Lessons From TNC Disruption And The Transformation Ahead For Car Rental

International Car Rental ShowParis, Las VegasTuesday, April 16, 2019

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Matthew W. Daus, Esq. • Former Commissioner/Chair & General Counsel,

New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission

• President, IATR

• International Association of Transportation Regulators www.iatr.global

• Transportation Technology Chair, CUNY-UTRC, CCNY

• University Transportation Research Center, City University of New York at The City College of NY www.utrc2.org

• Partner & Chairman, Transportation Practice

• Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf, LLP www.windelsmarx.com

Contact: mdaus@windelsmarx.com

212-237-1106

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Autonomous Vehicle Experience/ Projects

• Co-chair, Legal Forum on Autonomous Vehicles, National Academy of the Science’s Transportation Research Board (TRB)

• U.S. delegate/planning committee member, 6th EU-US Transport

Research Symposium on "Socio-economic impacts of Automated and

Connected Vehicles” (TRB and European Union)• Committee member, Automotive Vehicles & Shared Mobility Forum

(TRB)• NASA Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Market Study (Strategic Advisory Group

(SAG))

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Transportation Network Companies

History of Mobile App Regulation

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How Do Mobile Transport Apps Work?

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These Apps Allow…

➢ “Hailing” or “arranging”transportation (a significant legal distinction).

➢ Arrange rides or ride-sharing.

➢ Expedite payments.

➢ Trace vehicle to pick-up location.

➢ Ability to rate driver/passenger.

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Ground Zero of the

Transportation App Revolution

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Taxi Issues – Paving the Road to Disruption

• Unscrupulous taxi service;• Not enough cabs;• No taxi dispatch company

cooperation;• Long wait times; • Old vehicles; • Limited payment options…

All have contributed to the emergence of apps in the

U.S. & taxi brand damage…

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Socio-economic & Generational Divide

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Social, Economic, Ideological & Generational Divide Fueling Disruption Movement

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Regulatory Response

IATR Model Regulations: Smartphone App Legal & Policy Issues

1. Clear Definitions ofTaxicab/Limousine/Executive Sedan

2. E-Hail = Pre-arrangement3. License Requirements4. Use of “Taxi,” “Taxicab,” “Cab” or “Hack” in

the App Name5. If the Jurisdiction Requires Accessible

Transportation6. Fares7. Smartphone Apps = Taximeters8. Indemnification

Summer of 2012: the IATR Smartphone Apps Committee is formed with regulators representing North American jurisdictions and Australia.

Uber Policy White Paper 1.0April 12, 2013 Posted by Travis

PRINCIPLED INNOVATION: ADDRESSING THE REGULATORY AMBIGUITY AROUND RIDESHARING APPS• Uber will roll out ridesharing on its existing platform in any

market where the regulators have tacitly approved doing so.• If a competitor is operating for 30 days without direct

enforcement against transportation providers, then Uberwill interpret that as “tacit approval” of ridesharing activity.

• If clear and consistent enforcement has taken place within 30 days of a competitor rolling out a ridesharing service, then Uber will not roll out its platform for ridesharing in that jurisdiction.

• In the absence of regulatory clarity, Uber will implement safeguards in terms of safety and insurance that will go beyond what local regulatory bodies have in place for commercial transportation.

Uber Policy White Paper 1.0April 12, 2013 Posted by Travis

Cease & Desist Letters

Lyft $862.5 Million in 7 Rounds from 17 Investors

Valuation = >$4 Billion

CEO and co-founder Travis Kalanick :

“This new fund will be used to expand into new markets, accelerate customer and driver acquisition, and fight off protectionist, anti-competitive efforts.”

Uber - Funding Received $4.9 Billion in 10 Rounds from 43

Investors Valuation = >$50 Billion

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Regulators took action following the publication of the IATR Model Regulations

Disruptors’ Response = TTP, TNC, TNPsTheir Own Model Regulations

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Disruptors’ Response = TTP, TNC, TNPsTheir Own Model Regulations

• In response to IATR’s model regulations, app companies agreed to some form of regulation and advocated for the creation of new class of transportation companies.

