority --

Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Department for Driving Training Department for Driving Training

-- Permission Authority Permission Authority -- September 5th 2012

• 54 years old; soldier since 1978

• studies in aviation engineering 1979 - 83

• fire control officer in an air defense unit 1984 - 1 987

Lieutenant Colonel, graduate engineer, Robert Windischmann

married, 5 children

Personal Curriculum Vitae

2September 5th 2012

• officially recognized expert for automobile traffic since 1995

• staff officer in the department of Drivers Training and Permission Authority of the German Armed Forces since 2001, Chief of dep artment since 2007

• member of the E uropean Commission for Road Safety in the Armed Forces (ECRAF) since 2006, vice president of ECRAF since 2010

• executive officer of a maintenance battalion 1988 - 1991

• commanding officer of the G erman Air Force driving teachers school 1998 - 2001

A G E N D A

1. Lessons Learned from Military Operations

� Recognised Deficiencies� Further Developement of Driving Training

3September 5th 2012

2. Simulators in Driving Training

� Existing Experience with Driving Simulators� Further Developement of Driving Simulators� Plans for the Future

Empirical Evidence

ProtectionProtection ofof ownown forcesforceshashas particularlyparticularly high high prioritypriority

ProtectionProtection ofof ownown forcesforceshashas particularlyparticularly high high prioritypriority

Importance of armoured vehiclesand special equipment

Importance of armoured vehiclesand special equipment

Problems in the beginning :

4September 5th 2012

Problems in the beginning : • Unauthorised modifications• Lack of training

Deficiencies in Driving Training

Training Training hashas toto bebe missionmission orientedorientedTraining Training hashas toto bebe missionmission orientedoriented

Road traffic accidents and reports of the past yearsdemonstrated deficiencies in driving training

Road traffic accidents and reports of the past yearsdemonstrated deficiencies in driving training

Unfamiliarity with Mission -VehicleUnfamiliarity with Mission -Vehicle

5September 5th 2012

Unfamiliarity with Mission -VehicleUnfamiliarity with Mission -Vehicle

Insufficient Terrain Analysis Insufficient Terrain Analysis

Lack of Experience in Cross Country DrivingLack of Experience in Cross Country Driving

Exceeding Limits of Vehicle`s PerformanceExceeding Limits of Vehicle`s Performance

Lack of Leader TrainingLack of Leader Training

Lack of Risk AwarenessLack of Risk Awareness

Main Reasons for Deficiencies

Main Reasons

� mission oriented drivers training

� wheeled combat vehicles at our disposal in Germany

� suitable training areas

� common training aids

Main Reasons

� mission oriented drivers training

� wheeled combat vehicles at our disposal in Germany

� suitable training areas

� common training aidsno

t en

ou

gh

6September 5th 2012

German German ArmedArmed Forces System Forces System ofof DrivingDriving Training Training withwith itsits distinctdistinct partsparts andand responsibilitiesresponsibilities atat thatthat time time

diddid not not properlyproperly matchmatch realityreality ofof international international missionsmissions

German German ArmedArmed Forces System Forces System ofof DrivingDriving Training Training withwith itsits distinctdistinct partsparts andand responsibilitiesresponsibilities atat thatthat time time

diddid not not properlyproperly matchmatch realityreality ofof international international missionsmissions

� common training aids� common training aidsno

t en

ou

gh

General Training Flow (formerly)

KfFA

KfWB(Continual Driving Training) continuous

Training for the Operation

Units / Elements

7September 5th 2012

KfFA(Specialized DrivingTraining) several days

Driving Schools

Units / Elements

KfGA(Basic Driving Training)

4 - 6 weeksmilitary driver licence aquisition(above civil standard)

Permission classes A, B, C, D, E,F

Conclusion for Further Developement

Drivers Training Drivers Training asas UnityUnityDrivers Training Drivers Training asas UnityUnity

centralisation of mission oriented basics in driving trai ningin

Joint Training Centres with Wheeled Combat Vehicles

centralisation of mission oriented basics in driving trai ningin

Joint Training Centres with Wheeled Combat Vehicles

8September 5th 2012

• concentration of competenceand training material / training vehicles

• relief of the troops

Training Training ConceptsConcepts hadhad toto bebe correctedcorrectedTraining Training ConceptsConcepts hadhad toto bebe correctedcorrected

KfGA C/CE – Basic Off Road Training

9September 5th 2012 Microsoft

Word-Dokument

In addition to driving school trucks for road traff ic 216 all terrain trucks modified for driving schools

• basic knowledge of off road driving • basic knowledge of the technology of off road truck s• 4 hours off road training

KfGA G – Framework Conditions

• mandatory for driving a wheeled armoured vehicle• permission class C as precondition• mandatory for driving a wheeled armoured vehicle• permission class C as precondition

• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided

10September 5th 2012

• prospecticely more than 9000 learner drivers annually• prospecticely more than 9000 learner drivers annually

• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided• examination accompanying training• vehicle correlating military occupational specialty

• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided• examination accompanying training• vehicle correlating military occupational specialty

