Lesson 7 (Oct. 27)
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Transcript of Lesson 7 (Oct. 27)
Lesson 7 (Oct. 27)
Technical Statements inThe Passive Form
What is the Passive Form?
• Examples
– He connects the oscilloscope to the circuit.
– The oscilloscope is connected to the circuit.
– The students analyze the results …..
– The results are analyzed …..
– We show in Figure 3 the circuit’s response.
– The circuit’s response is shown in Figure 3.
Passive
Passive
Passive
Why Use the Passive Form?
– The technician connects the oscilloscope to the circuit.
– The oscilloscope is connected to the circuit.
• Instead of saying:“Who does what”,
• we say:“What is done”.
• The “who” is often unimportant:– The professor tests the circuit at 100 MHz.– The students test the circuit at 100 MHz.– Jonas tests the circuit at 100 MHz.
The circuit is tested at 100 MHz.
Who does the test is not important in technical writing.
It is understood that the authors or their associates, or somebody connected with the report do the test.
Why Use the Passive Form?
– You should mount the sensor at the highest position.
– EE students should mount the sensor at the highest position.
– Peter and Mary should mount the sensor at the highest position.
The sensor should be mounted at the highest position.By starting the sentence with “the sensor”, we place the focus on the subject of the experiment/procedure.
“Fronting:”The passive form puts the most important information in front: the What.
In technical writing, at least 1/3 of verbs are in the passive form.
Not importa
nt
Basic Structure of the Passive Form
be
+ past participle of a verb
test testedverb past
participle
be +
Present passive:
• The circuit is tested at 100 MHz.• Aeroplanes are tested before they enter
commercial service.
be in Present Simple Tense
The Passive Form is not the past tense.
Passive Form ≠ Perfect Tenses
be
+ past participle of a verb
• The circuit is tested at 100 MHz.
• He has tested the circuit at 100 MHz.
• The aeroplanes are tested before they enter
service.
• The technicians have tested the aeroplanes before
they enter service.
have
+ past participle of a verb
Passive:Present perfect:
Compare these sentences: Passive
Passive
Present perfect
Present perfect
had + past participle of a verb
Past perfect :
Passive Form : How to Remember in Chinese
be
+ past participle of a verb
• The circuit is tested at 100 MHz.
• The sensor should be mounted at the highest
location.
Passive form:
被動詞 be ≈ “ 被”
“ 被 tested”
“ 被 mounted”
Different Forms of the Passive
Singular
Present Simple The circuit is tested at 100 MHz.
Simple Past The circuit was tested yesterday at 100 MHz.
Present Perfect The circuit has been tested at 100 MHz.
Plural
Present Simple The aeroplanes are tested for structural integrity.
Simple Past The aeroplanes were tested last year for structural integrity.
Present Perfect The aeroplanes have been tested for structural integrity.
The difference is in the tense
of the verb be.
The passive form can itself be in the present, past or perfect tense.
Other Forms of the Passive
Modals
can be The circuit can be tested with an oscilloscope.
may be The circuit may be tested using sine waves or square waves.
will be The circuit will be tested in the next experiment.
should be The circuit should be tested at 100 MHz or higher.
Difference forms of the verb be.
There are many others.
The Past Participle: regular verbs
heat heated
boil boiled
test tested
proceed proceeded
close closed
measure measured
solve solved
explode exploded
delay delayed
employ employed
plot plotted
slip slipped
stir stirred
answer answered
cover covered
prefer preferred
admit admitted
Pronunciation: ed is pronounced only if it is preceeded by t or d.Otherwise, a silent ‘d’ is pronounced.
apply applied
carry carried
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/interpolate
Workshop 1: Irregular verbs
breakchoosedrivefreezegetgiveshaketakewrite
brokenchosendrivenfrozengotten/gotgivenshakentakenwritten
bendbuildburnfeelkeeplosemean
bentbuiltburntfeltkeptlostmeant
drawflygrowknowshow
drawnflowngrownknownshown
tearwearbringthink
tornwornbroughtthought
feedholdleadmeet
fedheldledmet
dosayfindseemakeunderstand
donesaidfoundseenmadeunderstood
Workshop 2
• Underline the statements in passive form:
Data transmission over packet networks has been widely studied in
recent years. Owing to demands in media applications, high bit rates
need to be achieved. It is well known that increasing the transmission
rate can be a method for providing a high bit rate. However, the
through-put may be decreased as a result. This is because an
increase in transmission rate leads to a reduced bit energy and, as a
result, more packets will be lost. In a previous paper, we have
proposed an adaptive-rate system that adapts the transmission rate
to the channel condition, so that the through-put of a wireless
network can be improved. Several other adaptive-rate systems have
also been proposed in the literature in which the automatic repeat
request (ARQ) scheme have not been considered. On the other hand,
because our design has considered the ARQ scheme, the through-put
can be maximized if the transmission rate is optimized.
Workshop 3
• Rewrite in the passive form (the verbs have already been underlined):
As people usually find oil deep in the ground, they cannot
determine its presence by a study of the surface.
Consequently, geologists must carry out a geological survey of
the underground rock structure. If we think that the rocks in a
certain area contain oil, we assemble a ‘drilling rig’. The most
obvious part of a drilling rig is a tall tower called ‘a derrick’.
Workers use the derrick to lift sections of pipe, which they
lower into the hole made by the drill. As Peter drills the hole,
Mary pushes a steel pipe down to prevent the sides from falling
in, and to stop water entering the hole. If Professor Lum strikes
oil he fixes a cover to the top of the pipe, and allows the oil to
flow through a series of valves.
Workshop 3
As people usually find oil deep in the ground, As oil is usually found deep in the ground,
they cannot determine its presence by a study of the surface. its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.
Consequently, geologists must carry out a geological survey of the underground rock structure. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out .
If we think that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,
we assemble a ‘drilling rig’. a ‘drilling rig’ is assembled.
The most obvious part of a drilling rig is a tall tower called ‘a derrick’.
Workshop 3
Workers use the derrick to lift sections of pipe,The derrick is used to lift sections of pipe,
which they lower into the hole made by the drill. which is lowered into the hole made by the drill.
As Peter drills the hole, As the hole is drilled
Mary pushes a steel pipe down to prevent the sides from falling in,a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in,
and to stop water entering the hole.
If Professor Lum strikes oil he fixes a cover to the top of the pipe, If oil is struck a cover is fixed to the top of the pipe,
and allows the oil to flow through a series of valves. and the oil is allowed to flow through a series of valves.