• New TNC regulations were less stringent than taxi regulations and focus on self regulation.

Litigation

Litigation Over many lawsuits nationwide (by government, drivers, passengers,

disability groups and incumbent industry) --

•Equal Protection

•Lanham Act, false advertising, unfair business practices & consumer

protection claims;

•Interference with contractual & prospective economic relations;

•Racketeering (RICO);

•Common Law Unfair Competition

•Breach of Contract;

•Labor law violations and worker misclassification claims

•Personal injury litigation and insurance coverage issues;

•Consumer Protection/Deceptive Acts & Practices

•Privacy violations;

•Disability Discrimination;

•Anitrust; and

•Environmental law violations.

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TNC Legislation

49 states and the District of Columbia have passed some sort of TNC legislation.

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Typical TNC Laws

Category Description

Licensing Some laws require TNCs to pay a high licensing fee, e.g. $100,000 or more annually.

Insurance Two levels of Insurance: • Period 1 – when the app is on but the TNC driver does not have a

prearranged rider; typically $50,000 per person/$100,000 per incident/$30,000 property damage.

• Period 2 – when the TNC driver is transporting a prearranged rider; typically $1,000,000 or more total insurance.

Driver Vetting TNC drivers undergo a background check which may be conducted by the TNC itself or a third-party vendor using name-based checks. Driving records may also be considered and vetted to ensure no aggressive or dangerous behavior.

Accessibility No consensus on regulation: • No accessibility requirement; • TNCs pay a fee towards an accessibility fund; or • TNCs are required to study accessibility demand.

Uber Alles?- Everything?

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Car Rental: Lessons Learned from the TNC Disruption Movement

Market Disruption

WHAT IS DISRUPTION?

• “A disruption displaces an existing market, industry, or technology and produces something new and more efficient and worthwhile.”*

*Clayton M. Christensen, Professor of Business

Administration at the Harvard Business School.

WHAT IS DISRUPTION? – Examples

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS PERSONAL COMPUTERS

WHAT IS DISRUPTION? – Examples

FIXED LINE

TELEPHONY

CELLULAR PHONES

WHAT IS DISRUPTION? – Examples

OFFLINE MUSIC DISTRIBUTION

CHANNELSONLINE MUSIC DISTRIBUTION

CHANNELS

Breaking the Law = More Popularity?!

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The aftermath of disruption – what applies to car rental and sharing, and what does not!

• Insurance – liability & the duty of care;• Media - brand and reputation issues;• Regulatory barriers -Legislative & litigation?

What is Shared Mobility?

GOAL: To encourage more mobility and less ownership of vehicles, especially personal motor vehicles (PMVs).

The shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or other low-speed travel mode.

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Overview of Shared Mobility Models

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Is Sharing Good for the Car Rental Industry?…

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Car Sharing Platforms:Litigation Parties & Causes of Action

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Insurance Lessons Learned from TNCs

Insurance Regulators’ Response: Starting in 2014, insurance commissioners in over half of US states issued alerts to warn consumers that TNCs lacked sufficient insurance coverage and warning drivers using private cars to transport individuals for a fee about coverage gaps.

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Insurance Lessons Learned from TNCs

The Resolution: New Insurance Models & Legislation

• TNC Insurance Endorsement: Insurance companies addressed the insurance coverage gap by provided a specific endorsement allowing for the TNC use and for personal motor vehicle policies to not exclude coverage for commercial use.

• Legislative Action – Supplemental TNC Coverage: 48 states changed their laws to allow for additional umbrella coverage

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Car Rental Liability vs. P2P Sharing

• No reported case law on P2P claims, but there is established case law involving rental car companies.

• For rental companies, the duty of care is to check facial validity of a renter’s license.