KfGA G – Contents

driving on public roads and cross country drivingdriving on public roads and cross country driving

operator checks and maintenanceoperator checks and maintenance

standardised road safety trainingstandardised road safety training

standardised off road training coursesstandardised off road training courses


special conditions for driving in theatrespecial conditions for driving in theatre

driving with electro-optical aidsdriving with electro-optical aids

KfGA G – Categories

I. GTK BOXER und Varianten

category I

II. GFF 2 (EAGLE IV), GFF 3 (DINGO 1, DINGO 2, DURO, YAK),FENNEK, TPZ FUCHS und Varianten, GTF ZLK 2 to bis 15 to


III. GFF 1 (MUNGO, ENOK und LKW gl WOLF SSA u. Varianten)

category III

category II

KfGA P

Permission Class P

• transport of persons upon armoured loading platform

• complex vehicle with


• new training program- based on drivers licence C- familiarisation with vehicle- transport of personnel

• complex vehicle with difficult driving conditions

General Training Flow (actual)

KfFA

KfWB(Continual Driving Training) continuous

Training

for the

Operation

Units / Elements


KfGA(Basic Driving Training)

4 - 6 weeks

KfFA(Specialized DrivingTraining) several days

military driver licence aquisition(above civil standard)D

riving Schools

Units / Elements

permission classes

A, B, C, D, E, F

+Permission classes G, P

Training for the Operation

parts of KfWB

Driving Training in Team


KfGA G / F / P

KfFA if necessary

KfGA G and P – Record of Success


start in february 2009 with one vehicle type

meanwhile15 vehicle types, more than 7800 learner drivers

start in february 2009 with one vehicle type

meanwhile15 vehicle types, more than 7800 learner drivers

Reaping the Harvest

Actual interview of ISAF-contingent about satisfaction with training


• to realize / avoid / master dangerous traffic situa tions• knowledge about breaking, turning, evading

for all drivers - with own instructors - on own facilities

• framework and parameters according to DVR - standard (time-frame, group size, qualification of teachers, facilities, technical equipment a.s.o.)

Road Safety Training Programmes


8 m

25 m20 m

60 m

25 mGleitfläche

Sicherheitsbereich

20 m

min. 100 m

Anfahrstrecke

min. 20 m

ca. 1

00 m

Bre

ite

Kreisbahn 25 m

20 m

ca. 200 m Länge

Standardized Off-Road Training Courses (1)

narrow gate

armoured vehiclelaunched bridge

abatis

railroadembankment

rise/slope

scree

Construction Scheme


diagonal slope left and right turning point

winding narrow pass

straight narrow pass

covered position

swampy ground

• 12 in use

• 7 under constructionor in planning

Standardized Off-Road Training Courses (2)(2)

BISON BISON enteringentering thethe stationstation EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation


BISON BISON enteringentering thethe stationstation„„armouredarmoured vehiclevehicle launchedlaunched bridgebridge“ “

EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation„„rollingrolling terrainterrain“ “

EAGLE IV EAGLE IV atat thethe stationstation „„climbingclimbing““DINGO I DINGO I drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation „„screescree““

Standardized Off-Road Training Courses (3) (3)

EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation MULTI A4 FSA MULTI A4 FSA atat thethe stationstation


EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation„„swampyswampy groundground““

EAGLE IVEAGLE IV--convoyconvoy atat thethe stationstation„„drivingdriving alongalong breaklinesbreaklines““

MULTI A4 FSA MULTI A4 FSA atat thethe stationstation„„veeringveering off off thethe roadroad““

FENNEK FENNEK enteringentering thethe stationstation„diagonal „diagonal slopeslope““

Driving Simulators for Tracked Vehicles (1)

Basic Training for Permission Class FBasic Training for Permission Class Fwell-established and approved integration of simula tors since 1978


Main Reasons for Implementation of Driving Simulators: - extreme wear and high service costs of the tracked training vehicles- increasing restrictions on the use of training areas and public road

Main Reasons for Implementation of Driving Simulators: - extreme wear and high service costs of the tracked training vehicles- increasing restrictions on the use of training areas and public road

Basic Training for Permission Class FBasic Training for Permission Class F


Benefits: - reduction in service costs Benefits: - reduction in service costs

• practical training roughly half simulator - half veh icle based• familiarisation with vehicle• basic knowledge about off road driving under differ ent conditions


- reduction in service costs - environmentally friendly- avoiding dangers- regardless of weather conditions- measurability and repeatability- simulation of scenarios

- reduction in service costs - environmentally friendly- avoiding dangers- regardless of weather conditions- measurability and repeatability- simulation of scenarios

� high acceptance and training success� continuous adaption and extension� high acceptance and training success� continuous adaption and extension


� since 1988 SPz Marder (3)(3)(3)(3)� since 1988 SPz Marder (3)(3)(3)(3)

� since 1986 KPz Leopard 2 (4)(4)(4)(4)� since 1986 KPz Leopard 2 (4)(4)(4)(4)

� since 1978 KPz Leopard 1 ((((1)1)1)1)� since 1978 KPz Leopard 1 ((((1)1)1)1)


� planned 2013 SPz Puma instead of SPz Marder� planned 2013 SPz Puma instead of SPz Marder