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Litigation Parties & Causes of Action

• P2P companies may be subject to the same standard. • The P2P platform will check that the owner must have

valid personal insurance, meet platform eligibility requirements, including that the vehicle complies with all laws regarding vehicle safety, condition, and operation.

• The P2P company may also look at insurance scores or perform a background check for either the owner or the driver.

• The P2P platform may face claims for negligent entrustment.

P2P Carsharing In New York

• While P2P car rentals are not explicitly illegal in New York, renting out a personal vehicle could constitute a commercial use of that vehicle.

• In March 2014, NYS Department of Financial Services and Turo (then known as RelayRides, Inc.) entered into a consent agreement to resolve an enforcement action brought against the company for repeated false advertising and violations of New York insurance law.

• As part of the settlement, Turo paid a $200,000 penalty and voluntarily agreed to cease operating in New York until it can demonstrate that its business plan and advertising is consistent with New York Insurance law. In re RelayRides, Inc., N.Y.S. Dept. of Fin. ServcsConsent Order (Mar. 5, 2014).

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The Impact of P2P Legislation

• Only a few states have acted: California, Oregon, Washington, and Maryland.

• Most laws protect the vehicle owner: California, Oregon and Washington prohibit insurance companies from dropping coverage for renting through a P2P platform.

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The Graves Amendment

• Protects rental companies (and affiliates) from owner liability under state law for damages or injuries during the rental period.

• Applies to commercial carsharing companies (e.g., Zipcar), but might not extend to P2P carsharing companies or owner-lenders.

• Injured parties could still bring negligence claims against rental companies.

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The Impact of P2P Legislation

Each state addresses unique provisions for the P2P platform:• Maryland: the most comprehensive law. P2P

companies must comply with state tax, insurance, and safety laws and regulations.

• California: P2P company insurance must be at least 3x the minimum requirement for private vehicle.

• Oregon: P2P companies may pursue claims against vehicle owners who engage in “material misrepresentation in the maintenance of the vehicle.”

• Washington: the P2P company is the vehicle owner for all purposes during the rental period (i.e., it assumes all liability for any loss or injury that occurs).

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Exponential Vehicle Growth!

Latest TNC Regulation Trends:NYC- A Case Study – TNC Round 2.0?

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NYC Council 2015 Proposal…

• The proposed legislation would have limited the number of for-hire vehicle licenses that would be issued through April 30, 2016.

• New for-hire vehicle licenses would only be issued in limited numbers to vehicles affiliated with existing bases.

Uber spent nearly $6.7 million lobbying local officials. Mayor Bill De Blasio’s efforts

eventually failed.

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2015 2016 2017 2018

Ride-hailing Vehicle Growth VS. Medallion Prices in NYC

Independent medallion price

Corporate medallion price

Number of ride-hailing vehicles

Eerie similarity to the Taxi Riots of the Great Depression (February 5, 1934)

Led to the creation of the

medallion systemHaas Act: 1935

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Doug Schifter, RIPFebruary 5, 2018

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NYC Council- Caps for “High Volume Apps!”

• On August 14, 2018, Mayor de Blasio signed into law a 1-year freeze on issuing any new FHV licenses except for wheelchair accessible vehicles.

• The bill was pitched as a way to raise driver earnings, reduce congestion, and bring parity and relief to the yellow taxi industry.

• Freeze applies to all for-hire vehicles—luxury limos, black cars, liveries—not just high-volume apps like Uber and Lyft.

• During the freeze, the City will study FHVs impact on driver income, congestion, traffic safety, vehicle utilization rates, and access to services in different areas of the City.

• When the moratorium is lifted, the TLC could decide to cap the number of FHV licenses.

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Cap (FHV Moratorium Exemptions)

➢ Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles (WAVs) ➢ Underserved Areas (not defined)

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Is the Cap Good? Will it Stay?

Will it have national and international legs?

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Congestion Pricing Law Recap

• In April 2018, the NYS Tax Law was amended to impose a Congestion Surcharge on taxi and for-hire vehicle trips that begin, end or pass through Manhattan, south of 96th street.

• Beginning January 1, 2019:• $2.50 per trip in yellow taxis, • $2.75 per trip in FHVs; • Shared rides = $0.75 per passenger

• The surcharge does not apply if the trip does not start and end in NYS, or if the trip is provided by or on behalf of the MTA.

• Proceeds from the Congestion Surcharge will be used to fund the MTA.

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Number of Medallion Trips in NYC

Projected trips after surcharge (Worst-Case Scenario)

Projected trips after surcharge (Best-Case Scenario)

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Medallion Average Price, 1947-2018

Independent

Corporate

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Implications of the Resistance (App Caps &Wages)

Cities

vs.

Suburbs & Rural America

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California TNC Strike- March 25th, 2019

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NYC Recent DevelopmentsImpact on the Car Rental Industry

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• NYC recently passed legislation requiring the TLC to make consumer protection and disclosure rules regarding leasing, rental, lease-to-own, and conditional purchase agreements for vehicles that will be licensed by the TLC.

• The rules haven’t been issued yet —at a minimum, they will include the following requirements:

• Financial arrangements must be in writing and signed by the lessor and lessee

• Lessees must receive a copy of the signed agreement upon execution and upon request

• All terms must be written in clear and unambiguous language and include the beginning and end date of the arrangement, all costs and fees that may be charged, an explanation of when a cost/fee will be imposed; and an itemized explanation of any costs associated with TLC licensing

• TLC may deny license applications if the lease rental, lease-to-own or conditional purchase agreement does not comply with the TLC rules.

• NYC Admin. Code § 19-553 (L.L. 2019/043, 2/24/2019, eff. 8/23/2019).

NYC Legislation: For-hire Vehicle Leasing, Rental & Conditional Purchase Agreements

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Concierge Leasing & Rental

The leasing company provides the driver with “concierge service” including:

• the FHV permit with the proper registration, inspection and plates

• a 3-camera system with vehicle sudden acceleration, deceleration and lane change sensors

• an E-ZPass• affiliation with a base for immediate work (if needed)• assist with obtaining a TLC driver license (if needed)• participation in group insurance• payment of tickets or summonses up-front to ensure that the

driver or vehicle remain in good standing• customer service reps who speak Spanish, Mandarin,

Cantonese, Portuguese, Urdu and Farsi• a lease or lease-to-own model for the driver that can be ended

without penalty (unlike other leasing companies)• pays one week in advance and pays each subsequent week by

cash, credit card, or through a payment program at 7-11 stores

• Lacus is a technology platform and mobile application built especially for professional drivers and fleet owners that provides drivers with flexibility in when they work and where they pick up their cars.

• Lacus gives taxi drivers access to nearby taxis within the network, eliminating the need for drivers to travel to taxi depots, so they can sign out those cars and go

• Fleet owners can manage, dispatch, maintain and automate their fleet with one system through Lacus Enterprise.

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Lacus

Automated and Connected Vehicles

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The Spectrum of Automated Driving

Source: SAE International standard J3016 levels of Driving Automation, 2018

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Autonomous Vehicles: Socio-Economic Issues

• Safety

• Data Privacy & Cybersecurity

• Governance

• Insurance & Liability

• Labor & Workforce

• Equity•Underserved Communities

•Accessible Service

•Sustainability

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Issues with Self-Driving Cars: Safety

• The ethical “trolley problem” often surfaces when discussing AVs: in a potential crash, does a car “decide” to swerve out of the way to avoid hitting a person on the street, or does it default to keeping the passenger(s) inside safe?

• The Hand-off is the additional safety concerns raised during the split seconds that the driver takes back control of the vehicle.

• Fatal Tesla crashes in Florida and Indiana:• Florida: autopilot was on and driver hit the side

of a tractor trailer.• Indiana: autopilot was not on, and the driver

was intoxicated when the vehicle hit a building.