� since 2000 PzH 2000 / MARS (1 each)(1 each)(1 each)(1 each)� since 2000 PzH 2000 / MARS (1 each)(1 each)(1 each)(1 each)

� since 1997 M113 (2)(2)(2)(2)� since 1997 M113 (2)(2)(2)(2)

in total roughly 2200 drivers a yearin total roughly 2200 drivers a year

Driving Simulators for Wheeled Vehicles (1)

Training for Permission Class C/CETraining for Permission Class C/CE• operational test with 2 different test models 1999/ 2000

• trial trainings with two modern systems in commerce 2008


no suitability / economisation for basic training at that timeonly partially suitable for continual training

no suitability / economisation for basic training at that timeonly partially suitable for continual training

Driving Simulators for Wheeled Vehicles (2)

Basic Training for Permission Class GBasic Training for Permission Class G


Basic Training for Permission Class GBasic Training for Permission Class G• 2 simulators each for BOXER and DINGO established 2 011• modalities for training analogous to permission cla ss F• same benefits as for permission class F• additionally: shortage of training vehicles

Developement/Progress – 1 st Generation

� driver cabin with original assemblies

� simulation of noise and forces

� 2-axle motion system


� terrain representation by relief model

• sensing pin with camera

• camera recording displayed on monitor

� 2-axle motion system

Developement/Progress – Today

�considerable improvement of real world reference in all aspects

• optimized motion system

• software based representation of the environment

• multi -channel seamless display


• multi -channel seamless display (COTS PC-based)

• autonomously dirigible traffic

• advanced data basis

• vehicle specific simulation software

�alternation of vehicle type possible

�networking of several simulators (driving in convoy; interaction)

Display System (1)


rain

Display System (2)


snowfall

Display System (3)


fog

Display System (4)


glare

Advanced Data Basis

Example Scenarios


Example Scenarios- mine field- collapsing bridge- blocked tunnel- damaged pass road- checkpoints- crowds- coming under fire and so on

motion system

System Components (1)

• high performance electrical system

• moved by hydraulic pressure

• simulates with 3 axles motions, accelerations and retardations




• exact replication of driver`s station with original vehicle parts

• operating forces simulated by spring assemblies and electric motors

• surround sound system for realistic noice simulatio n

driver cabin



instructor station

to generate and control, setup and administrate sce nario and students data- to select/define training courses- to start, monitor and end the training - to put in malfunctions

- to take control of the vehicle- to network simulators- to play back training courses



viewing station

to let other learner drivers of the training group passively take part on the training course


training mock up

• cab with complete functional driver`s side

• simulation of all integrated devices / assemblies


• noise simulation

• interspersing of different parameters for the states and conditions of the vehicle

• open structure (learning effect for the group)


• two monitor concept

• graphics and animations 2- and 3- dimensional

digital training devicefor technical lessons


• photos and videos

• virtual realities

• audios


digital display board for technical illustration

• Plasma -Display 65” with touch panel

• practical exercises with virtual models


• touch display 15” as monitor for the trainer

• Plasma -Display 65” with touch panel

• multimedia-computer

• soundsystem

Turn-Over Simulator

�many accidents with armoured vehicles resulting in turn over

�many losses caused by a lack of awareness and abili ty of the right behaviour in respect of a turn over

�many accidents with armoured vehicles resulting in turn over

�many losses caused by a lack of awareness and abili ty of the right behaviour in respect of a turn over


� driving simulators for training to avoid accidents� driving simulators for training to avoid accidents

� for behaviour training in respect of a turn over ⇒⇒⇒⇒ turn over simulator� for behaviour training in respect of a turn over ⇒⇒⇒⇒ turn over simulator

spit roast DINGO Turn-Over Simulator

spit roast DINGOTraining Contents

- individual safety measures in armoured vehicles

Training Contents



change of general conditions and preveiling circums tanceschange of general conditions and preveiling circums tances

Training Objects Training Objects • rules in respect of a turn over • escape and extraction drill


- load safety with respect to passengers

- orientation within the cabin

- unfastening the restraint systems

- handling the doors in different sloping positions

- crew evacuation techniques

- rescue techniques with/without help of the crew

- further developement of rescue means


- load safety with respect to passengers

- orientation within the cabin

- unfastening the restraint systems

- handling the doors in different sloping positions

- crew evacuation techniques

- rescue techniques with/without help of the crew

- further developement of rescue means

Plans for the Future

SummarySummary

• benefit of simulators depends on certain conditions/circumstances

• no substitute for real vehicle,but helpful supplement

• in the German Armed Forces

ConclusionConclusion

• benefit has to be proved in each single case

• technical developement and changes of the situationshould result


• in the German Armed Forcessimulator aided training well established and approved in basic training for F and G

• at the moment no focuson basic training for A/B/C PlanningsPlannings

• plans for extension (number of simulators / vehicle types)

• studies for turn over simulators

should result in continuous adaption


Q U E S T I O N S ?Q U E S T I O N S ?

Lessons Learned from Military Operations, and Use of ... · wheeled combat vehicles at our disposal...

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