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Fatal Uber Crash

• On March 18th 2018, a self-driving Uber car in Tempe, Arizona struck and killed a pedestrian while it was in autonomous mode- a human safety driver was in the front seat.

• After the crash, Uber suspended all testing of its autonomous vehicles in Tempe, San Francisco, Pittsburgh and Toronto.

• Toyota temporarily halted its tests on public roads as well.

The Tempe police released footage from the interior and exterior of the car when the crash occurred: https://twitter.com/TempePolice/status/976585098542833664

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Other AV Crashes

• July 2015, California: One of Google’s self-driving cars was involved in the first crash to injure a human. The incident involved one of Google’s vehicles being rear-ended during testing.

• January 20, 2016: Hebei, China: 23-year-old Goa Yuning was killed when his Tesla (in Autopilot mode) slammed into the back of a street sweeping truck parked on the edge of the road.

• February 2016, California: The 18th time a Google vehicle was involved in a crash; but the first time the vehicle itself was at fault (while merging into traffic to avoid an obstacle, it hit a bus).

• June 7, 2016, Florida: Joshua Brown was also killed when his Tesla was in Autopilot and crashed into the side of a tractor-trailer.

• March 23, 2018, California: A man was killed when his Tesla car hit the central divider of a highway.

• This list only reflects the major accidents and crashes that have cooled the Self-Driving Car race.

• California is the only US state that requires reports to be submitted about driverless vehicle accidents, and can be viewed here: https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/autonomous/autonomousveh_ol316+

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Data Privacy and Cyber Security

• Personal Information & Communications Privacy Laws• Motor vehicle licensing/registration records

• Consumer protection laws against privacy breaches

• Surveillance Privacy• Private sector & law enforcement tracking

• Terrorism – Remote Control of Vehicle (Hacking)

• Impact on Criminal Laws - New Crimes?

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Hacking

• Researchers figured out how to hack self-driving cars by placing stickers on street signs

• They demonstrated four different ways they were able to disrupt the way machines read and classify these signs using only a color printer and a camera:

1. A full-size poster was used to cover the sign: this caused the machine vision, from a number of angles and distances, to classify a stop sign as a speed limit sign 100 percent of the time in tests

2. Stickers placed on a stop sign to look like graffiti spelling the words "love" and "hate" caused the stop sign to read as a speed limit sign two-thirds of the time

3. An "abstract art" attack – just a few small, strategically placed stickers – had the same effect as the poster cover-up.

4. On a right turn sign, the researchers masked the arrow with grey stickers, and got it to read as a stop sign two-thirds of the time.

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Insurance and Tort Liability for Autonomous Vehicles

• End of Personal Lines?

• More commercial policies?

• Products liability = sole recourse?

• Cyber risk insurance?

• Telemetric-Based Policies?

• No Fault Laws?

• Uninsured Motorist and Underinsured Motorist Laws?

• Ratemaking challenges (where is the data?)

• Workers’ Compensation

• Self-Insurance Funds

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Governance

Interested agencies include:

• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) – Lead Agency for DOT

• Federal Highway Administration (FHA)

• Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)

• Federal Transit Administration (FTA)

• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

• US DOT (RITA), NAS/TRB, NIST, State Transportation, Motor Vehicle, Environmental and Insurance Departments & Local Traffic Agencies

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AV Legislation – testing…

As of 2018, 33 states have introduced legislation,

and 21 states (plus the District of Columbia) have enacted legislation.

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2018

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Can We Predict the Future of Transportation Tech Mobility?

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Trends that will Guide the Future of Transportation Technology

• Congestion is increasing

• Urban population growth

• People are living longer

• Traffic fatalities continue to occur

• Lack of multi-modal integration

• New generation “Z-ers” are even more smartphone & tech trusting than millennials?

• Mobility business models converging

• Transport data universe expanding

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What Does the Future Look Like?

Daimler and BMW merged their mobility services to create a new global player for sustainable urban mobility.

In a new alliance, Ford and VW will collaborate on autonomous and electric vehicles, as well as new mobility services.

80Source: Bloomberg News, 2017

81Source: Bloomberg News, 2017

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Mobility + Tech + Auto= Friends, Partners, Family or Frenemies?

“Keep your friends close, but your enemies closer…”

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The Future of Transportation Technology & Mobility?

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Daus Technology Predictions

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Technology Predictions?

→ The Telematics Industry →Car Sharing Companies

(e.g.Car2Go)→ TNCs (Uber & Lyft)→ Taxicabs→ Limousines

→Rental Industry→Vehicle Leasing?

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At AV Levels 4-5 (No Driver), Will the Following Exist?

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Transportation Tech Prediction Factors

• Governance (scattered or consolidated leadership?)

• Regulations → light, medium or extensive?• Business models/ decisions (tech vs.

automobiles)• Government mobility decisions (franchise,

free-market, mobility managers, universal mass transit)

• Data→Who will control it? (government, private, 3rd party validators)

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Where will AVs (level 4-5) appear first?

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The Future is Here…

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Who Might be the New Customer or Consumer?

For AVs, possibly manufacturers and mobility service providers.

➢Enterprise entered into an agreement with self-driving vehicle startup Voyage to manage its fleet of autonomous vehicles. ➢Voyage, which offers door-to-door transportation for

senior citizens in select communities across the U.S., announced that it has tapped Enterprise to procure, lease, and service its 12-vehicle fleet.

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Carsharing: Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

Every major car company is trying to make a move into carsharing and other mobility solutions.

• General Motors was the first major automaker to enter the P2P carsharingspace. Anyone who owns or leases a 2015 or newer GM vehicle can list their vehicle for rent on Maven. Owners or lessees keep 60% of the rental revenue and 40% goes to GM, who provides the vehicle insurance during the rental. GM expects some customers will opt to buy or lease more expensive models if they can offset the higher payments with the revenue from renting out the vehicle.

• Ford Motor Company partnered with Getaround in the U.S. and easyCar Club in London on peer-to-peer carsharing with vehicles financed by Ford Credit.

https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/24/general-motors-jumps-into-peer-to-peer-car-sharing.htmlFord Smart Mobility, 2015 Trends, 2015, https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/2015/01/07/FordSmartMobilityMap.pdf

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Carsharing: Subscription Services

• The subscription service business model has been replicated by dealers and OEMs, which are moving into owning and managing fleets of their own vehicles, which in turn would then be deployed by mobility service providers. Startup companies and dealership groups also are in the car subscription business, too.

• Leasing Subscriptions: • LESS, in the San Francisco Bay Area, offers members a 36-

month lease term that allows them to switch luxury cars annually. LESS is a technology company; not a vehicle lessor, dealer, or manufacturer. The $399 /year LESS membership fee is paid to LESS; all lease payments are to other entities.

• Borrow, in Los Angeles and San Diego areas, offers electric cars for short term leasing (three-, six- or nine-month terms) for a flat monthly fee. Insurance is not included. Home chargers and charging credits are included.

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Carsharing: Subscription Services

https://cleantechnica.com/2018/10/28/continuous-ev-range-increases-will-drive-us-shifts-to-leasing-subscriptions-growth-in-the-used-car-market-part-2/

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Carsharing: Business-to-Consumer

• GM’s carsharing brand, Maven, offers GM fleet vehicles for short-term rentals, peer-to-peer booking, and vehicles ready to be used to drive for Uber, Lyft, and other ridesourcing services.

• In January 2019, rival German automakers BMW Group and Daimler AG announced that they would combine their mobility service investments into a joint company called “Jurbey.” Daimler’s Car2Go is the largest carsharing service in the world in terms of fleet size and members. BMW was the second car manufacturer, after Daimler, to invest in carsharingwith its business-to-consumer free-floating program, DriveNow/ReachNow.

• Ford’s Car Swap is an experiment using Ford-owned fleet vehicles. Participating Ford employees use a mobile app that allows them to search for a vehicle that meets their needs, and negotiate See Daimler website, https://www.daimler.com/company/bmw-and-daimler.html.

See Edward Taylor, “BMW, Daimler pick 'Jurbey' name for combined car-sharing venture, report says,” Automotive News (Reuters), January 23, 2019, https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/bmw-daimler-pick-jurbey-name-combined-car-sharing-venture-report-says.

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TNC TOOL KIT

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Equity, Accessibility & Environmental Issues

The Expanding Transportation Network Company (TNC) “Equity Gap”—Adverse Impacts on Passengers with Disabilities, Underserved Communities, the Environment and the On-Demand Workforce: http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Equity-Report-FINAL-11232642.pdfThis report was published by the UTRC in August 2016, and will also be published by NYU Law School and Cornell University in a textbook: Who is an Employee and Who is the Employer?: Proceedings of the New York University 68th Annual Conference on Labor (LexisNexis, 2016) (series editor: Samuel Estreicher; volume editor: Kati L. Griffith).

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Leveling the TNC Playing Field

CUNY /UTRC Report on “Leveling the Playing Field” Between TNCs and Taxicabs/For-Hire Vehicles. I recently completed a comprehensive report entitled:“Post-TNC Transportation Policy & Planning: Who and What Should be Regulated & How to “Level the Playing Field” with Taxicabs and For-Hire Services?” (“Leveling the Playing Field Article”), (September 2016), through the University Transportation Research Center (Region 2) at The City College of NY, of the City University of NY, which is available on the University Transportation Research Center website at: http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Post-TNC-Planning-Leveling-the-Playing-Field.pdf.A condensed version was also published by the American Planning Association as a sidebar in Planning for Shared Mobility, at: https://www.planning.org/publications/book/9107556/. An edited version and condensed version of this white paper was re-published in the summer edition 2017 (cover feature article) of the Municipal Lawyer Journal of the International Municipal Lawyers Association.

98

TNC Criminal Background Checks

“ONE STANDARD

FOR ALL” Safety, Effectiveness & Best

Practices for Taxi, For-Hire &

TNC Driver Criminal Background

Checks

99

Canadian TNC Regulatory Developments

• “Study of Regulations for Transportation Network Companies for the City of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.” (February 2016)

• http://www7.mississauga.ca/documents/agendas/committees/general/2016/03_02_2016_GC_Agenda.pdf

100

Data Privacy & Third Party Validations/ Audits

“Transportation Network Companies: Passenger

Data Security and Privacy Issues”

Author: Matthew W. Daus, Esq.,

2017

• The full article can be accessed on Westlaw, or by contacting mdaus@windelsmarx.com.

101

Data Privacy & Third Party Validations/ Audits

“Ground Transportation Big Data Analytics and Third Party

Validation – Solutions for a New Era of Regulation and Private

Sector Innovation”

Author: Matthew W. Daus, Esq., 2018

102

AV TOOL KIT

103

TRB Brussels Workshop Research

Socio-Economic Impacts of Automated and Connected

Vehicles

Exploratory Topics:1. Freight- Impacts on People2. Places Where People Work,

Live and Play3. Impact of Automation on

Travel Behavior4. What Do Stakeholders Do?

http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/178576.aspx

104

“Look Ma, No Hands!” The Impact of Autonomous

Vehicles on the Passenger For-Hire Ground Transportation

Industry

This was published in the April 2018, Volume 19, Number 5 edition of

The Transportation Lawyer

*The full article can be accessed by

contacting mdaus@windelsmarx.com

105

The Evolution of the Vehicle Rental & Carsharing Ecosystem-

Future Impacts on Mobility

This was published in the February 2019 edition of Black Car News

106

Questions? –Or Do We Hit The Tables Now?

Thank you!